LARGE DEFORMATION

ZSoilr.PC 070303 report

by
A. Truty
A. Urbański
Th. Zimmermann

Zace Services Ltd, Software engineering

P.O.Box 2, CH-1015 Lausanne
Switzerland
(T) +41 21 802 46 05
(F) +41 21 802 46 06
http://www.zsoil.com,
hotline: hotline@zsoil.com
since 1985
ii ZSoilr .PC 070303 report
Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Co-rotational approach 5
2.1 Co-rotational approach outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Activation of large deformations option in Z SOIL code . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Benchmarks for beam elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 Euler problem (beam 2D). Eccentric compression in post-buckling range 7
2.3.2 Curved 3D beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Benchmarks for shell elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.1 Cylindrical shell under point forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4.2 Spherical shell under point force. Displacement control (post-buckling) 11
2.5 Benchmarks for continuum elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.1 Euler problem in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.2 Euler problem in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 Large deformation contact 15

3.1 Generation of large deformation interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.1 Setting slave-master attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1.2 Generation of large deformation interfaces for evolving structures . . 17
3.1.3 Example for generation of contact interfaces in 2D large deformation
application - approach I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.4 Example for generation of contact interfaces in 2D large deformation
application - approach II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Benchmarks for contact interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1 Hertz problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.1.1 Generation of contact interfaces for Hertz problem . . . . . 30
3.2.2 Example of two contacting wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CONTENTS

2 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

Chapter 1

Introduction

ZSoilr 2020code is designed to handle large rotations and displacements for all structural
elements like shells, beams, membranes, anchors and continuum and large deformations as
far as contact interface is concerned. The corotational approach is exploited to manage
large rotations and its main benefit is that all the stresses and strains at the integrations
points remain the engineering ones although are given in the rotated local frame. The new
contact formulation, developed to manage really large relative motions of bodies, makes use
of so-called slave-master approach in which contacting node (slave) cannot penetrate the
corresponding master element face (master) by means of penalty formulation enhanced by
Augmented Lagrangian approach (if needed).
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

4 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

Chapter 2

Co-rotational approach

2.1 Co-rotational approach outline

3 Deformed configuration
Corotated configuration
4
2
True deformation d

{E n }
1

d b Rigid body motion

3 b = d − d ⇒ d = d − b = Pd
4
2

1 {E 0 } {X }
Initial configuration

Figure 2.1: Setting element frames

Goal:
to perform large displacement/rotation analysis re-utilizing standard geometrically linear
element for:
• beams in 2D and 3D
• shells
• membranes
• truss/anchors
Assumption:
Displacements and rotations attributed to rigid body motion could be arbitrarily large, but
”true deformation” remains within small strain limit
CHAPTER 2. CO-ROTATIONAL APPROACH

Performance:
• deduct rigid body motion from total deformation of an element, then evaluate element
forces and stiffness emerging from -”true” -deformation
• introduce of element frame E rigidly attached to the element. Element processing is
performed with respect to these frame
• deduction of rigid body motion is equivalent to a projection:

δ d̄ = Pδd
f = PT f̄
∂ d̄
P=
∂d
∂PT
K = PT K̄P + f̄
∂d
• consistent treatment of arbitrarily large rotation:
F representation of a rotation by the tensor, use exponential mapping (Rodriguez for-

mula):
Q=eΩ Ω=spin(w)
orthogonal ←− skew ←−
vector w
tensor Q −→ symmetric Ω −→
Ω=log Q w=axial(Ω)

with:
sinw 1 − cos2 w 2
Q =eΩ = I+ Ω+ Ω; w = kwk
w w2
F no additive update, use products of rotation tensors:

Rn+1 = ∆RRn

• consistent linearization of all force terms

6 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 2.2. ACTIVATION OF LARGE DEFORMATIONS OPTION IN Z SOIL CODE

2.2 Activation of large deformations option in Z SOIL code

The geometrical nonlinearity option is activated by the check box Large displacement /
rotations in the bottom part of the dialog box Analysis and drivers under menu Control /
Analysis & Drivers. The check box is active only if the version type is set as Advanced during
Control /Project preselection or in the Analysis and drivers dialog.

Figure 2.2: Analysis & Drivers dialog box

Remarks:
• once this option is activated the whole analysis will be run as geometrically nonlinear
• standard contact elements (segment to segment) cannot be used, only large deformation
contact is allowed
• switching ON/OFF this option during restarts will yield computation failure

2.3 Benchmarks for beam elements

2.3.1 Euler problem (beam 2D). Eccentric compression in post-

buckling range
Data file: Euler2D.inp
The problem of buckling of an elastic beam and tracing its behavior in the post-critical domain
(reference: Życzkowski), is analyzed. The geometry, cross section and boundary conditions
are shown in figure below. The uniform finite element mesh consisting of 10 equal size beam
elements was used in the simulation. Material properties are as follows: E = 100000 [kPa],
ν = 0.0. This test is run as force driven starting from N = 0, M = 0 up to 4 times value of
2 EJ
the Euler critical force (Ncrit = π(2L)2 = 2.056 [kN]) by gradually applying normal force and

the moment. The comparizon of the reference solution by Życzkowski) and the numerical
one is shown in the second figure.

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 7

File: euler2D.inp
The problem of buckling of an elastic beam and tracing its behavior in the
post-critical domain
CHAPTER (reference:APPROACH
2. CO-ROTATIONAL Życzkowski), is analyzed. The geometry,
cross section and boundary conditions are shown in figure below. The uni-
form finite element mesh consisting of 10 equal size beam elements was used
in the simulation. Material properties are as follows: E = 100000 kPa,
ν = 0.0. This test is run as force driven starting from N = 0, M = 0 up to 4
π2E J
times value of the Euler critical force (Ncrit = = 2.056kN ) by gradu-
(2L)2
ally applying normal force and the moment. The comparizon of the reference
Cross section M = eN , e = 0.1L
solution by Życzkowski0.1m and the numerical one2 is shown in the second figure.
π EI
NE =
0.1m Cross section (2 L) 2
N = 4N E
M=Ne
0.1m

(e=0.1 L)
0.1m
N
L=1.0
L=1.0 m

Figure 3: Euler beam problem. Data, deformation, force -displacement

Figure 2.3: Euler beam problem. Data, initial and final configurations
graphs
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Uy/L

0.4

0.3
Exact
0.2 Numerical

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
N / Nc rit

Figure 4:Figure
Euler2.4: Euler problem. Force-displacement diagram
problem: Force-displacement diagram

6
8 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report
 2.3. BENCHMARKS FOR BEAM ELEMENTS
4.2 Curved 3D beam
2.3.2 Curved 3D beam
File: Litewka-Wriggers.inp

Data file: Litewka-Wriggers.inp

The 3D problem of bending of an arch (see figure below) caused by the
The 3D nodal
problem of Fbending EI nodal force F =
force = 7 2of =an2916.7lbf
arch (seeis figure below)
analyzed. caused cross
Geometry, by thesection,
7 EI = 2916.7 R
R2 boundary conditions and the load are shown in the figure below. Materialand the load
[lbf] is analyzed. Geometry, cross section, boundary conditions
are shownproperties
in the figure below.
are as Material
follows: E = 5 properties
107 lbf/in2 ,are follows: E = 5.107 [lbf/in2], ν = 0.2
ν =as0.2

1.0 in
Cross FZ

1.0 in
section
45

R=100 in

Ux=Uy=Uz=0
Φx=Φy=Φy=0

Figure 5: 3D Curved beam problem: Geometry, boundary conditions and

Figure = 5.0e 7beam
mesh2.5: 3DECurved , v = problem.
0.2, Geometry, boundary conditions and mesh
EI
FZ = f =7
, f reference
The comparizon Rof2 the(Litewka,
The of the reference
comparizon (Litewka, Wriggers)
Wriggers) and numerical
and numerical results forre-displacement
sults for displacement vector at the point of application of the force is given
vector at the point of application of the force is given in the table below.
in the table below.
U [in] ref. solution U [in] Z SOIL results
Ux 13.5 13.5
Uy -23.6 U[in] ref.solution-23.6
U[in] Z SOIL result
Uz U54.0
x 13.5 53.3
13.5
Uy -23.6 -23.6
Uz 54.0 53.3

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 9

5 Benchmarks for shell elements
CHAPTER 2. CO-ROTATIONAL APPROACH
5.1 Cylindrical shell under point load
File:2.4
Cylinder
Benchmarksfree edgeDC.inp
for shell elements
A cylindrical shell, shown in figure below, loaded by an imposed displacement
2.4.1 Cylindrical
is analyzed. shell under
Mesh, boundary point forces.
conditions, material and geometrical parame-
ters are
Dataalso
file: given
Cylinderinfree
theedgeDC.inp
figure. The comparizon of force-displacement dia-
gramAwith the shell,
cylindrical reference solution
shown in (Chróścielewski)
figure below, is given
loaded by an imposed in the
displacement next figure.
is analyzed.
Mesh, boundary conditions, material and geometrical parameters are also given in the figure.
The comparizon of force-displacement diagram with the reference solution (Chróścielewski)
is given in the next figure.
Z
Symmetry
h = 0.094

h = 0.094

R = 4.953 free
free
R = 4.953 Symmetry
Y
z
y
x
E =E 10 .5.5××10
= 10 106
6

ν =ν 0=.03125
.3125
X L / 2 = 5.175
L / 2 = 5.175
imposed displacement
Imposed displacement

Figure
Figure 2.6: Free
6: Free edgecylinder.
edge cylinder. TheThe
data data

70000
P [kN]
60000

50000

40000 Z_SOIL

30000 CAM 9x9e16, ref.

Chróścielewski
20000

10000
U [m]
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Figure Figure
7: Free2.7: edge cylinder.
Free edge Displacement
cylinder. Displacement historyhistory

10 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

8
 2.4. BENCHMARKS FOR SHELL ELEMENTS
5.2 Spherical shell under point force
2.4.2 Spherical shell under point force. Displacement control (post-
File: HingedSphereOnSquare.inp
buckling)
A spherical shell, shown in figure below, loaded by an imposed displacement
Data file: HingedSphereOnSquare.inp
applied at the node at the origin of coordinate system is taken into consid-
A spherical
eration. shell, shown
Geometry ofinthe
figure below,mesh
shell, loadedand
by anboundary
imposed displacement
conditions applied
areatshown
the
node at the origin of coordinate system is taken into consideration. Geometry of the shell,
in mesh
the figure. The comparizon of force-displacement diagram, at the node
and boundary conditions are shown in the figure. The comparizon of force-displacement
of diagram,
application
at theof theof imposed
node application displacement, versus reference
of the imposed displacement, solution
versus reference after
solution
Chróścielewski is given
after Chróścielewski is givenininthe nextfigure.
the next figure.

E = 68950
E = 68950 N/m2
ν = 0.3
ν = 0.3
L / 2 = 0.7849
L / 2 = 0.7849 m

w
= 2.54
Rw h = 0.09945
R = 2.54 m h = 0.09945 m

Figure 2.8: Clamped spherical shell. The data

Figure 8: Clamped spherical shell. The data

Load-displacement

70
P [N]
60
50
40
30
20 Z_S OIL

10 w [m]
CAM8x8x16, ref
0 Chróś cielews ki
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Figure Figure
9: Clamped spherical
2.9: Clamped sphericalshell. Load-displacement
shell. Load-displacement graph graph

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 11

9
CHAPTER 2. CO-ROTATIONAL APPROACH

2.5 Benchmarks for continuum elements

2.5.1 Euler problem in 2D

Data file: Euler-2d-continuum.inp
The problem of elastic buckling is analyzed here using exclusively continuum elements in
the plane-strain format. The material imperfection is assumed by decreasing the E modulus
in a single element shown in the figure. Geometry (L=10m, H=1m), mesh and boundary
conditions are shown in figure below. The loading programme is driven by an imposed
horizontal displacement applied to the point fixed at the right end of the beam. Material
properties are as follows: E = 100000 kPa, ν = 0.0. The theoretical buckling force according
π2 E J
to the beam theory is equal to Fcrit = which yields Fcrit = 205.6 kN/m. The force-
(2 L)2
deflection diagram is shown in the next figure.

Material imperfection

L/H=10

Figure 2.10: Elastic buckling problem in 2D

Figure 2.11: Force-deflection diagram

12 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 2.5. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

2.5.2 Euler problem in 3D

Data file: Euler-3d-continuum.inp
The problem of elastic buckling is analyzed here using exclusively continuum elements in
the 3D format. The material imperfection is assumed by decreasing the E modulus in a
single element shown in the figure. Geometry (L = 10 [m], B = H = 1 [m]), mesh and
boundary conditions are shown in figure below. The loading programme is driven by an
imposed horizontal displacement applied to the point fixed at the right end of the beam.
Material properties are as follows: E = 100000 [kPa], ν = 0.0. The theoretical buckling
π2 E J
force according to the beam theory is equal to Fcrit = which yields Fcrit = 205.6
(2 L)2
kN/m. The force-deflection diagram is shown in the next figure.

Figure 2.12: Elastic buckling problem in 3D

Figure 2.13: Force-deflection diagram

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 13

CHAPTER 2. CO-ROTATIONAL APPROACH

14 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

Chapter 3

Large deformation contact

3.1 Generation of large deformation interfaces

3.1.1 Setting slave-master attributes

In the ZSoilr 2020code we use so-called node-segment elements. The contact interface in
large deformations regime can be generated as continuum to continuum, continuum to shell,
continuum to beam. So called symmetric contact should be generated always to avoid
differences in results once switching between master and slaves is made. However, this is
often not possible (beam interfaced with continuum 3D for instance) or not supported so far.
All the possibilities in contact generation are given in the following 6 figures.
Continuum 2D vs Continuum 2D
A
C

ML

MR

B
A
Nonsymmetric contact: only Interface1 defined
Slaves-L ={A,B}
or Interface2
Slaves-R={C,D}
Symmetric contact: both Interface1 and
Master-L={ML}
Interface2 exist
Master-R={MR}
Interface1 = { Slaves-L,Master-R}
Interface2 = { Slaves-R,Master-L}

Figure 3.1: Continuum 2D - Continuum 2D interface setting

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT
Continuum 2D vs Beam (case 1)
A
C

ML

MR

B
A
Nonsymmetric contact: only Interface1 defined
Slaves-L ={A,B}
or Interface2
Slaves-R={C,D}
Symmetric contact: both Interface1 and
Master-L={ML}
Interface2 exist
Master-R={MR}
Interface1 = { Slaves-L,Master-R}
Interface2 = { Slaves-R,Master-L}

Figure 3.2: Continuum 2D - Beam 2D interface setting (case 1)

Continuum 2D vs Beam (case 2)
A
C
ML

MR

B
A
Nonsymmetric contact: only Interface2 is
Slaves-R={C,D}
possible
Master-L={ML}
Interface2 = { Slaves-R,Master-L}

Figure 3.3: Continuum 2D - Beam 2D interface setting (case 2)

Continuum 3D vs Continuum 3D
A E

B F

H
D
C G
ML MR
Nonsymmetric contact: only Interface1 defined
Slaves-L ={A,B,C,D}
or Interface2
Slaves-R={E,F,G,H}
Symmetric contact: both Interface1 and
Master-L={ML}
Interface2 exist
Master-R={MR}
Interface1 = { Slaves-L,Master-R}
Interface2 = { Slaves-R,Master-L}

Figure 3.4: Continuum 3D - Continuum 3D interface setting

16 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 Continuum 3D
3.1. GENERATIONvs Beam
OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

slaves
Master faces

Here nonsymmetric contact is the only possibility

Figure 3.5: Continuum 3D - Beam3D interface setting

Continuum-3D vs Shell
A
B Here symmetric contact
is possible

D
C +
A
Here symmetric contact
B
is not possible

Shell nodes can only be

defined as slave nodes
D and shell itself cannot be
C + a master due to orientation

Figure 3.6: Continuum 3D - Shell interface setting

3.1.2 Generation of large deformation interfaces for evolving struc-

tures
The two general approaches concerning generation of contact interfaces (node-segment) for
problems in which the geometry is varying in time are implemented in the current version.
In the first approach deformations during construction must be small while in the second
approach this restrictive assumption is no more valid. In the first approach new contact
interface added in the subsequent fill step cancels the initial deformation of the contacting
bodies (for instance lining and fill material) and this the reason why it can be used exclusively
when initial deformations of the contacting bodies (during construction !) are small enough.
In this approach all rules concerning slave-master setting, given in the previous section, are
valid.

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 17

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

The second approach is more general but it yields some limitations on slave-master setting.
To explain the general idea lets us consider an example of excavation followed by lining
construction and then filling. The aim of the simulation is to to perform an excavation and
then construction of a lining followed by seven stages of filling (see Fig. 3.7). After an
excavation we get some deformations which we will neglect when a tunnel lining is built.
To do that the program memorizes total deformation Ue . This is done automatically (see
Fig.3.8). In the next step the tunnel lining is added and its initial configuration is assumed
to be undeformed (just before construction) regardless nonzero deformation at nodes at the
bottom slab of the lining. This can be managed thanks to the memorized deformation Ue .
The major problem appears when we begin to add fill material. This is so because newly
added fill should satisfy contact kinematics if it touches already deformed lining (due to its
own dead weight and/or loading imposed during previous fill steps)and existing deformation
on the remaining boundaries (see Fig.3.9). If we consider the situation shown in Fig.3.10 we
can notice that the initial undeformed mesh in the zone of fill (stage I) must be mapped onto
deformed configuration caused by a construction of a lining. Hence the boundary nodes along
section A-B must satisfy the contact kinematics (cannot penetrate the lining and cannot be
separated from it), nodes along the boundary A-D and D-E must fit current deformation
equal to U − Ue (the one corresponding to the settlement caused by lining construction),
and nodes along section E-B must remain at the initial elevation.

I
VII
H
VI
G
V
C
F
II IV
E B
I III
D
A

Figure 3.7: Tunnel construction followed by several fill steps

This mapping is made in the code by a finite element solution of a sub-domain subject to
the imposed boundary displacements. As the result we get a shift to the nodal coordinates
of all newly added continuum elements (NB. in this finite element sub-problem we assume
artificial elastic constants E = 1.0 and ν = 0.0). However, to make this mapping, all nodes
along the section A-B, being part of the contact interface, must be slave nodes (!). It
should be emphasized here that incremental deformations during single fill step should be
small otherwise strain incompatibilities along the section A-D can cause stress oscillations
(although total deformation caused by filling can be large).

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 3.1. GENERATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

Lining

Deformed configuration (U_e)

Figure 3.8: Registering total deformation after excavation

Fill layer

Deformation increment
after construction of a lining

Figure 3.9: Deformation increment due to construction of the lining

Mesh for undeformed fill layer
E B

D A

boundary nodes
Mapping on Deformed lining
deformed

Deformation due to lining construction

U-U_e
Figure 3.10: Mapping of the fill subdomain onto deformed configuration
ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 19
CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

To summarize the following general rules are used in the second approach:
• structures (beams/truss/membranes/shells) are always added in undeformed configuration;
hence, whenever new structural element is added its initial total deformation must be
memorized as U os (at the element level); the current structure deformation is always equal
to U − Uos
• continuum is added after mapping to the deformed configuration
• at the end of the excavation time step the current total deformation corresponding to that
state is memorized as Ue for all nodal points

Mapping from undeformed to the deformed configuration is performed by imposing displace-

ments at the boundary nodes according to the following rules:

• if node is of SLAVE type then we project it on master in the following manner

if master is a structural element then impose on slave node a shift equal to U − Uos
if master is not a structural element impose on slave node a shift equal to U − Ue

• if node is not of a SLAVE type then

if node belongs to the structural element existing at time tN then set shift U − Uos
if node does not belong to the structural element existing at time tN then set shift U − Ue

• if node has a solid BC on certain DOF then impose them

• if node is on the free external boundary impose zero deformation in y direction

NB. Activation of the approach II has be done in the dialog Control /Analysis and drivers
by switching the Large displacement /rotations ON. Then under Settings, in the appearing
dialog checkbox Update coordinates during costruction has to be set ON, otherwise algorithm
I will be performed

Figure 3.11: Activating algorithm II

20 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 3.1. GENERATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

3.1.3 Example for generation of contact interfaces in 2D large de-

formation application - approach I
Data file: test-frame-filling.inp
Let us consider an example of an excavation and then tunnel construction followed by filling.
The main problem is on how to generate contact interface starting with mesh as shown in
Fig.(3.12). To do that we have to disconnect the mesh along the interface contour. In
this example all nodes which belong to the continuum elements adjacent to the lining and
being external to the lining have new node numbers. This operation can be performed in the
following manner:
1. select all quads inside lining
2. select all beams (see Fig.(3.13)
3. remove selected elements virtually (hide them)
4. select nodes to be duplicated (see Fig.(3.14)
5. under menu Interfaca(large deformation) use method Create new nodes on selected..
at that moment we have duplicated nodes along the lining and new nodes belong to the
continuum elements adjacent to beams (see Fig.(3.15)

Once we have disconnected the mesh along the contour we can generate contact interface in
the following way
1. highlight contact element contour (edges which will play a role of so-called masters) (see
Fig.(3.16), and create masters with a label ”masters”
2. select part of the lining (beam elements) (see Fig.(3.17)and then select nodes from selected
beam elements
3. create group of slave nodes (contactors) with a label ”slave nodes on beam”
4. using an option Create\Update contact elements define the interface by merging the pair
”slave nodes on beam”-”masters” (see Fig.(3.18, Fig.(3.19)

EXF=5

EXF=4

EXF=3
EXF=1
EXF=2

EXF=6 for beams

EXF=7 for interface

Figure 3.12: Mesh and distribution of existence functions

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 21

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.13: Selection of the lining interior

Figure 3.14: Selection of nodes to be duplicated

22 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 3.1. GENERATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

Figure 3.15: Nodes after duplication procedure

Figure 3.16: Generation of masters

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 23

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.17: Selection of nodes to set them as slaves

Figure 3.18: Generation of slave nodes

24 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 3.1. GENERATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

Figure 3.19: Definition of contact interface

3.1.4 Example for generation of contact interfaces in 2D large de-

formation application - approach II
Data file: test-frame-filling-n.inp
The same example analyzed with the second approach requires a different setting for the
interface. The details of the data generation are given in the following 5 figures.

Slave nodes „slaves-1”

belong to fill elements

Figure 3.20: Slave nodes location

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 25

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Masters set on continuum elements

inside the lining „masters-continuum”

Figure 3.21: Location of masters to handle continuity condition before excavation

Masters set on beam elements:

„new-masters”

Orientation of beams

Figure 3.22: Location of masters to handle filling

26 ZSoilr .PC 070303 report

 3.1. GENERATION OF LARGE DEFORMATION INTERFACES

Figure 3.23: Setting contact interface parameters for interface structure-fill

Figure 3.24: Setting continuity interface along initial position of the lining contour

ZSoilr .PC 070303 report 27

CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

3.2 Benchmarks for contact interfaces

Data preparation in this case is somewhat different compared to the standard contact interface
setting known for small deformation applications. In the large deformations regime slave nodes
may interact with different master faces during the analysis hence explicit setting of so-called
contact elements is not possible. In general we may associate the attribute ”contactor node”
with any node in the mesh and another attribute which is the ”master face” with any face
of the finite element (continuum, shell, beam (only 2D) or membrane).

3.2.1 Hertz problem

Data files : hertz-2d-dense-foundation, hertz-2d
The classical Hertz problem in the plane-strain format is analyzed in this section. The
reference solution was taken from paper by Papadopoulos and Taylor (P. Papadopoulos and R.
L. Taylor. A mixed formulation for the finite element solution of contact problems. Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 94 (1992) p. 373-389).

q=F/2R
R=8m
E=500 kPa, ν=0.3

E=`

Figure 3.25: Hertz problem setting

As the foundation is to be rigid we can generate the mesh as shown in figure 3.26. However,
contact stress recovery is not that easy matter in the node-segment contact implementations.
Hence we can generate different mesh for the foundation with which, using standard tools
available in the postprocessor (cross sections through the mesh), we can easily recover the
interesting values. This second mesh is shown in figure 3.27.
The comparison of normal stresses in the interface for two levels of the force F = 50 kN/m
F
and F = 100 kN/m (q = ) is presented in figure 3.28.
2R

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Figure 3.26: Hertz problem in plane strain format

Figure 3.27: Hertz problem in plane strain format - dense mesh in the foundation

Figure 3.28: Hertz problem: Distribution of contact stresses

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

3.2.1.1 Generation of contact interfaces for Hertz problem

The following figures explain on how to create contact interfaces in the 2D applications.

Label for slave nodes

Figure 3.29: In menu INTERFACE (LARGE DEFORMATIONS) create group of slave nodes
(contactors)

Label for master faces

Figure 3.30: In menu INTERFACE (LARGE DEFORMATIONS) create group of master faces

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Combine slave nodes+master faces

Add contact interface

Apply material nr / EXF etc...

Figure 3.31: Definition of the interface for Hertz problem. In menu INTERFACE (LARGE
DEFORMATIONS) select one group of slaves and one group of master faces and add to list
of interfaces

3.2.2 Example of two contacting wheels

Data file: two-wheels.inp
The aim of this example is to show some details concerning generation of the large deformation
contact interfaces. The important thing is that in cases of the two deformable bodies we
should generate so-called symmetric contact in which boundaries of the two bodies have both
slave nodes and master faces. This test is driven by applied vertical displacement.

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.32: Finite element meshes for two wheels and foundation

Figure 3.33: Setting slave nodes (contactors) on left wheel

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Figure 3.34: Setting slave nodes (contactors) on right wheel

Figure 3.35: Setting master faces on foundation mesh

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.36: Setting master faces on left wheel

Figure 3.37: Setting master faces on right wheel

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Figure 3.38: Generation of interface left wheel-foundation

Figure 3.39: Generation of interface left wheel-right wheel

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.40: Generation of interface right wheel-foundation

Figure 3.41: Generation of interface right wheel-left wheel

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Figure 3.42: Deformation at stage of first contact of the two wheels

Figure 3.43: Deformation at stage of advanced contact of the two wheels

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

Figure 3.44: Deformation at stage of separation of the wheels from the foundation (at central
point)

Figure 3.45: Deformation at stage of advanced separation of the wheels from the foundation

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 3.2. BENCHMARKS FOR CONTACT INTERFACES

Figure 3.46: Evolution of vertical displacement

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CHAPTER 3. LARGE DEFORMATION CONTACT

REFERENCES

1. C.C.Rankin and B.Nour-Omid: The use of projectors to improve finite element perfor-
mance. (Computers & Structures ,1988)

2. C.C.Rankin and B.Nour-Omid: Finite rotation analysis and consistent linearization using
projectors. (Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering,1990)

3. M.A.Chrisfield and G.F.Moita: A unified co-rotational framework for solid shells and beams.
(International Journal for Solids and Structures, 1996)

4. B.Skallerud and B.Haugen: Collapse of thin shell structures. Stress resultant plasticity
modeling and finite element formulation. (International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, 1999)

5. H. Parisch and Ch. Lu̇bbing. A formulation of arbitrarily shaped surface elements for three-
dimensional large deformation contact with friction. (International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering, vol. 40, p.3359-3383, 1997)

6. P. Papadopoulos and R. L. Taylor. A mixed formulation for the finite element solution of
contact problems. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 94 (1992) p.
373-389.

7. P. Litewka, P. Wriggers, J. Rakowski. 3D Beam finite element for large displacement

analysis. Proceedings of ECCM 2001

8. M. Życzkowski (ed). Mechanika Techniczna t.IX, Wytrzymalość elementów konstruk-

cyjnych. p. 300. PWN Warsaw 1988.

9. J. Chróścielewski. Rodzina elementow skończonych klasy C0 w nieliniowej sześcioparametrowej

teorii powlok. Zesz.Nauk Politechniki Gdańskiej Nr 53

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