Recap

I We have discussed various modulation schemes, including PSK,

QAM etc - pack many bits into symbols.
I We have also discussed various coding schemes, including CC, BC
etc - introduce redundant bits for protection.
0
10

−1
10
I Comparisons: 1) using BPSK −2
10
modulation - 1 bit/symbol 2) BPSK

Bit error probability

−3
10
using 1/2 rate CC and QPSK −4
10

- 1 bit/symbol. −5
10
1/2 CC QPSK

I Coding versus Modulation −6

10

Trade-off (CMT). −7
10

−8
10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eb/N0 (dB)

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 1 / 10

Typical Trade-offs

Design Goals of Communications System

1. maximize transmission rate R
2. minimize bit error probability Pb
3. minimize transmission power P
4. minimize transmission bandwidth W
5. minimize system/algorithm complexity O
Clearly design goals 1 and 2 are conflict with design goals 3 and 4.

To analysis various trade-offs, we will investigate the

I error probability plane

I bandwidth efficiency plane

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 2 / 10

Error Probability Plane - MFSK
0
10

−1
10 c 2
k = 1,2,3,4,5
−2
d
Bit Error Probability 10

−3
10 a

−4
1
10

−5
10 b
−6
10
e 3 f
−7
10

−8
10
−5 0 5 10 15 20
E /N (dB)
b 0

I k % W % Pb &, k % W % Eb /N0 &

I a-b, Pb ⇔ Eb /N0 (W fixed); c-d, Pb ⇔ W (Eb /N0 fixed);
e-f, W ⇔ Eb /N0 (Pb fixed)
Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 3 / 10
Error Probability Plane - MPSK
0
10
2
−1
c
10

−2
a
10
1
d
Bit error probability

−3
10

−4 b
10
k = 1,2 3 4 5
−5
10

−6
e f
10
3
−7
10

−8
10
−5 0 5 10 15 20 25
E /N (dB)
b 0

I k % W & Pb %, k % W & Eb /N0 %

I a-b, Pb ⇔ Eb /N0 (W fixed); c-d, Pb ⇔ W (Eb /N0 fixed);
e-f, W ⇔ Eb /N0 (Pb fixed)
Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 4 / 10
Shannon Limit
AWGN channel capacity C [bits/s] is a function of the average received
signal power to noise power ratio S/N and the system bandwidth W
 
S
C = W log2 1 + (1)
N

By normalising the channel capacity w.r.t. the system bandwidth

   
C S Eb R
= log2 1 + = log2 1 + = x log2 (1 + x)1/x (2)
W N0 W N0 W

where x = Eb R/N0 W , we have the Shannon limit when R = C ,

Eb Eb 1
1= log2 (1 + x)1/x ⇒ = = 0.693 (−1.6dB) (3)
N0 N0 log2 e

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 5 / 10

Bandwidth Efficiency

I Suppose we have k bits per symbol (k = log2 M), then the bit
rate R is k times faster than the symbol rate Rs , i.e. R = kRs .
I The bandwidth efficiency [bits/s/Hz] is

η = R/W = kRs /W , (4)

where we have linearly increasing relation between k and η.

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 6 / 10

Bandwidth Efficiency Plane - I
R/W [bits/s/Hz]
16
Capacity
Region boundary Region
R>C 8
R<C
M=256

M=64
2 Bandwidth
4 limited
M=16 region
M=8
3 1
Shannon 2
M=4
limit
M=2
Eb /N0 (dB)
-20 -1 6 12 18 24 30 36

Scale M=4
Decreasing Pb
1
change 2 M=2

M=8
1 Power limited region
4 M=16

Coherent MPSK
Legend (Pe = 10−5 ) Noncoherent MFSK
Coherent QAM

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 7 / 10

Bandwidth Efficiency Plane - II
Observation
I for MPSK, W = 1/Ts = Rs , η = log2 M,
M % η % Eb /N0 % - bandwidth efficient, power inefficient
I for MFSK, W = M/Ts = MRs , η = log2 M/M,
M % η & Eb /N0 & - bandwidth inefficient, power efficient
I line 1, Pb ⇔ Eb /N0 (R/W fixed)
I line 2, Pb ⇔ R/W (Eb /N0 fixed)
I line 3, R/W ⇔ Eb /N0 (Pb fixed)

I a large increase in Eb /N0 is required to achieve gain in R/W -

bandwidth-limited region
I a large reduction in R/W is required to achieve gain in Eb /N0 -
power-limited region

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 8 / 10

Analogies Between Two Planes

Pb R/W

G : S/N
C : R/W
G : R/W G : S/N
C : S/N C : R/W

Eb /N0 Eb /N0
G : R/W C : S/N
I Error probability plane ⇒ power-limited system.
I Bandwidth efficiency plane ⇒ bandwidth-limited system.

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 9 / 10

Summary

I There are various design trade-offs in communications systems.

I These trade-offs can be illustrated by the error probability plane
for both the MFSK and the MPSK.
I These trade-offs can also be illustrated by the bandwidth efficiency
plane for both the MFSK and the MPSK.
I These two planes exhibit strong analogies between each other.

Dr Rong ZHANG (Soton) ELEC3203: DCT October 17, 2014 10 / 10