English-Tense

英语16种时态之个⼈人⻅见解

由于最近在做英语家教，很多同学对英语时态的知识学得很乱，觉得很难。因此决定写⼀一写我对于英语时
态的个⼈人⻅见解，希望帮得到这部分知识有困难的同学。注意，标题前⾯面⽤用【可略略】标注的是相对⾼高阶的内
容，请根据个⼈人学习情况选择性阅读。另外，有些section后⾯面对应的练习也可根据个⼈人情况进⾏行行选择性
训练，不不必都做。

另外，如有哪⾥里里写错了了，敬请⼀一定通知我，我会及时修改，避免误传。

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Written by Zhehong An

⽬目录
⽬目录

概述

时态表
关键词的理理解

关于时间
基本时态
细解时态

⼀一般现在时

⽤用处
练习
⼀一般过去时

⽤用法
练习
⼀一般将来时

基本构成
⽤用法
【可略略】各种表示法的⽐比较
练习
⼀一般过去将来时

⽤用法
【可略略】其它结构
⼀一般将来时VS⼀一般过去将来时
 练习
现在进⾏行行时

⽤用法
练习
过去进⾏行行时

⽤用法
练习
将来进⾏行行时

⽤用法
过去将来进⾏行行时

句句中位置
现在完成时

⽤用法

现在完成时与⼀一般过去时的区别

特殊⽤用法

重要考点

have been to与have gone to

现在完成时的标志
练习

过去完成时

⽤用法
过去完成时⽤用法的⼀一点注意
过去完成时与⼀一般过去时
练习
将来完成时

⽤用法
现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别
练习
过去将来完成时

⽤用法
现在完成进⾏行行时

⽤用法
【可略略】现在完成进⾏行行时与现在完成时的区别
练习
过去完成进⾏行行时

⽤用法
【可略略】特别补充
将来完成进⾏行行时
 常⻅见结构
【可略略】将来完成进⾏行行时与将来完成时⽐比较
过去将来完成进⾏行行时

常⻅见结构
结语

时态翻译表（以 做 为例例）
【可略略】致谢

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概述
啥也别说，先看⼀一张表格。【保证⼤大部分⼈人没看完就晕菜了了

时态表

时态表 ⼀一般时态 进⾏行行时态 完成时态 完成进⾏行行时态

现在 ⼀一般现在时 现在进⾏行行时 现在完成时 现在完成进⾏行行时

过去 ⼀一般过去时 过去进⾏行行时 过去完成时 过去完成进⾏行行时

将来 ⼀一般将来时 将来进⾏行行时 将来完成时 将来完成进⾏行行时

过去将来 ⼀一般过去将来时 过去将来进⾏行行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进⾏行行时

我这篇⽂文章的⽬目标就是，让⼤大家对于上述时态有更更简单却好记的理理解⽅方式。

关键词的理理解
⼤大家可以很容易易地发现，其实要想弄弄清16种时态，其实就是搞清4个时间以及4种基本时态的概念，然后
加以组合。所以我们⾸首先来对时间、基本时态进⾏行行理理解。

关于时间
总共有4种：现在、过去、将来、过去将来。

这太好理理解了了：

现在：发⽣生在现在的事情
过去：发⽣生在过去的事情
将来：发⽣生在将来的事情
过去将来：在过去发⽣生在将来的事情
可能唯⼀一要解释的是 过去将来 ，所谓过去将来这个时间点，其实就是在过去的时间点之后的某个时间点
【可能⽐比现在早，可能⽐比现在晚，这个不不⼀一定哦】。

例例

过去的某个⼈人说“将来我要做某件事”，就可以⽤用过去将来时，因为他要做的事情肯定发⽣生在他说话
的时间之后，对于说话的时间是将来的时态。

He said that he would do XXXXXXXXXX.

基本时态
也有四种：⼀一般时态、进⾏行行时态、完成时态、完成进⾏行行时态

接下来我将⽤用do来作解释和举例例⼦子。

⼀一般时态：⽤用来描述⼀一件习惯性、常⻅见的事情或者真理理，翻译的时候do只能翻译出做，这种时态本
身不不能翻译出来别的字。
进⾏行行时态：⽤用来描述正在发⽣生的⼀一件事，翻译的时候do变成doing，能翻译出在做的意思，最关键的
就是⼀一个在字。
完成时态：⽤用来描述已经发⽣生的⼀一件事，翻译的时候do变成have done，能翻译出做了了的意思，最
关键的就是⼀一个了了字。
完成进⾏行行时态：⽤用来描述⼀一直以来都在发⽣生的⼀一件事，翻译的时候do变成have been doing，能翻
译出⼀一直在做，最关键的就是⼀一直在。

所以细⼼心的同志们可以发现，区别这些基本失态的最好的⽅方法是翻译法如果翻译正确了了，那肯定⽤用不不错时
态。

当然有的时候不不同时态可以表达类似的意思，也可以进⾏行行形式上的转化。

细解时态
⼀一般现在时
翻译成：做

⽤用处
表示现在经常或者习惯的动作

My sister wears glasses. 我妹妹戴眼镜。

He often goes to the cinema. 他经常去看电影。

表示现在的情况或者状态

Mother is ill. ⺟母亲病了了。

He is always like that. 他总是那样。

 He likes living in the country. 他喜欢住在乡下。

We need a lot of money. 我们需要⼀一⼤大笔钱。

表示能⼒力力、特征、职业等

He sings well. 他唱歌唱得好。

Mr. Smith teaches French. 史密斯先⽣生教法语。

客观真理理、科学定理理、格⾔言等不不受时间限制的客观存在

Summer follows spring. 春去夏来。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是⼒力力量量。

The earth turns around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。

练习
1. I __ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.
A. will play B. have played
C. played D. play

【分析】D。“我的乒乓球是打得相当好的，但⾃自新年年以来还⼀一直没有时间去打。”球打得好是现在已
有的技能，故⽤用⼀一般现在时。

2. You’re drinking too much. —Only at home. No one __ me but you.

A. is seeing B. had seen

C. sees D. saw

【分析】C。由 only at home 可知“我”只在家⾥里里喝喝得多，除你之外，没有⼈人看⻅见。谈的是现在⼀一般

性情况，故⽤用⼀一般现在时。

3. It __ long before we __ the result of the experiment.

A. will not be; will know B. is; will know
C. will not be; know D. is; know

【分析】C。句句意为：不不久之后我们就会知道实验结果。在句句型 It is not long before?不不久之后就…)

中，before 引导的是时间状语从句句，⽤用⼀一般现在时表将来。

4. Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which __ the Pacific, and we
met no storms.
A. was called B. is called

C. had been called D. has been called

【分析】B。因为这是客观事实，现在也叫太平洋，⽤用⼀一般现在时。

5. —What would you do if it __tomorrow? —We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything
ready.
 A. rain B. rains

C. will rain D. is raining

【分析】B。在条件句句中⽤用⼀一般现在时表示将来。

6. —What are you going to do this afternoon? —I am going to the cinema with some friends. The
film __ quite early, so we __ to the bookstore after that.
A. finished, are going B. finished, go

C. finishes, are going D. finishes, go

【分析】C。由问句句和答语I am going…可知，要⽤用将来时态，排除选项A和B; 电影的开始和结束是

影院在时刻表中已有的计划，⽤用⼀一般现在时表示，表示最近的打算或安排，可⽤用现在现进时表示。

⼀一般过去时
翻译成：过去做

⽤用法
表示过去发⽣生的动作或存在的状态

He bought the computer five years ago. 这电脑是他五年年前买的。

It was then a small fishing village．那时它只是⼀一个⼩小渔村。

表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作

We often played together when we were children．我们⼩小时候常在⼀一起玩。

注：表过去习惯性的动词，也可⽤用used to或would：

He used to go to work by bus. 他过去常乘公共汽⻋车去上班。

练习
1. Helen __ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband __ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come

解析：答案选 C。leave 应发⽣生在 had to wait 这个过去动作之前，“过去的过去”⽤用过去完成时; 后⼀一

空⽤用⼀一般过去时表示过去将来。

2. —Nancy is not coming tonight. —But she __!

A. promises B. promised C. will promise D. had promised

解析：答案选 B。“但她曾经答应要来的”，过去的许诺，故⽤用⼀一般过去时。

3. —You haven’t said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? —I’m sorry I __ anything
 about it sooner. I certainly think it’s pretty on you.
A. wasn’t saying B. don’t say C. won’t say D. didn’t say

解析：答案选 D。⽤用⼀一般过去时，指“我刚才没急于说”。

4. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness __.
A. has grown B. is growing C. grew D. had grown

解析：答案选 C。紧张伴随等的过程⽽而产⽣生，应同时发⽣生，waited 是⼀一般过去时，grow 也⽤用⼀一般

过去时。

5. I thought Jim would say something about his school report, but he __ it.
A. doesn’t mention B. hadn’t mentioned C. didn’t mention D. hasn’t mentioned

解析：答案选 C。只描述过去所发⽣生的情况，但没有强调对现在的影响，⽤用⼀一般过去时。

6. I __ while reading the English textbook. Luckily, my roommate woke me up in time!

A. had fallen asleep B. have fallen asleep C. fell asleep D. fall asleep

解析：答案选 C。描写过去发⽣生的情况⽤用⼀一般过去时。

7. Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people __ to enjoy the
advantages of this new technology.
A. begin B. began C. have begun D. had begun

解析：答案选 B。when引导的是⼀一个⾮非限制性定语从句句，when指20世纪90年年代初，当然⽤用⼀一般过
去时。

8. —I hear Jane has gone to the Holy Island for her holiday. —Oh, how nice! Do you know when
she __?
A. was leaving B. had left C. has left D. left

解析：答案选 D。因为Jane已经度假去了了，“离开”此地就当然是在此之前的过去某个时间了了，所以
⽤用⼀一般过去时，选D。另外，when通常都不不与完成时连⽤用，排除B和C，A也与语境不不符。

⼀一般将来时
翻译成：将要做

基本构成
will/shall do sth. = be going to do sth. = be (about/due) to do sth. = be + 现在分词

关于最后⼀一个 be + 现在分词 的例例⼦子：

The students are leaving on Sunday. 学⽣生们星期⽇日出发。

⽤用法
表示在现在看来即将要发⽣生的动作或存在的状态
 What will you do this afternoon. 你今天下午⼲干什什么？

We will have a meeting tomorrow. 我们明天要开会。

He is going to study abroad next year. 明年年他要出国学习。

【可略略】各种表示法的⽐比较
(1) “will / shall＋动词原形”与“be going to ＋动词原形”>

两者均可表示将来时间和意图，两者有时可换⽤用：>

I think it’ll rain this evening. / I think it’s going to rain this evening. 我想今晚会下⾬雨。>

I won’t tell you about it. / I’m not going to tell you about it. 我不不会把这事告诉你的。>

但有时有差别：>

① 若是强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，则通常要⽤用be going to；若是表示某个意图没有经过事

先考虑，⽽而是在说话的当时才临时想到的，则通常⽤用will。⽐比较：>

"Ann is in hospital." "Oh, really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her." “安住院了了。”“啊，真的吗？我
还不不知道。我要去看看她。” (临时想法，不不能⽤用be going to)>

"Ann is in hospital." "Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her tomorrow. “安住院了了。”“我知道，我打算
明天去看看她。” (事先考虑的意图，不不能⽤用will)>

② 若是有迹象表明要发⽣生某事，通常只⽤用be going to，不不⽤用will：>

Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下⾬雨了了。>

③ 带有时间或条件状语从句句的主句句通常不不宜⽤用be going to，⽽而⽤用will：>

When he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他回来时我就告诉他这个消息。>

If he comes back, I will tell him the news. 他若回来我就告诉他这个消息。>

(2)“be going to+动词原形”与“现在进⾏行行时”>

① be going to主要表示主观想法或意图，⽽而现在进⾏行行进表示将来则主要已经强调作出的安排。⽐比
较：>

I’m going to wash the car if I have time. 若有时间我想洗洗⻋车。(主观想法)>

I’m picking you up at 6; don’t forget. 我6点钟来接你，不不要忘了了。(已作出的安排)>

② 但是当要表示主观⽆无法控制的预测时，通常要⽤用be going to，不不能⽤用现在进⾏行行时态：>

It’s going to snow before long. 不不久会下雪。>

Things are going to get better soon. 情况很快就会好起来。>

③ 当表示坚持要(不不要)某⼈人做某事时，两者均可⽤用：>
 She’s taking [going to take] that medicine whether he likes it or not. 不不管她喜欢不不喜欢，她都得
吃那药。>

You’re not wearing [going to wear] that skirt to school. 你不不可以穿那条裙⼦子去上学。>

(3) “be going to+动词原形”与“be to+动词原形”的区别>

两者均可表示按计划或安排要发⽣生的动作，有时可互换(但be to⽐比be going to正式)：>

Where are we going to stay tonight? 我们今晚住哪⾥里里？>

I’m (going) to play tennis this afternoon. 我打算今天下午打⽹网球。>

另外，be going to 还可表示预测，即根据已有迹象预测将要发⽣生的动作，此时不不能⽤用be to：>

Look, it’s going to rain. 看，要下⾬雨了了。

练习
【例例1】Turn on the television or open a magazine and you __ advertisements showing happy
families
A. will often see B. often see
C. are often seeing D. have often seen

分析：A。这是“祈使句句+and +陈述句句”句句型，祈使句句相当于⼀一个条件状语从句句，and后的陈述句句的谓
语⽤用⼀一般将来时，这是⼀一个较为固定的句句型。

【例例2】He was hoping to go abroad but his parents __ that they won’t support him unless he can
borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided
C. decided D. will decide

分析：B。因宾语从句句中的时态是⼀一般将来时，主句句中的谓语动词不不可能是过去时态，排除选项A和
D; 由语境判断，不不是“将要决定”，⽽而是“现在已经决定”，所以排除D，⽽而选B。

【例例3】 —How can I apply for an online course? —Just fill out this form and we __ what we can do
four you.
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see

分析：D。表示将要发⽣生的情况，⾃自然是⽤用⼀一般将来时。

【例例4】If their marketing plans succeed, they _____ their sales by 20 percent.
A. will increase B. have been increasing
C. have increased D. would be increasing

分析：A。由于if条件从句句⽤用的是⼀一般现在时，所以其相应的主句句宜⽤用⼀一般将来时。

【例例5】 Population experts predict that most people _____ in cities in the near future.
A. live B. would live
C. will live D. have lived
 分析：C。根据句句中的in the near future可知要⽤用⼀一般将来时。

【例例6】When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we ____
up, her voice had been full of life.
A. were hanging B. had hung
C. hung D. would hang

分析：C。从逻辑上说，当我在电话⾥里里和奶奶聊天时，她的声⾳音听起来很虚弱；但到我们要挂电话
时，她的声⾳音⼜又充满朝⽓气。从逻辑上说，应该是“奶奶 的声⾳音⼜又充满朝⽓气”在先，“我们挂断电话”在
后，如果是反过来的话，那说话者就⽆无法听知道“奶奶的声⾳音⼜又充满朝⽓气”之回事了了。所以“挂断电
话”应⽤用⼀一般过去时。另外，由于by the time后接的定语从句句通常要⽤用⼀一般现在时代替⼀一般将来
时，⽤用⼀一般过去时代替过去将来时，所以选项D不不能选。

【例例7】—Ann is in hospital. —Oh, really? I ____ know. I ____ go and visit her.
A. didn’t; am going to B. don’t; would
C. don’t; will D. didn’t; will

分析：D。根据句句意，在此之前说话⼈人不不知道安住院了了，因此第⼀一空⽤用⼀一般过去时；说话⼈人打算去
看她，这个动作还没发⽣生，因此第⼆二空⽤用⼀一般将来时。 注意be going to与will表示将来的区别：表
示临时的决定，要⽤用be going to，不不⽤用 will(www.yygrammar.com)。

【例例8】I’ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I __.

A. was doing B. am doing

C. have done D. had been doing

分析：B。句句意是：我⼀一完成我做的⼯工作就去图书馆。由于“去图书馆”⽤用的是⼀一般将来时，说明要完
成的⼯工作是“现在”正在做的事情，故⽤用现在进⾏行行时。 ⼜又如： He is studying architecture. 他在学习
建筑。 The ambulance is carrying wounded people to the nearest hospital. 救护⻋车正在把受伤
的⼈人送到最近的医院。

⼀一般过去将来时
翻译成：过去将要做

⽤用法
表示过去将来要发⽣生的情况或者动作

It was six o’clock. The sun would soon set. 这时是六点钟，太阳即将落⼭山。

In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林林，他第⼀一次遇⻅见那个⼥女女
⼈人，后来他终于跟她结了了婚。

表示过去的习惯或者倾向

When I worked on a farm, I used to get up at 5 a.m. 我在农场劳动时，总是早上5点钟起床。

 Most often we would find him lying on a couch, reading. 我们经常看到他躺在⼀一张⻓长沙发上看
书。

在该⽤用法中，有时也可⽤用used to代替would，但是当表示过去的状态或今昔对⽐比时，只能⽤用used
to。如：

She used to be a thin girl, but now she’s on the fatty side. 她曾是个苗条⼥女女孩，但现在却变得很
胖。

【可略略】⽤用于虚拟语⽓气

1. 对于现在的虚拟：

If I were taller, I would become a policeman. 如果我个⼦子再⾼高⼀一点，我就当警察了了。

If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的号码，就能给她打电话。

第⼀一句句所表示的实际情况是：我的个⼦子不不够⾼高，所以不不能当警察；第⼆二句句所表示的实际情况
是：我现在不不知道她的电话号码，所以不不能给她打电话。

2. 对于将来的虚拟：

If it rained tomorrow, we’d stay at home. 如果明天下⾬雨，我们就待在家⾥里里。

If you took a taxi, you’d get there quicker. 如果你叫⼀一辆出租汽⻋车，你就会快点⼉儿到那⼉儿。

第⼀一句句所表示的实际情况是：估计明天会天晴，所以我们侍在家⾥里里的可能性不不⼤大；第⼆二句句所表
示的实际情况是：你不不愿叫出租⻋车，所以你不不能较快到达。

【可略略】其它结构
除了了将will/shall 变成would以外，前⾯面在⼀一般将来时中说的各种结构都可以转变为⼀一般过去将来时。

即将 will/shall do sth. = be going to do sth. = be (about/due) to do sth. = be + 现

在分词 变成=>

would do sth. = was/were going to do sth. = was/were (about/due) to do sth. =

was/were + 现在分词

⼀一般将来时VS⼀一般过去将来时
怎么区别呢？很简单，就是把时间对照点搞清楚。对于 现在 的 将要做 ，就是 ⼀一般将来时 ，是对于 过去
的 将要做 ，就是 ⼀一般过去将来时 。

练习
1. Did you predict that many students __ up for the dance competition?
A. would sign B. signed C. have signed D. had signed

分析：A。根据主句句谓语动词predict（预计）的意思可知，从句句应⽤用过去将来时，即指预计将要发
⽣生某事。⼜又如： She predicted that the improvement would continue. 她预测情况将继续好转。

2. He didn’t sell half as many videos as he thought he __.

 A. had B. would C. was D. sold

分析：B。he would为he would sell之省略略，为过去将来时，表示在当时看来将会出现的情况。句句

意为：他售出的录像带还不不到他设想的⼀一半。⼜又如： It’s curious (that) Billy hasn’t phoned when
he promised he would. ⽐比利利答应要打电话来的，但⼀一直没有打，这很反常。

现在进⾏行行时
翻译成：正在做

⽤用法
正在进⾏行行的事情

Don’t take that ladder away. Your father’s using it. 别把梯⼦子拿起，你⽗父亲在⽤用哩。

He is writing on the desk. 他再课桌上写字。

短期内在进⾏行行的事情

Her car has broken down. She’s going to work by bike. 她的汽⻋车坏了了，骑⾃自⾏行行⻋车上班。

The professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill. 秘书⽣生病时，教授⾃自⼰己打他的
信。

计划或安排

Are you working next week? 你下星期⼯工作吗?

We are having a few guests tonight. 今晚我们有⼏几个客⼈人来。

She is buying a new bike soon. 她不不久将买⼀一辆新⾃自⾏行行⻋车。

We’re spending next winter in Australia. 我们将要在澳⼤大利利亚度过明年年冬天。

⽤用arrive, come, go, leave, take off等动词的现在进⾏行行时描写⾏行行程安排，也通常有含有将来意义。

如：

He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 16:40 train. 他乘下午4:40的⽕火⻋车明天上午到。

【可略略】屡次发⽣生

He is always losing his keys. 他⽼老老是丢钥匙。

He is always thinking of his work．他⽼老老是想到他的⼯工作。

She’s constantly changing her mind. 她⽼老老是改变主意。

Some students in my class are forever talking. 我班上有些学⽣生⽼老老是在说话。

练习
1. I’ve won a holiday for two weeks to Florida. I __ my mum.
 A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken

分析：A。现在进⾏行行时表示按计划或安排将要发⽣生的动作。

2. －What’s that terrible noise? －The neighbors __ for a party.

A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare

分析：B。由What’s=What is可知，现在在出声⾳音; 进⽽而知道“邻居们正在为⼀一个晚会作准备”，所以

⽤用现在进⾏行行时。再说，已经准备好了了或者将作准备，我们不不可能听得到声⾳音，问句句也就不不成⽴立了了，
排除A和D。

3. Because the shop __, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
A. has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down

分析：C。由all the T-shirts are sold at half price可知，这家商店还没有关闭，但准备将要关闭，

所以选C，⽤用现在进⾏行行时表示最近的打算。

4. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasn’t stopped ringing. People __ to ask how I am
going to spend the money.
A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning

分析：D。指赢⼤大奖以来的，近阶段正在发⽣生的事，⽤用现在进⾏行行时。

5. They __ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we __ it as no good
results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working

分析：A。在I joined them之前，就是“过去的过去”，要⽤用过去完成时或过去完成进⾏行行时，排除选项

C和D; 由now和“到⽬目前还没有结果”可知，现在仍在进⾏行行这项⼯工作，⽤用现在进⾏行行时，排除选项B。

6. Listen to the two girls by the window. What language __?

A. did they speak B. were they speaking

C. are they speaking D. have they been speaking

分析：C。由Listen to…可知，要⽤用现在进⾏行行时。

7. —Are you still busy? —Yes, I __ my work and it won’t take long.
A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to finish

分析：B。由it won’t take long可知即将做完了了，⽤用现在进⾏行行时表示即将发⽣生的事; 选项D表示“正打

算做完”，与句句意不不符。

8. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane __.
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off

分析：B。⽤用现在进⾏行行时表示⻢马上要发⽣生的情况(主要表示按计划或安排要发⽣生的动作).

过去进⾏行行时
翻译成：XXX时（过去的某时间）正在做

⽤用法
表示在过去某⼀一点时间或某⼀一段时正在进⾏行行的动作

I was having a bath when the phone rang. 我正在洗澡，突然电话铃响了了。

She was writing letters. I didn’t want to disturb her. 她在写信。我不不想打扰她。

【可略略】表示在过去短期内正在进⾏行行的动作或存在的情况，这种情况通常不不会⻓长期如此。如：

It happened while I was living in Eastboume last year. 这件事发⽣生于去年年我住在伊斯特本的时

候。

表示为过去的将来安排好的活动和事件。这类⽤用法在没有明确上下⽂文的情况下，通常会连⽤用⼀一个表
示将来时间的状语。如：

He said that his sister was getting married next December. 他说他妹妹12⽉月结婚。

⽤用arrive, come, go, leave等动词的现在进⾏行行时描写⾏行行程安排，也通常有含有将来意义。如：

Four of them were coming for Sunday lunch. 他们有四个⼈人将在星期天来吃午饭。

Her daughter was going to a summer camp the following day. 她的⼥女女⼉儿将在第⼆二天去参加夏令
营。

【可略略】动词 hope, wonder 等的过去进⾏行行时常⽤用来表示提出要求，虽然表示现在的内容，但语⽓气

⽐比⼀一般现在时或⼀一般过去时要委婉。如：

I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不不知您能不不能让我搭⼀一下⻋车。

I was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open. 我看还是把窗户开着的好。

注：⼀一般过去时也有类似⽤用法，相⽐比之处，⼀一般过去时通常表示主语的⾏行行为是经过认真考虑的，⽽而
过去进⾏行行时则多表示⼀一种较随便便或没有进⾏行行仔细考虑的⾏行行为。

【可略略】过去进⾏行行时有时可以与always, constantly, continually, forever, perpetually, repeatedly

等表示动作屡次发⽣生的副词连⽤用，强调动作的不不断重复的。如：

She was always thinking of others. 她⽼老老是想到别⼈人。

He was constantly changing his mind. 他⽼老老是改变主意。

She was forever complaining. 她⽼老老是抱怨。

注：现在进⾏行行时也有类似⽤用法，但过去进⾏行行时是表示过去不不断重复的动作，⽽而现在进⾏行行时是表示现
在不不断重复的动作。

练习
1. The reporter said that the UFO __ east to west when he saw it.
A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel
 分析：答案为A。过去进⾏行行时表示报告⼈人当时所看到的情景。

2. I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother __ on the
phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked

分析：答案为A。I called…和I couldn’t get through…⽤用的都是⼀一般过去时，⽽而talk on the phone

这⼀一动作正是发⽣生在I couldn’t get through…期间，故要⽤用过去进⾏行行时。

3. —What were you doing when Tony phoned you? —I had just finished my work and to take a
shower.
A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting

分析：答案为D。过去进⾏行行时表示过去将要发⽣生的事。句句意是：(Tony给我打电话时)我刚好做完⼯工
作，准备去冲凉。

4. —Has Sam finished his homework today? —I have no idea. He __it this morning.
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done

分析：答案为C。由上⽂文可知，下⽂文的⼤大意是：“我不不知道Sam现在是否已经做完了了作业，(但是我知
道)他今天早上在做作业”，所以⽤用过去进⾏行行时态。

5. —You were out when I dropped in at your house. —Oh, I __for a friend from England at the
airport.
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. has waited

分析：答案为A。句句意是：(你来我家时) 我正在机场等候⼀一位从England来的朋友。表示在过去某⼀一
时刻或在过去某⼀一段时间内正在发⽣生的事，⽤用过去进⾏行行时，所以选A。

6. — Where did you put the car keys? — Oh, I __ I put them on the chair because the phone rang
as I __ in.
A. remembered; come B. remembered; was coming
C. remember; come D. remember; was coming

分析：答案为D。第⼀一空⽤用⼀一般现在时，指的是“现在”还记得; 第⼆二空⽤用过去进⾏行行时，指的是当时正
在做的事。

7. I __ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident __.
A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred

分析：答案为C。第⼀一空⽤用过去进⾏行行时，表示过去正在发⽣生的情况; 第⼆二空⽤用⼀一般过去时，表示过去
突然发⽣生的⼀一件事。

8. —I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening. —Impossible. She __ TV
with me in my home then.(www.yygrammar.com)
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching

分析：答案为 D。表示过去正在进⾏行行的动作，⽤用过去进⾏行行时。第⼆二句句的意思是：不不可能。她当时与
我⼀一起在我家看电视。
 9. —Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad. —Oh, nothing much. In fact, I __ of my friends
back home.
A. have just thought B. was just thinking C. would just think D. will just be thinking

分析：答案为B。指刚刚在想念⽼老老家的朋友，故⽤用过去进⾏行行时。

10. —Did you watch the basketball match yesterday? —Yes, I did. You know, my brother __ in the
match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played

分析：答案为B。此处⽤用过去进⾏行行时表示当时正在进⾏行行的情况。

将来进⾏行行时
翻译成：XXXXXXX时（将来的时间）将正在做

⽤用法
表示将来某⼀一时间正在进⾏行行的动作

Hurry up!The guests will be arriving at any minute! 快! 客⼈人就要来了了!

A space vehicle will be circling Jupiter in five years’ time. 航天器器5年年后将绕⽊木星⻜飞⾏行行。

Don’t phone me between 5 and 6. We’ll be having dinner then. 五点⾄至六点之间不不要给我打电

话，那时我们在吃饭。

When I get home, my wife will probably be watching television. 当我到家时，我太太可能正在看

电视。

将来进⾏行行时表示表示按时划或安排要发⽣生的动作

I will be seeing you next week. 我下个星期来看你。

I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 不不久我将度假了了。

We shall be going to London next week. 下周我们要去伦敦。

We’ll be spending the winter in Australia. (=we are spending) 我们将在澳⼤大利利亚过冬。

Professor Craig will be giving a lecture on Etruscan pottery tomorrow evening. (=is giving) 克雷雷
格教授明晚作关于伊特拉斯坎陶器器的讲演。

【可略略】将来进⾏行行时表示委婉语⽓气

Will you be having some tea? 喝喝点茶吧。

Will you be needing anything else? 你还需要什什么吗？

试⽐比较：

When will you finish these letters? 你什什么时候会处理理完这些信件? (如上司对下属)

 When will you be seeing Mr White? 你什什么时候会⻅见到怀特先⽣生? (如下属对上司)

有时这两种结构在意义上确实不不同，例例如：

Mary won’t pay this bill. 玛丽不不付账。(她拒绝付账)

Mary won’t be paying this bill. 玛丽不不会付账。(将来)

Will you join us for dinner? 你来和我们⼀一起吃饭好吗? (邀请)

Will you bejoining us for dinner? 你会和我们⼀一起吃饭吗? (将来)

Won’t you come with us? 你和我们⼀一起去好吗? (邀请)

Won’t you be coming with us? 你会和我们⼀一起去吗? (将来)

过去将来进⾏行行时
翻译成：XXXXX时（这个时间点对于过去的某个时间点是将来）将正在做

"对于过去的某个时间点是将来"应该怎么理理解？

⽐比如现在主句句的时态是⼀一般过去时，宾语从句句要表示将来怎么怎么样，⽽而且是过去的将来，⽽而不不是
现在的将来，同时还要表达出 正在 的意思的话，就可以⽤用过去将来进⾏行行时。

句句中位置
⽤用于宾语从句句中

I felt it would be presuming on our friendship to keep asking her for help. 我觉得不不断要她帮忙
是利利⽤用了了我们的交情。

We informed them by telegram that we would be arriving early. 我们打电报通知他们，我们将

在早上到达。

The announcer informed viewers that programmes would be running late. 播⾳音员通知观众节
⽬目时间可能推后。

It was thoughtless of her to have rushed out and not said where she would be going. 她这样
冲出去⼜又不不说去哪⾥里里，真是太不不为别⼈人着想了了。

He announced that there would be more stringent controls on the possession of weapons. 他
宣布将对武器器的持有实⾏行行更更严格的控制。

A sixth sense told her that he would be waiting for her when she got home. 她有⼀一种第六感
觉，就是她到家时他⼀一定在那⼉儿等候她呢。

She glanced about the hall, hoping against hope that Richard would be waiting for her. 她眼睛
扫过⼤大厅，对理理查德会在那⾥里里等她仍怀有⼀一丝希望。

On May 18, the employee wrote to the council that he would be taking the doctor’s advice. 5
⽉月18⽇日，这位雇员致信委员会，称他将遵照医嘱。
 【可略略】⽤用于虚拟语⽓气的主句句

If she could get sponsors, she would be sitting pretty. 如果能得到赞助，她会极占优势。

I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney. 我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会⻜飞往

悉尼了了。

I would be exceeding my powers if I ordered the march to be halted. 如果我命令停⽌止游⾏行行，我

就越权了了。

If I was to insult the contestants I would be shooting myself in the foot. 如果我羞辱参赛者，就
会搬起⽯石头砸⾃自⼰己的脚。

You would be spending your time to better advantage if you did what I suggested. 如果你按我
的建议去做，你的时间会得到更更有效的利利⽤用。

【可略略】⽤用在其他从句句中

The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. 他将⽤用的新名是杰克•琼斯。

He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France. 其余款项，他将在离开法国时付清。

The course leader outlined the programme we would be following. 课程负责⼈人扼要地介绍了了我

们要学习的课程。

Sue looked at the college where she would be studying in October. 休看了了看那所学院，10⽉月份
她就到这⾥里里学习。

【可略略】⽤用在独⽴立的句句⼦子中

Jack said he had found a job. He would be working as a bartender in Detroit. 杰克说他找到了了
⼯工作。他将在底特律律做酒吧间伙计。

I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney. 我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会⻜飞往

悉尼了了。

Television cameras would be monitoring his every step. 电视摄像机将监视他的⼀一举⼀一动。

He would be inspiring young people to get into the political fray. 他会激励年年轻⼈人投身政治战
⽃斗。

A few months more and the hydro-electric station would be providing power. 再过⼏几个⽉月，⽔水
电站就要供电了了。

He would be setting out his plans for the party in a keynote speech. 他将在其主旨发⾔言中阐述他
对该党的计划。

I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney. 我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会⻜飞往

悉尼了了。

The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university. ⻋车⼦子发动了了。埃伦•詹姆斯要
开⻋车到⼤大学去。

现在完成时
现在完成时
翻译成：现已完成、现已做完

但是现在完成时不不光可以表示做完了了，具体来说，现在完成时有两个主要⽤用法：

1. 表示已完成【即影响】：该⽤用法的现在完成时表示⼀一个过去发⽣生的动作在过去已经完成，并且
这个过去发⽣生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或
结果，如汉语说“他已离开这个城市了了”，其中的“离开”肯定发⽣生了了，它对现在的影响或结果就
是“他现在已不不在这个城市了了”；⼜又如汉语说“有⼈人把窗户打破了了”，显然“打破窗户”这⼀一动作发⽣生
在过去，并且在过去已经完成了了，但说话⼈人强调的重点是打破窗户对现在的影响——窗户现在
仍是破的。
2. 表示未完成【即持续】：该⽤用法的现在完成时表示⼀一个过去发⽣生的动作或开始的状语在过去并
未完成或结束，⽽而是⼀一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)，如汉语说“他在
我们教书已有30年年了了”，显然“他在我们学校教书”是从30年年前开始，并且⼀一直教到现在，已经
持续了了30年年；⼜又如汉语说“⾃自上个星期以来他⼀一直很忙”，显然“忙”是从上个星期开始的，并且
这⼀一“忙”就⼀一直忙到现在。

⽤用法
影响性⽤用法实例例分析

I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了了。

根据句句意可知，“丢钢笔”这个动作发⽣生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个过过去发⽣生和完成
的动作对现在有影响——我现在⽆无钢笔⽤用，或我得去买⽀支新的。

We have finished the work. 我们已把⼯工作⼲干完了了。

显然“完成⼯工作”这个动作发⽣生在过去，同时也在过去已经完成，但这个过过去发⽣生和完成的动作对
现在有影响——我们可以休息了了，或可以回家了了，或可以做别的事了了。

持续性⽤用法实例例分析

I’ve waited a week for your answer. 等你的答复我已等了了⼀一个星期。

根据句句意可知，“等”这个动作发⽣生在过去，但它在过去并没有完成，⽽而是⼀一直等到现在，已持续了了
⼀一个星期。

We have lived here quite a number of years. 我们在这⾥里里住了了很多年年了了。

根据句句意可知，“住在这⼉儿”是从过去开始的，但它在过去并没有完成，⽽而是⼀一直等到现在，已持续
了了好⼏几年年。

怎么区分应该⽤用具体哪⼀一种完成时呢？

其实，这时需要区分⼀一个概念，即动词的延续性与⾮非延续性。⼀一般⽤用在现在完成时中如果动词是延
续性的【即这个动作可以持续很久，⽐比如住宿，等待】，则⽤用表示持续的现在完成时；如果动词是
⾮非延续性的【即动作是⼀一瞬间发⽣生的，如丢失，完成】，则⽤用表示影响的现在完成时。
现在完成时与⼀一般过去时的区别
⼀一般过去时是讲过去发⽣生了了⼀一件事，⽽而现在完成时实际上也在讲过去做了了⼀一件事，看起来好像。我们常常
⽤用‘过去的事是否对现在的某件事情或者某种状态有影响’来区分是该⽤用⼀一般过去时还是现在完成时，然⽽而
这种判断常常会给⾃自⼰己带来疑问：难道过去的事情不不都对现在或多或少会有影响嘛？没错，是这样。那到
底怎么区分⽤用现在完成时还是⼀一般过去时？

体会下⾯面的例例⼦子

I’ve washed the car. 我已经洗过⻋车了了。

I washed the car. 我洗了了⻋车⼦子。

第⼀一句句⽤用的是现在完成时，它强调的是洗⻋车对现在的影响——⻋车现在是⼲干净的；第⼆二句句⽤用的是⼀一般
过去时，它不不强调洗⻋车对现在的影响，只表明⻋车在过去洗过，⾄至于它现在是否⼲干净说话⼈人并不不关
⼼心。

The lift has broken down. 电梯坏了了。

The lift broke down. 电梯坏了了。

第⼀一句句⽤用的是现在完成时，它强调的是电梯坏对现在的影响——我们不不得不不⾛走楼梯，或我们得请⼈人
来修电梯；第⼆二句句⽤用的是⼀一般过去时，它不不强调电梯坏对现在的影响，只表明电梯在过去曾经坏
过，⾄至于它现在是否能⽤用说话⼈人并不不关⼼心。

Tom has had a bad car crash. 汤姆发⽣生了了严重的⻋车祸。（他可能仍在住院。）

Tom had a bad crash. 汤姆发⽣生过严重⻋车祸。（他现在很可能已经出院了了。）

第⼀一句句⽤用的是现在完成时，它强调的是出⻋车祸对现在的影响——汤姆可能现在仍在住院；第⼆二句句⽤用
的是⼀一般过去时，它不不强调出⻋车祸对现在的影响，只表明汤姆在过去曾经出过⻋车祸，⾄至于他现在是
否已经出院之类的相关说话⼈人并不不关⼼心。

所以，归根结底，对于过去发⽣生并已完成的动作，不不管你是⽤用⼀一般过去时还是⽤用过去完成时，它对现在都
是有影响的，它们的不不同之处在于，说话者是否强调这个影响——如果强调对现在的影响，就⽤用现在完成
时；如果不不强调对现在的影响，⽽而是强调动作发⽣生的过去时间，就⽤用⼀一般过去时。

特殊⽤用法
【可略略】现在完成表示重复性

即表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不不断重复发⽣生的动作或情况，并且有这个不不断重
复的动作可能继续下去，也可能到现在就结束。如：

How often have you seen her? 你隔多少⻅见她⼀一次?

My father has always gone to work by bike. 我⽗父亲⼀一向骑⻋车上班。

现在完成表示将来

现在完成时有时可⽤用于时间或条件状语从句句中代替⼀一般现在时，但表示的是将来意义。如：
 Don’t get off until the bus has stopped. 等⻋车停稳之后再下⻋车。

You can go out if you have finished your homework. 如果你做完了了作来，你就可以出去。

这两句句中的现在完成时也可换成⼀一般现在时，即分别改为stops和finish，但语⽓气没有⽤用现在完成时
那样强调。但这样替换的场合通常只限于某些终⽌止性动词，若从句句谓语为延续性动词，则不不可以这
样替换。如下⾯面这句句中的现在完 成时> 就不不能换成⼀一般现在时：

When you have rested, I’ll show you the garden. 等你休息好之后，我领你看我们的花园。

重要考点
have been to与have gone to

have been to表示曾经去过某地，但现在不不在那⼉儿；have gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不不在这⼉儿。

如：

Have you ever been to Greece? 你去过希腊吗?

The Smiths have gone to Canada for a holiday. 史密斯全家都到加拿⼤大度假去了了。

与表示次数的once, twice, three times等连⽤用时，只能⽤用have been to，不不能⽤用have gone to。

如：

She has been to Europe twice. 她到欧洲去过两次。

另外，have been to除可后接地点表示去过某地外，有时还可以接表示活动的名词，表示去参加过某种活

动，或接动词原形(尤其是动词see)，表示去做过某事。如：

She’s just been to a party. 她刚参加⼀一个晚会回来。

He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 我⽣生病以来他从未来看过我。

现在完成时的标志

since

since表示“⾃自从……以来”时，⽆无论是⽤用作介词、连词还是副词，since都通常要与现在完成时连⽤用。
如：

I’ve had nothing to eat since lunchtime. 从午饭时间到现在我什什么都没吃。

We’ve lost a lot of custom since our prices went up. ⾃自从提价以后，我们失去了了许多顾客的⽣生
意。

但是，当since从句句的主句句表示时间⻓长度时，主句句谓语通常⽤用⼀一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：

It’s a long time since they left. 他们⾛走后很久了了。

It is ten years since he left here. 他离开这⼉儿已10年年了了。

so far = up to now
 当so far表示“到⽬目前为⽌止”时，它指的是从过去某时持续到现在的⼀一段时间，因此通常与现在完成时
连⽤用。如：

So far 500 people have died in the earthquake. 到现在为⽌止，已有500⼈人在地震中丧⽣生。

So far the work has been easy, but things may change. 到⽬目前为⽌止，这⼯工作很容易易，但情况可能
有变化。

但是，当 so far 表示“到这种程度或范围”时，则不不⼀一定与现在完成时连⽤用，⽽而是可以根据情况选⽤用

时态。如：

I can only help him so far. 我只能帮他到这种程度。

in the last(past) five years = over the years

I’ve seen little of her in the past few weeks. 近⼏几周我很少⻅见到她。

We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past five years. 过去五年年我们种了了成千上万棵树。

The house has changed hands three times in the last two years. 在过去两年年中，这栋房⼦子已转
⼿手三次。

She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 这些年年来，她给我们带来了了不不少的幸福。

We’ve had a few arguments over the years, but in general we get on very well. 最近⼏几年年来，我
们争吵过⼏几次，但总的说来，我们相处得很好。

练习
【例例题1】. —__ my glasses? —Yes, I saw them on your bed a minute ago.
A. Do you see B. Had you see C. Would you see D. Have you seen

分析：D。现在完成时表示过去发⽣生的动作对现在的影响：问话⼈人的⽬目的是想知道眼镜在哪⾥里里。⼜又
如： —Have you waited long? 你等了了很久吗？ —No, I just arrived five minutes ago. 没等多久，
我刚到五分钟。

【例例题2】. I wonder why Jenny __ us recently. We should have heard from her by now.
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t written

分析：A。由 recently 和 by now 可知⽤用现在完成时。⼜又如： I’ve been on rather too many

planes and trains recently. 近来我乘⻜飞机和⽕火⻋车次数太多了了。 We haven’t seen enough of Ray
and Barbara recently. 近来, 我们没怎么看⻅见雷雷和巴巴拉。

【例例题3】. John and I __ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas
party. But we __ each other a couple of times before that.
A. had been; has seen B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen
 分析：D。到⽬目前为⽌止成为朋友⼋八年年，⽤用现在完成时; 在那次晚会相识成为朋友之前已经⻅见过⼏几次
⾯面，⽤用过去完成时。⼜又如： I have had this car for ten years. 这辆⻋车我已经买了了⼗十年年了了。 I
haven’t seen Tom for two years. 我已经有两年年没⻅见到汤姆了了。 I’ve lived in Central London for
six years now, so I’m used to the noise. 到⽬目前为⽌止，我已在伦敦中区住了了6年年，已经习惯于那⾥里里
的喧闹声了了。

【例例题4】. —How long __ David and Vicky __ married? —For about four years.
A. were; being B. have; got C. have; been D. did; get

分析：C。由 For about four years 可知，要⽤用现在完成时，排除 A 和 D; 与时间段连⽤用，不不可⽤用

get married, 要⽤用 be married。⼜又如： I’ve worn glasses for ten years. 我戴眼镜已经⼗十年年了了。
The Kenways have lived here for five years. 肯威家在这⼉儿已经住了了5年年了了。

【例例题5】. How can you possibly miss the news? It __ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be

分析：A。信息句句为⼀一般现在时，根据后句句中all day long判断，这显然是强调播放新闻对现在的影

响，故选现在完成时。⼜又如： We have waited all day. 我们等了了整整⼀一天了了。 I haven’t seen her
all day. 我⼀一整天都没看⻅见她。 I’ve had a headache all day. 我整天都感到头痛。

【例例题6】. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book__50 million.
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached

分析：A。因为that is意为“换句句话说，即 (=in other words, which means)”，⽽而前句句中的谓语has

set是现在完成时，后⼀一句句的谓语动词也应⽤用现在完成时，排除C和D; ⼜又因主语the sales是复数，选
出正确答案A。

【例例题7】. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power __ increased enormously
ever since.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been

分析：C。因为ever since的意思是“从那时(1945年年)起⼀一直到现在”，表示从过去某⼀一时刻起⼀一直延
续到现在的动作或状态，要⽤用现在完成时，现在完成时由“have /has+过去分词”构成，所以选C。

【例例题8】. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science __ that people who don’t sleep well
soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing

分析：B。由表示对照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不不知”，但“现在已经证明了了”，所以⽤用现在完
成时。

【例例题9】. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I __ before.

A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had

分析：C。与before连⽤用，⽤用现在完成时。再说，此处没有⼀一个过去时间或动作⽐比较，是不不能⽤用过
去完成时的。

【例例题10】. My brother is an actor. He __in several film so far.

A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
 分析：C。因so far(到⽬目前为⽌止)通常与现在完成时连⽤用。

【例例题11】. The country life he was used to __ greatly since 1992.

A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed

分析：B。since 1992这类时间状语通常与现在完成时连⽤用。主句句主语是the country life，句句中he

was used to是省略略了了关系代词that的定语从句句。

【例例题12】. Although medical science __ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us
is that some of them are returning.
A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved

分析：B。⽤用现在完成时表示结果或对现在的影响。⼜又如：The streets have been swept free of

leaves. 街上的落叶已打扫⼲干净。

【例例题13】. — __ leave at the end of this month. — I don’t think you should do that until __ another
job.
A. I’m going to; you’d found B. I’m going to; you’ve found
C. I’ll; you’ll find D. I’ll; you’d find

分析：B。第⼀一空⽤用be going to表示打算或意图，第⼆二空⽤用现在完成时暗示对⽅方应该“先找到新⼯工

作，然后再辞职”。注：第⼆二空若不不⽤用现在完成时，⽤用⼀一般现在时也可以。

【例例题14】. This machine __. It hasn’t worked for years.

A. didn’t work B. wasn’t working C. doesn’t work D. isn’t working

分析：C。此处讲的是机器器⽬目前的状况，故⽤用⼀一般现在时。此题所利利⽤用的⼲干扰时态是其后的现在完
成时。

【例例题15】. My friend, who __ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next
month. (www.yywords.com)
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served

分析：D。由于是下个⽉月将要退休，说明现在还在职，据此可排除A和C; 再根据句句中的all his life可

知要⽤用现在完成时。

【例例题16】. I __ in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back
to China.
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived

分析：A。许多同学⼀一看到后⾯面的have never regretted为现在完成时，同时选项C也是现在完成

时，结果滥⽤用时态呼应，将答案误选C。其实，此题的最佳答案是A。句句中but后的句句⼦子告诉我们，
说话者现在已搬回了了上海海，所以他住在伦敦应属于过去的事情，故应⽤用⼀一般过去时。

【例例题17】. We __ our new neighbors yet, so we don’t know their names.

A. don’t meet B. won’t meet C. haven’t met D. hadn’t met

分析：C。后⽂文我们还不不知道邻居的名字，这说明我们还没有⻅见⾯面，故⽤用现在完成时。

【例例题18】. Danny __ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
A. works B. is working C. has worked D. worked
 分析：C。表示从过去⼀一直待续到现在的⼀一段时间，要⽤用现在完成时。

过去完成时
翻译成：XXXXX时（相对于过去的某个时间点）已经做完

其实理理解过去完成时只需要理理解五个字 过去的过去 。

如果没有参照点，“去年年”是过去，“前年年”是过去，“10年年前”也是过去，“100年年前”也是过去，“100万
年年前”也是过去。但是，如果我们确定了了⼀一个参照点，情况就不不同了了——如果我们以“去年年”为参照
点，那么“去年年的前⼀一年年”就成了了过去的过去；⼜又如我们说“他找到了了他丢失的钱包”，其中“找到钱
包”属于过去，以此为参照点，“丢失钱包”就属于过去的过去；再⽐比如说“我昨天去朋友家玩，但当我
到达时朋友外出了了”，在这个句句⼦子中，“到达朋友家”为过去，以此为参照点，“朋友外出”就属于过去
的过去。

⽤用法
对于过去发⽣生的⼀一件事，另⼀一件事已经发⽣生

When the doctor arrived the patient had died. 医⽣生到时病⼈人已死了了。

根据句句意可知，“医⽣生到达”为过去发⽣生的动作，故⽤用⼀一般过去时；⽽而当医⽣生到时病⼈人已死了了，所
以“病⼈人死”就是过去的过去发⽣生的情况，故⽤用过去完成时。

She told me she had been with IBM for five years. 她告诉我说，她在国际商⽤用机器器公司已⼯工作5
年年了了。

根据句句意可知，“她告诉我”为过去发⽣生的情况，⽤用⼀一般过去时；⽽而“她在国际商⽤用机器器公司⼯工作5
年年”显然是“她告诉我”之前的事情，即属于过去的过去，所以⽤用过去完成时。

I woke up because I had had a bad dream. 我醒了了，因为我做了了个噩梦。

“我醒了了”为过去发⽣生的情况，⽤用⼀一般过去时；我为什什么醒了了呢？是因为我做了了个噩梦，显然“做噩
梦”发⽣生在“醒”之前，也就是说发⽣生在过去的过去时间⾥里里，所以“做噩梦”要⽤用过去完成时。

When we got there the basketball match had already started. 我们到那⾥里里时，篮球赛已经开始
了了。

“我们到达那⾥里里”为过去发⽣生的情况，故⽤用⼀一般过去时；⽽而我们到那⾥里里时篮球赛已经开始了了，这说
明“篮球赛开始”发⽣生在“我们到达那⾥里里”这⼀一过去时间之前，即属于过去的过去，所以“篮球赛开始”要
⽤用过去完成时。

表示过去未曾实现的想法

过去完成时除表示“过去的过去”外，还可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连⽤用的动词是 want,
think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：

I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来，但有事就没有来。

I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 我本来希望寄给他⼀一张圣诞卡
的，但我忘了了寄了了。
 【可略略】过去完成时⽤用于特殊句句式

在hardly [scarcely, barely]…when [before]…和no sooner…than…等句句式中，主句句通常要⽤用过去完

成时，⽽而从句句则通常要⽤用⼀一般过去时。这类句句式均表示“⼀一……就……”。如：

I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang. 我刚合上眼，电话铃就响了了。

I had no sooner checked into the hotel than he arrived. 我⼀一住进旅馆，他就到了了。

过去完成时⽤用法的⼀一点注意
当两个或多个过去发⽣生的动作紧挨着并列列出现时，尽管各动词之间有先后关系，我们仍然都⽤用⼀一般过去
时。如：

Bill saluted, turned, and went out. ⽐比尔敬礼后转身就出去了了。

He paused and shook his head. 他稍停了了⼀一下，然后摇了了摇头。

另外，由after, before, as soon as 等连词引导时间状语从句句，由于这些连词已经清楚地表明了了主从句句谓

语动词的先后顺序，所以对于先发⽣生的动作也可⽤用⼀一般过去时表示。如：

I told them the news after you (had) left. 你⾛走后我把这消息告诉了了他们。

As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我刚把电话⼀一放下，它⼜又响了了。

过去完成时与⼀一般过去时
过去完成时表示以过去某时间为起点以前所发⽣生的动作或存在的状态，即：过去完成时强调“过去的
过去”，⽽而⼀一般过去时只表示以现在时间为起点以前所发⽣生的事情或存在的状态。如：

He studied there two years ago. 他在那⼉儿学习了了两年年。(离现在两年年)

He said he had studied there two years ago. 他说他在那⼉儿学习了了两年年。(离他说话时两年年)

表示过去某个时间以前所连续发⽣生的两个或两个以上的动作时，⼀一般⽤用and, then, but按照动作的先

后顺序连接，此时通常⽤用⼀一般过去时⽽而不不⽤用过去完成时。如：

He said he went the shop and bought some food. 他说他去商店买了了⼀一些⻝⾷食品。

练习
1. Helen __ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband __ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come

分析：C。leave 应发⽣生在 had to wait 这个过去动作之前，“过去的过去”⽤用过去完成时; 后⼀一空⽤用⼀一

般过去时表示过去将来。⼜又如： The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋⼦子⾥里里很安
静，⼤大家都睡觉了了。 They had finished the exam and the teacher was hustling to get the
papers gathered up. 他们已经考完试了了，⽼老老师正在赶紧收卷⼦子。 People were quite often rude
about him, often the people he had helped. ⼈人们经常对他很⽆无礼，其中有很多还曾得到过他的帮
助。
2. By the time Jack returned home from England, his son __ from college.
A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been D. had graduated

分析：D。本句句意为：当杰克从英格兰返回家时，他的⼉儿⼦子已经⼤大学毕业了了。显然，⼉儿⼦子⼤大学毕业
在先，杰克返回家在后。⽽而“返回”家⽤用的是⼀一般过去时（returned），故⼉儿⼦子⼤大学毕业要⽤用过去完
成时（had graduated）。⼜又如： I read that he had resigned. 我看到他已辞职的报道。 The
weather was rather worse than I had expected. 天⽓气要⽐比我预料料的还坏。

3. He kept looking at her, wondering whether he __her somewhere.

A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen

分析：D。因为由语境可知，see应当发⽣生在kept looking之前，即过去的过去，所以⽤用过去完成
时，只有D正确。⼜又如： When I had opened the windows I sat down and had a cup of tea. 我
打开窗户后，就坐下来喝喝了了⼀一杯茶。 When I had written my letters I did some gardening. 我写
完信之后，就在花园⾥里里⼲干了了点活⼉儿。 When he had shut the window we opened the door of the
cage. 他关了了窗户之后，我们把笼⻔门打开了了。

4. She __her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job.
A. would change B. has changed C. changed D. was changing

分析：C。由came可知，她已来重庆了了，⽽而改变发型是在来重庆之前，即过去的过去，按理理要⽤用过
去完成时，但before已经表明紧接着发⽣生的先后两个动作，所以也可⽤用⼀一般过去时，所以选C。

5. He __more than 5000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned

分析：D。因为上⼤大学是过去，学了了5千个英语单词是在上⼤大学之前，即“过去的过去”，所以⽤用过去
完成时。

6. Father __for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.

A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left

分析：D。由“我没⻅见到他”可知，“在我到达”前“⽗父亲已经去伦敦”了了，即⽗父亲去伦敦发⽣生在“过去的过
去”，⽤用过去完成时。

7. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which __ placed under the
Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be

分析：C。因为这个⼩小盒⼦子“被放在部⻓长⻋车下”发⽣生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“过去的过去”，所以⽤用
过去完成时。

8. Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didn’t want her parents to
know what she __.
A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing

分析：C。因decided和didn’t want都是过去式，排除选项A和D; 因“做”发⽣生在“决定”之后，⽽而不不是

之前，不不能⽤用过去完成时，排除选项B。

9. —Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. —Oh ! I thought they __
 without me.
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone

分析：D。因为thought(原以为)是过去，他们“⾛走了了”就是“过去的过去”，所以⽤用过去完成时。

10. They __ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we __ it as no good
results have come out so far.
A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working
C. have been working; have worked D. have worked; are still working

分析：A。在I joined them之前，就是“过去的过去”，要⽤用过去完成时或过去完成进⾏行行时，排除选项

C和D; 由now和“到⽬目前还没有结果”可知，现在仍在进⾏行行这项⼯工作，⽤用现在进⾏行行时，排除选项B。

11. The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I __ before.

A. was having B. have C. have ever had D. had ever had

分析：C。与before连⽤用，⽤用现在完成时。再说，此处没有⼀一个过去时间或动作作⽐比较，是不不能⽤用
过去完成时的。

12. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She __ before.
A. hasn’t flown B. didn’t fly C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying

分析：C。⽤用于供参照的过去时间为was nervous(当时坐⻜飞机很紧紧)，与之相⽐比较，hadn’t
flown(没有坐过⻜飞机)显然属于“过去的过去”，故⽤用过去完成时。

13. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I __ to half a dozen other groups.
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given

分析：C。许多同学可能会简单地根据前⾯面的was giving⽽而误选A。但事实上，此题提供的语境是：
我当时正在给⼀一群⼈人作报告，这个报告我曾给其他若⼲干批⼈人讲过。由于was giving为过去进⾏行行时，
⽽而“曾给其他若⼲干批⼈人讲过”显然发⽣生在was giving这⼀一过去时间之前，故⽤用过去完成时，即答案选
C。

14. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3, 000 more than he __ for the
wedding.
A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned

分析：D。⾸首先将选项分成两组：C和D为“过去组”，A和B为“⾮非过去组”，⽽而根据句句中的got married
和last week可推知，此题的答案应在“过去组”中。然后再根据句句意⽐比较get married与plan的先后关
系，显然是先“计划”，后“结婚”，⽽而“结婚”在句句中⽤用了了⼀一般过去时，故“计划”要⽤用过去完成时。

15. They became friends again that day. Until then, they __ to each other for nearly two years.
A. didn’t speak B. hadn’t spoken C. haven’t spoken D. haven’t been speaking

分析：B。由于他们再次成为朋友发⽣生在过去(因为became⽤用的是⼀一般过去时)，这就说明他们差不不
多有两年年没说过话属于“过去的过去”，所以要⽤用过去完成时。

16. —It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home. —Oh, don’t mention it. I __ past your
house anyway.
A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come
 分析：A。根据前⾯面⼀一句句中的was可知，搭⻋车的事发⽣生在过去，所以“我开⻋车要经过你的家⻔门⼝口”也发
⽣生在过去，因此可排除B和D。⽽而在剩下的A和C中，不不能选C，是因为C为过去完成时，表示“过去的
过去”，与句句意不不符。

17. I __ there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.
A. would be B. have been C. had been D. will be

分析：C。由于set to work with the scientist这⼀一动作发⽣生在过去，⽽而be there与set to work的先

后关系是：be there在先，set to work在后。所以be there发⽣生的时间属于“过去的过去”，故⽤用过
去完成时。

18. The play had already been on for quite some time when we __ at the New Theatre.
A. have arrived B. arrived C. had arrived D. arrive

分析：B。由于句句中的had already been⽤用的是过去完成时，⽽而根据句句意，arrive显然应发⽣生在其

后，故要⽤用⼀一般过去时。全句句意为：当我们到达新剧院时，戏已经演了了好⼀一会⼉儿了了。

19. —Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday? —Yes, he did. He __ his old friends for a long
time.
A. didn’t see B. wouldn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hadn’t seen

分析：D。由于⻅见朋友发⽣生在过去(即昨天)，⽽而很久没有⻅见到朋友⾃自然是昨天的⻅见⾯面之前，即属于过
去的过去，故⽤用过去完成时。

20. The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I __ in many worse hotels.
A. was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed

分析：D。根据The hotel wasn’t particularly good这⼀一句句中的⼀一般过去时可推知stay in many

worse hotels要⽤用过去完成时，因为它发⽣生在wasn’t之前。

将来完成时
翻译成：XXXXX时（将来的某个时间）将已完成

⽤用法
表示“将来完成”，即表示到将来某个时间为⽌止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作。如：

When we get there, she’ll have gone to work. 我们到那⾥里里时她会已上班去了了。

I expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 我预料料到明天你就会改变主意了了。

表示“持续”，即表示某种状况将⼀一直持续到说话⼈人所提及的某⼀一将来时间。如：

We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6⽉月25⽇日我们俩结婚就满1年年了了。

By this time next week, I will have been working for this company for 24 years. 到下星期此刻，
我就已经为该公司⼲干了了24年年了了。

【可略略】表示“推测，即表示根据某情况作出的推测。如：
 That will have been Roland. He said he’d be back at 7. 准是罗兰。他说他7点钟回来。

There will have been a definite result before Friday. 星期五以前肯定会有结果。

现在完成时、过去完成时与将来完成的区别
1. 现在完成时以现在时间为参照点，表示在“现在”以前完成的动作或持续到“现在”的状态；
2. 过去完成时则以过去时间为参照点，表示在“过去”某⼀一时间以前发⽣生的动作或持续到“过去”某⼀一时间
的状态；
3. 将来完成时则以将来时间为参照点，表示在“将来”某⼀一时间为⽌止已经完成的动作或持续到“将来”某⼀一
时间的状态。

请看例例句句：

He has finished writing his novel. 他已写完了了他的⼩小说。

He had finished writing his novel by the end of last year. 去年年年年底他就写完他的⼩小说。

He will have finished writing his novel by the end of next year. 到明年年年年底他就会写完他的⼩小说
了了。

与⼀一般现在时代替⼀一般将来时⼀一样，在表示时间或者条件的状语从句句，通常要⽤用现在完成时来表示
将来完成时，⽽而不不能直接使⽤用将来完成时：

I will go with you when I have finished my work. 等我完成⼯工作之后我就同你去。

若不不强调动作的完成(且不不⾄至于引起歧义)，有时也可⽤用⼀一般现在时：

I will go with you when I finish my work. 我完成⼯工作后就同你去。

练习
1. By the time Jane gets home his aunt __ for London to attend a meeting.
A. will leave B. leaves

C. will have left D. mind

分析：C。时间状语从句句中⽤用⼀一般现在时表示将来，by加将来时间与将来完成时连⽤用。⼜又如： By
May I will have got a new car. 到5⽉月我将已买到⼀一辆新汽⻋车。 The old currency will have been
phased out by 2020. 旧币分阶段⾄至2020年年将全部禁⽌止流通。

2. On her next birthday, Ann __ married for twenty years.

A. is B. has been

C. will be D. will have been

分析：D。表示到将来某时（her next birthday）为⽌止势必会完成的情况，英语要⽤用将来完成时，

故选D。⼜又如： Don’t worry. It’s a storm in a teacup. Everyone will have forgotten about it by
tomorrow. 别担⼼心，这不不过是茶杯⾥里里掀⻛风浪，到明天⼤大家就都把这事给忘了了。 If they succeed on
Europe, then they will have reshaped the political and economic map of the world. 如果他们在
 欧洲获得成功，他们将会改变世界政治和经济格局。

3. —I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car. —I know. By next month, he ___ enough for a used
one.
A. will have saved B. will be saving

C. has saved D. saves

分析：A。根据句句中的by next month可知空格处应填将来时态，故可排除C和D；⾄至于是选A还是

B，则需根据句句意来确定，由于前⽂文已说“正准备买⻋车”，说明存钱已经存够了了，故不不宜选B。句句意
为：“我听说詹森计划要买⼀一辆⻋车。”“我知道，到下个⽉月，他积蓄的钱就够买⼀一辆⼆二⼿手⻋车了了。”

过去将来完成时
翻译成：XXXXXX时（对于过去的未来的某个时间）将要完成

过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时某动作会业已完成。这个时态⽤用得相对⽐比较少，通常主要⽤用于
转述⽅方⾯面，即⽤用于间接引语中。如：

She said she’d have finished her exams by then. 她说那时她会已经考完试了了。

The party would have arrived by four o’clock. 这⼀一⾏行行⼈人将于4时前到达。

She said she’d have finished her exams by then. 她说那时她会已经考完试了了。

⽤用法
表示从过去某⼀一时间来看将来某时会已经完成的动作

I thought Sophia would have told you something. 我想索菲娅会已告诉你⼀一地情况。

He knew by the time he arrived she would have gone home. 他知道他到时她会已经回家。

The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir. 我们建成⽔水库的⽇日⼦子
不不远了了。

He said he would have done with my camera by the end of next month. 他说到下⽉月底就不不⽤用我
的照相机了了。

I guessed that Mother would have made some sandwiches by the time we got back. 我猜我们
回来时妈妈已经做好⼀一些三明治了了。

【可略略】⽤用于虚拟语⽓气中，若表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语⽓气，此时条件从句句的谓语⽤用过去完成时
(had+过去分词)，⽽而主句句谓语则通常⽤用过去完成时（would+have+过去分词），当然，主句句谓语也
可根据情况使⽤用“should (could, might)+have+过去分词”。如：

If I'd left sooner, I'd have been on time. 要是我早点动身，我就准时到了了。(但我动身太迟了了)

If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我们当时早点找到他的话，我们就
可以救活他。(可惜我们找到他太晚了了)
 If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the air-port. 要是我早知道你要来
的话，我就会在机场接你了了。

If he had lived, some day Michael would have done something important. 假定⻨麦克尔当时在世
的话，他本可做出了了不不起的事。

If I had known how he felt, I would never have let him adopt those children. 我要是知道他的想
法，我是决不不会让他领养那些孩⼦子的。

He would have forgotten the boy’s birthday if you hadn’t reminded him. 要不不是你提醒他，他会
忘记这男孩的⽣生⽇日的。

Our lives would have been greatly impoverished if we had not known our dear friend. 若不不是
得识我们这位好朋友，我们的⽣生活⼀一定⼗十分不不妙。

【可略略】“would + have + 过去分词”的情态⽤用法，would 后接完成式除⽤用于构成过去将来完成时

外，它还有其情态动词⽤用法的⼀一⾯面。如：

Only somebody with a small mind would have refused to help. 只有⼼心胸狭窄的⼈人才不不肯帮助别
⼈人。（表推测）

Few men would have bared their soul to a woman as he had. 很少有男⼈人能像他⼀一样对⼀一个⼥女女⼈人
敞开⼼心扉。（表怀疑）

I’m surprised you didn’t like the film. I would have thought it was just your kind of thing. 你不不
喜欢这部电影，这让我感到奇怪。我本来还觉得正对你的路路呢。（表过去的想法）

My father would have driven me to Cornwall, but we decided it would be quicker by train. ⽗父
亲原本要开⻋车送我去康沃尔，但我们还是觉得坐⽕火⻋车更更快。（表过去的想法）

The scar added interest to a face that otherwise would have appeared too bland. 这处伤疤为
本显得平淡⽆无奇的脸增添了了些吸引⼒力力。（表示未曾发⽣生的情况）

现在完成进⾏行行时
某动作从过去某个时间开始，⼀一直延续到现在，并且还有可能持续下去。

翻译成：⼀一直在做

⽤用法
表示“持续”：即表示⼀一个从过去某时开始⼀一直持续的动作，这动作可能刚刚停⽌止，也可能还在进⾏行行。
如：

She has been pruning the roses. 她⼀一直在修剪玫瑰。

He’s been helping himself to my stationery. 他未经许可⼀一直⽤用我的⽂文具。

The children have been having a lot of fun. 孩⼦子们⼀一直玩得很开⼼心。

She is very tired. She’s been working all morning. 她很累。她⼲干了了⼀一早晨了了。

 Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆⼀一直在想办法给你弄弄⼀一个⼯工作许可证。

The tobacco industry has been trying to improve its image. 烟草⾏行行业⼀一直在试图改善其形象。

It has come to our knowledge that you have been cheating the company. 据我们了了解你⼀一直欺
骗公司。

The group has been living in a remote corner of the Cambodian jungle. 该部落⼀一直居住在柬埔
寨的丛林林深处。

【可略略】表示“重复”，即表示在⼀一段持续的时间内动作的多次重复，⽽而这个重复的动作在说话时并不不
⼀一定在进⾏行行。如：

We’ve all along been making mistakes like this. 我们⼀一直犯这样的错误。

Jim has been phoning Jenny every night for the past week. ⼀一星期以来吉姆每天晚上给詹妮打电
话。

【可略略】现在完成进⾏行行时与现在完成时的区别
1. 现在完成时强调动作的完成，⽽而现在完成进⾏行行时强调动作的延续，因此，表示动作的完成，只能⽤用
现在完成时，⽽而不不能⽤用现在完成进⾏行行时。如：

He has changed his idea. 他改变了了想法。

2. 在表示动作的延续时，虽然既可⽤用现在完成时，也可⽤用现在完成进⾏行行时，但现在完成进⾏行行时强调动
作的进⾏行行。因此在需要明确表示动作还要持续下去时，应⽤用现在完成进⾏行行时。如：

We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这⼉儿已经学习了了两年年了了。

3. 在许多情况下，现在完成时表示动作已经完成，⽽而现在完成进⾏行行时却并⾮非如此。如：

He has cleaned the window. 他把窗户擦⼲干净了了。(动作已完成)

He has been cleaning the window. 他⼀一直在擦窗户。(动作不不⼀一定完成)

4. 有些静态动词只能⽤用于现在完成时，⼀一般不不能⽤用于现在完成进⾏行行时。如：

I’ve known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年年了了。

The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了了很⻓长时间。

5. 有少数动词(如live, work, teach, study等)⽤用两种时态都可以，意思差别不不⼤大。如：

I’ve lived [been living] here for 30 years. 我在这⼉儿住了了30年年了了。

How long have you worked [been working] here? 你在这⾥里里⼯工作多久了了?

6. 现在完成时与现在完成进⾏行行时的相通性：在表达⼀一个从过去开始⽽而现在仍在继续或刚刚结束的动作
时，某些动词既可以⽤用现在完成时，也可以⽤用现在完成进⾏行行时，如expect, hope, learn, lie, live,
look, rain, sleep, sit, snow, stand, stay, study, teach, wait, want, work等。如：

你学习英语多久了了?
 正：How long have yon learnt English?

正：How long have you been learning English?

他已经睡了了⼗十个⼩小时了了。

正：He has slept for ten hours.

正：He has been sleeping for ten hours.

练习
1. Tom __ in the library every night over the last three months.
A. works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working

分析：C。over the last three months 的意思是“在过去的三个⽉月期间”，这类时间状语通常通常与

现在完成时或现在完成进⾏行行时连⽤用，四个选项中只有C符合此要求。⼜又如： Food and drink culture
in Britain is surely changing, has surely changed over the last two decades. 在英国，饮⻝⾷食⽂文化
肯定正在不不断地发⽣生着改变，并且在过去⼆二⼗十年年中肯定已发⽣生过不不少变化。

2. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy __ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider

分析：B。根据but she hasn’t decided yet (尚未决定) 可知，从开始失业时起⼀一直在考虑再去上

学，现在还在考虑。表示从过去某⼀一时刻开始⼀一直到现在，并且现在依然在发⽣生的动作，⽤用现在完
成进⾏行行时，现在完成进⾏行行时由“have/has been doing”构成，所以选B。

3. I won’t tell the student the answer to the math problem until he __ on it for more than an
hour.
A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked

分析：A。has been working 为现在完成进⾏行行时，是许多中学⽣生不不太熟悉的⼀一种时态，因此要想通

过分析句句⼦子直接从正⾯面选出答案可能有⼀一定困难。但是，如果我们⽤用排除法来分析，则问题变得很
简单：⾸首先，由于until引导的 是时间状语从句句，根据“主将从现”原则，当主句句为将来时态时，时间
状语从句句不不能直接⽤用将来时态来表示将来意义，据此可排除B和C; ⽽而选项D为过去完成时，也不不能
选，因为“过去完成时”必须以“过去”为⽀支点，表示“过去的过去”，但此句句并没有过去时态这⼀一⽀支点，
故此选项也被排除。

4. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __
English for a year.
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying

分析：D。根据句句中的现在进⾏行行时可排除B，再根据句句中的for a year可知此题选现在完成进⾏行行时最
佳，即选D。

5. —I have got a headache. —No wonder. You __ in front of that computer too long.
A. work B. are working C. have been working D. worked
 分析：C。由于在电脑前⼯工作太久，所以导致了了现在头痛的结果，故空格处应填现在完成时或现在
完成进⾏行行时，即答案选C。

6. —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. —I think so. He __ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing

分析：D。根据句句中的…will win the first prize in the final可知，决赛还没有举⾏行行，所以下⽂文谈到

的“准备”指的肯定是从过去⼀一直持续到现在的情况，故⽤用现在完成进⾏行行时。

7. Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair __ all day. Could you speak to her now?
A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned

分析：C。根据句句中的时间状语all day和谓语动词phone的特点（为⾮非延续性动词）可知，句句⼦子应
⽤用进⾏行行时态（表示动作不不断重复），⽽而选项中只有C为现在完成进⾏行行时。句句意为：玛⻄西娅，打搅你
⼀一下，有名来⾃自《名利利场》的记者⼀一 整天都在打电话来，你现在能和他说说吗？⼜又如：She is very
tired. She’s been typing letters all day. 她很累了了。她整天都在打信件。

8. Over the past decades, sea ice __ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.
A. had decreased B. decreased C. has been decreasing D. is decreasing

分析：C。介词短语“over the past [last]+时间段”的意思是“在过去的……时间中”，它指的是从过去

某时持续到现在的⼀一段时间，所以通常与现在完成时或现在完成进⾏行行时连⽤用，故答案选C。句句意
为：过去⼏几⼗十年年来，由于全球变 暖，北北极的海海冰正慢慢消融。⼜又如：Technology in this field has
matured considerably over the last decade. 这⼀一领域的技术经过过去10年年的发展已经相当完善。

9. —Why, Jack, you look so tired! —Well, I __ the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.
A. was painting B. will be painting C. have painted D. have been painting

分析：D。现在完成进⾏行行时表示从过去⼀一直持续到现在的动作。在此题中，由于“⼀一直在刷油漆”，所
以才导致“看上去⾮非常疲惫”，故选D最符合句句意。

10. Mother wanted to be a good provider, a role she __ since her marriage to Father.
A. shoulders B. shouldered C. is shouldering D. has been shouldering

分析：D。根据空格后的since可知，此处谈论的是从过去⼀一直持续到现在的情况，故⽤用现在完成进
⾏行行时最合适。

11. Joseph __ to evening classes since last month, but he still can’t say “What’s your name?” in
Russian.
A. has been going B. went C. goes D. has gone

分析：A。根据句句中的since可知，空格处应填完成时态，故可排除B和C；根据句句意，空格处填现在
完成进⾏行行时⽐比填现在完成时更更合适，因为它更更强调“⼀一直在做某事”。⼜又如：He has been working
since noon. 他从中午就开始⼯工作了了。He was taken ill and no wonder, considering he has been
overworking for years. 他⽣生病了了，也难怪，多少年年他⼀一直过度⾟辛劳。

过去完成进⾏行行时
某动作从过去某个时间开始，⼀一直延续到过去的某个时间，并且还有可能持续下去。与现在完成进⾏行行时的
区别就是持续到了了过去的某个时间，⽽而不不是现在的某个时间。

翻译成：（到过去的某个时间为⽌止）⼀一直在做

⽤用法
过去完成进⾏行行时表示持续到过去某时的⼀一个动作(可算是现在完成进⾏行行时的过去式)：

The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前⼀一直在下⾬雨。

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽⻋车来了了，我已等了了半⼩小
时。

She was out of breath. She had been running. 她⽓气喘吁吁，她⼀一直在跑来着。

He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年年他戒烟了了。他抽烟已经
⼆二⼗十年年。

过去时间可⽤用⼀一个时间状语表示：

When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第⼀一次⻅见到她时，
她在那家公司已⼯工作⼗十年年了了。

I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我没等多久就来了了⼀一辆出租⻋车。

She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her
mother. 这包裹她看了了好⼀一会⼉儿才明⽩白这是寄给她妈的。

Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那时为⽌止她⼀一直和她⼥女女⼉儿⼀一起住。

但在更更多情况下过去时间由另⼀一句句⼦子表示出来，毋需加上时间状语：

Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛红红的，显然她是哭了了。

Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 简很不不⾼高兴。彼得⼀一直每晚给打电
话。

He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他⼲干了了⼀一整天活。

She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不不懂他的话。她学语的
时间还不不⻓长。

有时上下⽂文可说明是谈过去的事，因此不不需要时间状语：

She had been watching TV all day. 她看了了⼀一天的电视。

I had been reading your book. 我⼀一直在看你写的书。

The rain had been pouring all night. 倾盆⼤大⾬雨下了了⼀一整夜。

We had been travelling in many countries. 我们⼀一直在许多国家旅游。

这个时态也可⽤用在某些从句句中，这时从句句的动作发⽣生在主句句的动作之前⽽而对其有影响：
 I heard you’d been looking for me. 我听说你⼀一直在找我。

That was just the letter I had been expecting. 这正是我⼀一直期待的信。

That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 这正是我们⼀一直想做的事。

I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道⼀一直在发⽣生什什么事。

The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 开⻋车增加了了她⼀一直感到疲惫感觉。

They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他们说这些年年来他们⼀一直
在为他们的权利利⽽而⽃斗争。

【可略略】特别补充
1. 凡不不能⽤用于进⾏行行时的动词均不不能有这种时态，但动词want (有时还有wish) 除外。如：

The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time. 男孩对新
⼩小⼑刀很⾼高兴。他早就想要⼀一把了了。

2. 过去完成进⾏行行时⼀一般不不⽤用被动语态，如果真出现了了，格式应该是had been being done的形式。

将来完成进⾏行行时
某动作从某个时间开始，⼀一直延续到将来的某个时间，并且还有可能持续下去。与现在完成进⾏行行时的区别
就是持续到了了将来的某个时间，⽽而不不是现在的某个时间。

翻译成：（到将来的某个时间为⽌止）⼀一直在做

常⻅见结构
将来完成进⾏行行时连⽤用的时间状语，与将来完成进⾏行行时连⽤用最多的时间状语时是“by+将来时间”，⻅见上
⾯面的例例⼦子。当然除“by+将来时间”外，连⽤用其他的时间状语也是可能的。如：

He will have been working all day. 他整天将都在⼯工作。

She will have been having treatment all her life. 她将终⽣生受到治疗。

I’ll have been teaching for thirty years this winter. 到今年年冬天我就已任教三⼗十年年了了。

将来完成进⾏行行时的情态意义，“will / shall have been+现在分词”结构除表示将来完成进⾏行行时外，有

时其中的 will 也可能是情态动词，具有情态意义，⽐比较表示推测或猜想等。如：

They will have been having a holiday yesterday. 他们昨天⼤大概是在度假。

You’ll have been wondering all this time how my invention works. 我想你这些时候⼀一直想知道我
的发明怎样会⾏行行得通的。

【可略略】将来完成进⾏行行时与将来完成时⽐比较
将来完成进⾏行行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进⾏行行时与现在完成时的关系⼀一样。即在以下情况下可以⽤用
将来完成进⾏行行时⽽而不不⽤用将来完成时：

1. 动作本身就是连续的：

By the end of the month he will have been living / working / studying here for ten years. 到了了
⽉月底他在这⾥里里居住 / ⼯工作 / 学习就满⼗十年年了了。

2. ⼀一种经常进⾏行行的动作被表示为连续的动作：

By the end of this month he will have been training horses / climbing mountains for twenty
years. 到了了这个⽉月底他驯⻢马 / 登⼭山就满 20年年了了。

但是如果提到所驯⻢马匹或所攀登的⼭山峰的数⽬目，或⽤用任何⽅方式把动作分割为⼀一次⼜又⼀一次的动作，就
必须⽤用将来完成时：

By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses / climbed 50 mountains. 到本⽉月
底，他驯服的⻢马就有600匹 / 攀登的⼭山峰就有50座了了。

过去将来完成进⾏行行时
某动作从过去某个时间开始，⼀一直延续到对于过去是将来的某个时间，并且还有可能持续下去。与现在完
成进⾏行行时的区别就是持续到了了对于过去是将来的某个时间，⽽而不不是现在的某个时间。

翻译成：（到对于过去是将来的某个时间为⽌止）⼀一直在做

常⻅见结构
间接引语与过去将来完成进⾏行行时，在间接引语中，若主句句为过去时态，则⽤用于宾语从句句中的间接引
语则要把将来完成进⾏行行时改为过去将来完成进⾏行行时。如：

I know by this time next week you’ll have been working here for 30 years.

→I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.

She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer.

→She told me she’d have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer.

【可略略】过去将来完成进⾏行行时与虚拟语⽓气，在特定的语境中，有时过去将来完成进⾏行行时可⽤用虚拟语
⽓气中。如：

At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car，because Tom’s little boy was
sitting

beside him in front. If Tom’s boy had not been there I would have been sitting in front. 事故发
⽣生的时候，我坐在⻋车⼦子的后座，因为汤姆的⼩小⼉儿⼦子坐在前边他的身旁。要是汤姆的孩⼦子没坐在那⾥里里
的话，我就会坐在前⾯面了了。

【可略略】过去将来完成进⾏行行时的情态意义，“would have been+现在分词”结构除⽤用于表示过去将来

完成进⾏行行时外，有时其中的 would 也可能是情态动词，具有情态意义，⽐比较表示推测或猜想等。
 如：

“What interesting job have you found?” Helen asked him; he knew she would have been
thinking about it. “你找到什什么有趣的⼯工作啦?”海海伦向他问道。他知道海海伦⼀一定会⼀一直想这件事的。

过去将来完成进⾏行行时不不是⼀一个常⽤用时态，⼀一般语法书也讲得到很少，所以能找到的权威例例句句也很少。

结语
⾄至此，16种时态我们均进⾏行行了了详细地了了解，细⼼心的读者可以发现，其实最重要的是掌握4*4种时态的常⻅见
翻译⽅方法（完成时的翻译法有时有另解）。也因此，我们⼜又总结了了下⾯面这张翻译对应表。

时态翻译表（以 做 为例例）

时态
完成时态【有另
翻译 ⼀一般时态 进⾏行行时态 完成进⾏行行时态
解】
表

现在 做 现在正在做 现在已经做完了了 到现在为⽌止⼀一直在做

过去过去已经做完
过去 过去在做 过去正在做 到过去为⽌止⼀一直在做
了了

将来 将来要做 将来正在做 将来将要做完了了 到将来为⽌止⼀一直在做

过去 过去的将来的 过去的将来的某 过去的将来的某个 到过去的将来的某个时

将来 某个时间做 个时间正在做 时间将要做完 间为⽌止⼀一直在做

【可略略】致谢
16种时态详解