© 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.

ORG

THE INTERPLAY OF CULTURE AND

ARCHITECTURE
1
Tanyaa Prem,
1
Student,
1
Name of Department of
1
Name of organization of 1st Author, City, Country

Abstract : Culture and architecture are interlinked elements that reflect and shape the identity of societies. This research paper delves
into the intricate interplay between culture and architectural design, exploring how cultural values, traditions, and beliefs influence
the built environment, and how architecture can impact and preserve cultural heritage. Furthermore, this research explores the
challenges of globalization and urbanization on architectural traditions, highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity and
preservation in the face of rapid communal changes. By interpreting the symbiotic relationship between culture and architecture, this
paper gives an insight of how the built environment can either embrace or challenge cultural norms, ultimately inducing the continuity
of cultural traditions in an increasingly unified world.

Keywords - Architecture, Culture, Globalization

AIM:

To analyze the relationship between culture and architecture

OBJECTIVES:

 To understand what is culture and its evolution

 To analyse the impact of culture on architecture

 To analyse the challenges of globalization and urbanization on culture and architecture

INTRODUCTION
Architecture is not just about erecting functional buildings; it is a narrative of human history and an expression of cultural requirements.
Every building, every structure, every urban landscape is a reflection of the societies that conceived them, and in turn, these
architectural creations have a profound influence on the cultures they serve. This dynamic interplay between culture and architecture
is a question of immense significance, as it not only shapes the physical surroundings in which we live but also molds our collective
identity, values, and traditions.

The forms, materials, and styles of our built environment capture the essence of our societies, representing the values, aesthetics, and
practical needs of the people who design and reside them.Similarly, culture is not restricted by rituals, customs, and beliefs; it extends
its reach into the tangible world, influencing the way our cities and landscapes are designed and constructed.

However, the relationship between culture and architecture is not static. In an era characterized by rapid globalization and urbanization,
we face a conundrum. On one hand, these global trends bring about new ideas, technologies, and materials, offering opportunities for
architectural innovation and cultural exchange. On the other hand, they pose a challenge to the preservation oftraditional architectural
IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a335
 © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.ORG
practices and cultural identities. The paper will explore the challenges posed by globalization and urbanization, highlighting the need
for cultural sensitivity and preservation in the face of rapid communal changes.

The paper deals with how architectural structures serve as cultural symbols and carriers of historical narratives, and how they play a
vital role in the continuity of cultural traditions over generations. It also talks about the underlying principles that guide architectural
decisions and the influences of culture on the choice of materials, spatial arrangements, and aesthetics. By understanding and
appreciating the interplay of culture and architecture, we can not only create more meaningful and culturally resonant spaces but also
contribute to the preservation of our richand diverse cultural heritage.

2 CULTURE
Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the
knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits ofthe individuals in these groups. The classic definition of culture
was provided by the 19th-century English anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in the first paragraph of his Primitive Culture (1871):
“Culture . . . is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
In Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952), U.S. anthropologists A.L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn
cited 164 definitions of culture, ranging from “learned behavior” to “ideas in the mind,” “a logical construct,” “a statistical fiction,”
“a psychic defense mechanism,” and so on. When things and events are considered in the context of their relation to the human
organism, they constitute behavior; when they are considered not in terms of their relation to the human organism but in their
relationship to one another, they become culture by definition. When words are considered in their relationship to the human
organism—that is, as acts—they become behavior. But when they are considered in terms of their relationship to one another—
producing lexicon, grammar, syntax, and so forth—they become language, the subject matter not of psychology but of the science of
linguistics.
Culture, therefore, is the name given to a class of things and events dependent upon symbolling (i.e., articulate speech) that
are considered in a kind of extra-human context. The culture of the individual is dependent upon the culture of a group or class, and,
the culture of the group or class is dependent upon the culture of the whole society to which that group or class belongs. Therefore it
is the culture of the society that is fundamental, and it is the meaning of the term "culture" in relation to the whole society that should
be examined first.

3 CULTURAL EVOLUTION
Cultural evolution, also called sociocultural evolution historically, the development of one or more cultures from simpler to
more complex forms. It can also be defined as a non-geneticmeans of adaptation. The topic on the evolution of culture was
originally developed in the 19th century by anthropologists stemming from Charles Darwin’s research on evolution. It became the
basis for a growing field of scientific research, including anthropology, economics and philosophers. The core idea of a cultural
evolution is that the change constitutes an evolutionary process that shares fundamental similarities, which are the core beliefs or
basics of the culture, but also differs with change in time and the way of living. Culture has been suggested to have played a significant
role in human evolution, as it helped early humans adapt to their environment and develop new technologies and social structures.
Culture also provides a mechanism for the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next, allowing for the accumulation
of knowledge over time.
A key component of the novel theories put forth by social evolutionists in the nineteenth century was the idea of classifying the
ethnological record into evolutionary stages that ranged from primitive to civilized. New cross-cultural, historical, and archeological
data, Darwinian Theory, and Enlightenment philosophy were the foundations for a new generation of social evolutionary theorists
that included Tylor and Morgan. These thinkers created competing theories of the origins of many institutions, including marriage,
the family, and religion, as well as theories of general social and cultural advancement.

3.1 Unilineal Theory

The unilineal theory of evolution posits that there is a single, linear path along which all human societies evolve. This theory
was prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was influenced by the ideas of thinkers like Herbert Spencer and Lewis
Henry Morgan. Unilineal theorists believed that societies progress through a series of distinct and predetermined stages, with each
stage representing a more advanced or "civilized" form of society.
Key features of unilineal theory:
 Stages of cultural evolution: Unilineal theorists often proposed a specific sequence of stages through which all societies
were believed to pass. These stages typically began with a "savage" or "primitive" state and progressed through various
levels of technological, social, and cultural complexity.
 Eurocentrism: Unilineal theories tended to be Eurocentric, meaning they viewed Western European societies as the
pinnacle of cultural evolution, and other cultures were assessed in comparison to this European standard.
 Linear progress: Unilineal theories often assumed that cultural evolution was a linear process with societies evolving in a

IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a336

 © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.ORG
fixed direction, from less advanced to more advanced forms.

3.2 Multilinear Theory

In contrast, multilinear theory acknowledges that different societies can follow distinct paths of cultural evolution. Multilinear
theorists reject the idea of a single, predetermined path for all societies and emphasize the importance of understanding cultural
development within specific historical, ecological, and social contexts.
Key features of multilinear theory:
 Cultural diversity: Multilinear theorists recognize that the cultural diversity observed among human societies is the result
of unique historical, environmental, and socialfactors. Different societies can evolve in various directions, adapting to their
specific circumstances.
 Rejection of Eurocentrism: Multilinear theories reject the Eurocentric bias of unilineal theories and emphasize that all
cultures have their own intrinsic value and should not be judged solely based on Western standards.
 Cultural relativism: Multilinear theory encourages cultural relativism, the idea that each culture should be understood and
evaluated within its own context, without imposing external judgments.

4 LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

The relationship between language and tradition is intricate and analogous. Language is complexly intertwined with lifestyle;
they have evolved collectively, influencing each other within the process, ultimately shaping what it means to be human. A specific
language factors to the way of life of a specific social organization. Learning a language is not the most effective - studying the
alphabet, the meaning, the grammar policies and the arrangement of words, however it's also studying the conduct of the society
and its cultural customs.
Whilst learning or teaching a language, it's far essential that the culture in which the language belongs be referenced, because
language may be very much ingrained inside the lifestyle.Growing up in a particular society, we informally learn how to use gestures,
glances, moderate changes in tone or voice, and other auxiliary communication devices to modify or to emphasize what we are
saying.
Language is used in different approaches and the linguistic varieties will be labeled into- geographical (used sparingly in the
components of the community), social (types utilized by societal groups primarily based on occupation, gender and age) and useful
(used based totally on function and state of affairs). Those factors lead to the formation of dialects that upload variety tothe language.
A kid's language capacity isn't just relied upon the normal abilities of its mind but instead, its social surroundings could assume a
bigger job in the measure of information and dialects a child could be presented to.
Contact amongst cultures is increasing and intercultural verbal exchange is imperative for anyone looking to get along side and
recognize the ones whose beliefs and backgrounds can be hugely unique from their personal. Language can mark the cultural identity,
but it's also used to consult other phenomena and refer beyond itself, specifically when a specific speaker uses it to explain intentions.
A selected language points to the tradition of a specific social group.
It is presumed that language mastering is cultural learning, so language teaching is cultural teaching due to the
interdependence of language and cultural mastering. Studying a language is consequently getting to know the behavior of a given
society and its cultural customs. Language is fabricated from the idea and behavior of a society. A person language speaker‘s
effectiveness in an overseas language is immediately related to his/ her knowledge of thesubculture of that language.

5 IMPACT OF CULTURE ON DESIGN

5.1 Social Factors:

 Lifestyle and Functionality: Architectural designs are influenced by the way people live and work in a given society.
For instance, cultures that emphasize communal living may result in the design of open, interconnected spaces, while
individualistic societies may prioritize private spaces and separate rooms.
 Ceremony and Ritual: Social rituals, ceremonies, and traditions often require dedicated spaces. Religious buildings,
such as churches, mosques, and temples, are prime examples where architecture is deeply intertwined with cultural and
religious practices.
 Social Hierarchy: The design of spaces often reflects social hierarchies. For example, in many cultures, the design
of palaces or government buildings may emphasize grandeur and authority to symbolize the power of the ruling class.

5.2 Historical Factors:

 Architectural Heritage: Historical architectural styles and building techniques are preserved and incorporated into
contemporary designs to connect with the past. In Europe, for example, many buildings draw inspiration from classical Greek
and Roman architecture.

IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a337

 © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.ORG
 Events and Trauma: Architectural design can also be a response to historical events. For instance, war-torn cities
may see a focus on rebuilding and fortification, while cities with a history of peace may prioritize aesthetics and culture in
their architecture.
 Technological Advancements: Historical eras often coincide with significant technological advances. This impacts
architectural design as it allows for the exploration of new materials and construction techniques.

5.3 Regional Factors:

 Climate and Geography: The natural environment significantly impacts architectural design. In hot, arid regions,
architecture often incorporates features like thick walls and courtyards for thermal insulation. In regions prone to earthquakes,
buildings are designed to be seismic-resistant.
 Materials and Resources: The availability of local building materials and resources strongly influences design. In
areas with abundant wood, you might find more timber-framed structures, while in areas with access to stone, stone
architecture is common.
 Cultural Aesthetics: Regional aesthetics and cultural symbolism are also expressed in architectural design. For
instance, the intricate patterns and colors found in the tiles of Spanish buildings reflect the Moorish influence in the region.

5.4 Cultural Expression:

Architecture serves as a means of cultural expression and identity. It communicates the values and aspirations of a society.
For instance, the distinctive architecture of the Taj Mahal in India reflects the Mughal Empire's cultural values and the monument's
intended purpose. Cultural landmarks, like the Great Wall of China or the Eiffel Tower in France, serve as powerful symbolsof national
identity and pride.

5.5 Urban Planning and Community Space:

Cultural factors also influence the design of cities and communities. The layout of streets, squares, and public spaces often
reflects cultural preferences for social interaction and community engagement.

6 CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is an identity of a community and carries the message of the culture. Architecture depends on the geography,
culture, tradition, manners, knowledge of the community and its history. The layout of buildings, interiors and exterior facades are
manifestations of civilization and culture of each and every community. The physical features of a building such as shape, size,orientation,
construction style etc. are designed based on the site context, economic and social aspect as well as the neighborhood. The changes in
the built form and the design style is influenced by the culture of that period. The users' needs arise based on their activities which are
predefined by their culture. Their practices and beliefs dictate what their living and other spaces should look and feel like.
As mentioned earlier, shapes, forms, styles and spaces are main factors in the architectural designprocess and vary with the
cultural values of the society.
 Religious context- In Hindu religion, the style of temple is like a Shikhara or Pagoda. In Buddhist religion, Stupas,
Chaityas and Viharas are common. In Muslim religion, Masjid and gothic structures are designed. In Christianity, the
Church is the most prevalent.
 Design Principles- In Hindu religion or in the Indian subcontinent, Vaastu Shastra is followed. In China, a similar
principle known as Feng Sui is followed. Egyptians believed in life after death, which influenced the way the spaces were
created.
 Construction Methodology- Egyptians used stone, mud and earth bricks; Romans used concrete and cement for
construction, Asian countries used timber, bamboo and stone.
Culture which is reflected through the structure or built form helps create and maintain the identity in this era of globalization
and international movement. It helps maintain the integrity of the society. The way buildings are designed today has no cultural value
or a reflection of a society. Buildings should speak for itself; it should convey the religion, culture, the life of the people and the roots
of the religion.

7 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND URBANIZATION ON CULTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

Globalization and urbanization have had profound effects on culture and architecture. While theyhave brought about numerous
opportunities and innovations, they have also posed significant challenges.

IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a338

 © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.ORG
7.1 Homogenization of Architecture and Culture:
Globalization can lead to the homogenization of architectural styles and cultural practices. As Western culture has spread
worldwide through media and commerce, it has influenced architectural design and cultural norms. This can result in a loss of local
identity and distinctiveness in both architecture and culture.
The homogenization of architecture can result in generic buildings that lack a sense of place or context. Culturally, it can erode
the uniqueness of local traditions and aesthetics, making many places look and feel the same. This can undermine a sense of belonging
and pride in one's cultural heritage.

7.2 Economic Disparities and Gentrification:

Rapid urbanization often leads to economic disparities. As cities grow, they attract both wealth and poverty, creating spatial
and economic divisions. Gentrification, in particular, can lead to the displacement of lower-income residents, who can no longer
afford to live in their own neighborhoods.
Gentrification can disrupt long-standing communities, erode cultural traditions, and alter the architectural fabric of
neighborhoods. Traditional buildings may be replaced with modern, often more expensive structures, erasing the historical and cultural
context of the area.

7.3 Loss of Traditional Craftsmanship:

Globalization has led to the mechanization and standardization of construction practices, often at the expense of traditional
craftsmanship. Traditional building techniques and materials are sometimes abandoned in favor of more cost-effective, mass-produced
alternatives.
This can result in a loss of traditional skills and knowledge, diminishing the cultural value of craftsmanship and architectural
heritage. Furthermore, it may contribute to the degradation of built environments and the sense of place.

7.4 Environmental and Sustainability Concerns:

The rapid growth of urban areas, driven by urbanization, can lead to environmental challenges. Urbanization often involves
the expansion of infrastructure, increased energy consumption, and higher greenhouse gas emissions.
Architecturally, buildings and cities may be poorly designed in terms of sustainability, contributing to pollution and
resource depletion. Culturally, a lack of environmental consciousness can result in a detachment from the natural environment, which
can be detrimentalto people's well-being.

7.5 Social Isolation and Fragmentation:

Urbanization and globalization can foster a sense of social isolation. The fast-paced, high-densityurban lifestyle can lead to
fragmented communities, making it challenging to maintain cultural traditions and social cohesion.
In architecture, the design of urban spaces may prioritize functionality and efficiency overcommunity and cultural gathering
spaces. In culture, the emphasis on individualism and consumerism can weaken social bonds and cultural cohesion, potentially leading
to a loss of cultural identity and values.

7.6 Cultural Appropriation and Commodification:

As cultures mix and global markets expand, there's a risk of cultural appropriation and commodification.
Elements of one culture may be borrowed or misused by another, often for commercial gain, leading to cultural insensitivity and loss
of authenticity.
This challenge affects both architecture and culture. In architecture, designs may incorporate elements from diverse cultures
without a deep understanding or respect for their significance. In culture, the commercialization of traditions can lead to the dilution
and distortion of their true meaning and value.

CONCLUSION
This research paper through the interplay between culture and architecture has illuminated the profound relationship between
these two elements, and how they shape and reflect the identity ofsocieties. The exploration of cultural values, traditions, and beliefs
and their impact on architectural design has revealed that our built environment is not merely functional but a living tapestry of our
cultural narratives.
However, this research also highlighted the challenges posed by globalization and urbanization, which threaten traditional
architectural practices and cultural identities. The findings suggest thatthe homogenizing effects of these global trends can dilute and
erode cultural diversity in our builtenvironments. Therefore, it underscores the urgency and importance of cultural sensitivity and
preservation to maintain architectural traditions in the face of rapid communal changes.
In conclusion, this paper has shown that embracing cultural norms and respecting traditions is crucial for creating meaningful
and sustainable architectural designs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for cultural preservation to ensure the continuity of our
IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a339
 © 2023 IJNRD | Volume 8, Issue 11 November 2023 | ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.ORG
cultural heritage in an increasingly unified and globalized world. By recognizing and valuing the interplay between culture and
architecture, we can create a built environment that not only meets our functional needs but also enriches our cultural experiences and
strengthens our connection to our heritage.

References
[1] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344474711_Cultural_Context_in_Architecture
[2] https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=dbbca47de75f9b522de64a4a6b64bad343bfcb7e
[3] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344474711_Cultural_Context_in_Architecture
https://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_8_August_2015/12.pdf http://ijream.org/papers/IJREAMV05I0856044.pdf
[4] https://www.britannica.com/topic/neoevolutionism
https://www.britannica.com/topic/culture
[5] https://anthropology.ua.edu/theory/social-evolutionism/#:~:text=Unilineal%20evolution%20refer
s%20to%20the,development%20were%20considered%20nearly%20identical.https://anthropolog y.ua.edu/theory/social-
evolutionism/#:~:text=Unilineal%20evolution%20refers%20to%20the,de
velopment%20were%20considered%20nearly%20identical.
[6] https://illustrarch.com/articles/16709-architecture-as-a-reflection-of-society.html?fbclid=PAAaYq
Bc5Z5_DkCLEoogGm16JjGSC6yu5iVktTYAVeJDx0stbNq2hyuFxwyz0

IJNRD2311037 International Journal of Novel Research and Development (www.ijnrd.org) a340