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Lecture # 1A - Digital Fundamentals and Analog Quantities

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108 views21 pages

Lecture # 1A - Digital Fundamentals and Analog Quantities

Uploaded by

Hasnain Nisar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Logic Design & Switching Theory

Course Code: CS-251


Semester: Spring 2020
Teacher Name: Talha Akhtar
Course Contents
Introduction of Subject
1. Digital fundamentals and Analog Quantities
2. Basic Logic Function & Boolean Algebra
3. Numbers Systems, Operations and Codes
4. Logic Gates
5. Fundamental Theorems of Boolean Algebra
6. Minimization of Boolean Functions
7. Karnaugh map
8. Simplification of Boolean Functions, POS
9. Function of Combinational Logic
10.Latshes, Flip-Flops, and Timmer
Introduction
The term digital is derived from the way operations are performed, by counting
digits.

Today Digital technology is applied in many areas of our industry such as

 Television
 communication system
 Radar
 navigation
 guidance system
 military system
 medical instrumentation
 industrial process control
 consumer electronics

use digital techniques


Introduction
Over the years digital technology has progressed from vacuum tube
circuits to discrete transistor to complex integrated circuit man of
millions of transistors and many of which are programmable.
Digital and Analog Quantities
Analog
Analog electronic devices work on continuous value

Most things that can be measured quantities occur in nature in


analog form.

Temperature is vary from 10 C to – 10 C

Variation in speed , volume, velocity, sound


Example Analog System
Microphone and converted to a small voltage called the audio
signal.

This voltage varies continuously as the volume and frequency of


sound changes and is applied of a linear amplifier

The amplifier which is an increased reproduction of input voltage,


goes to speaker.
Example Analog System
Digital and Analog Quantities
Digital

Digital electronic devices work on discrete values

The values are 0 and 1

0 is off or Zero voltage

1 is on High voltage

This is also known as binary digit.


Example Digital System
A compact CD player is an example

A laser diode optical system pick up the digital data from the
rotating disk and transfer it to digital to analog converter (DAC).

The DAC changes the digital data into an analog signal that is
electrical reproduction of the original music.

The signal is amplified and sent to speaker

In case of writing data in CD the reverse process to analog to digital


(ADC) is applied.
Example Digital System
Advantages of Digital
Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and
reliable than analog

Digital data has great advantage when storage is necessary

Music when converted to digital form can be stored compactly and

reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than is possible when

it in analog form.
Mechatronics
Most home appliances of both mechanical and electronic

components

Washing machine in term of water flow, temperature , and type of

cycle

Digital instruction in automobile companies.


Binary Digits
High and low voltage

1 and 0 values (Binary digit)

Voltage used to represent a 1 and 0 called logic levels

1 is high voltage

0 is low voltage
Basic Logic Function
Three basic logic

Not Function

AND Function

OR Function
Basic Logic Function
NOT change the logic form 0 to 1 and 1 to 0

It is also known as inverter

AND the voltage is High if both input is high and Low if one of the

input is low.

OR the voltage is High if one of the input is High or low if both input

is low
Digital waveforms
It consists of voltage levels that are changing back and forth

between HIGH and LOW levels or states


Digital waveforms
Digital systems are composed of series of pulses called pulse

train.

A periodic pulse waveform is repeated itself at a fixed intervel, called period (T).

The frequency is the rate at which it repeats itself. It is measured in hertz(Hz).

F= 1/T

T = 1/f

Digital waveform carries Binary information.


Clock
All waveforms are synchronized with basic timing waveform
called the clock.

The interval between pulses(the period) equals the time for


one bit.
Data Transfer
Data transfer to groups of bits that convey some type of
information

Binary data in digital waveforms must be transfered from one


device to another within a digital signal system

Stored binary form in the memory of a computer must be


transferred to computer’s central processing unit (CPU) in order to
be added

Bits are transferred serial only one bit at a time. Eight bits are
transferred eight time.
Data Transfer
Bits are transferred in parallel form, all bits in a group are
sent on separate line.
END

QUESTION/ANSWER

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