Chapter #1

1. Define the following: data communication, recovery,

multiplexing, transmitter, transmission system, source,
destination, long distance carrier, compression,
Ethernet LAN, WAN, IP Packet.
2. What is the data communication model, give an
example?
3. State the communication tasks.
4. Compare between LAN and WAN.
5. State the switching technologies that used in WAN.

Chapter #2
1. What is the major function of the network access layer?
2. What tasks are performed by the transport layer?
3. What is a protocol?
4. What is a protocol data unit (PDU)?
5. What is the protocol architecture?
6. What is TCP/IP?
7. What are some advantages to layering as seen in the
TCP/IP architecture?
8. What is a router?
6. Which version of IP is the most prevalent today?
7. Does all traffic running on the Internet use TCP?
8. Compare the address space between IPv4 and IPv6.
How many bits are used in each?
Chapter 3: Data Transmission

Review Questions
3.1. Differentiate between guided media and unguided media.
3.2. Differentiate between an analog and a digital electromagnetic signal.
3.3. What are three important characteristics of a periodic signal?
3.4. How many radians are there in a complete circle of 360 degrees?
3.5. What is the relationship between the wavelength and frequency of a sine wave?
3.6. Define fundamental frequency.
3.7. What is the relationship between a signal’s spectrum and its bandwidth?
3.8. What is attenuation?
3.9. Define channel capacity.
3.10. What key factors affect channel capacity?

Problems
3.1 a. For multipoint configuration, only one device at a time can transmit. Why?
b. There are two methods of enforcing the rule that only one device can transmit. In
the centralized method, one station is in control and can either transmit or allow a
specified other station to transmit. In the decentralized method, the stations
jointly cooperate in taking turns. What do you see as the advantages and disad-
vantages of the two methods?
3.2 A signal has a fundamental frequency of 1000 Hz. What is its period?
3.3 Express the following in the simplest form you can:
a. sin12pft - p2 + sin12pft + p2
b. sin 2pft + sin12pft - p2
3.4 Sound may be modeled as sinusoidal functions. Compare the relative frequency and
wavelength of musical notes. Use 330 m/s as the speed of sound and the following
frequencies for the musical scale.

Note C D E F G A B C
Frequency 264 297 330 352 396 440 495 528

3.5 If the solid curve in Figure 3.17 represents sin12pt2, what does the dotted curve
represent? That is, the dotted curve can be written in the form A sin12pft + f2; what
are A, f, and f?
3.6 Decompose the signal 11 + 0.1 cos 5t2cos 100t into a linear combination of sinu-
soidal functions, and find the amplitude, frequency, and phase of each component.
Hint: Use the identity for cos a cos b.
CHAPTER 3 / DATA TRANSMISSION

2.0

1.0

1.0

2.0
0.5 0 0.5

Figure 3.17 Figure for Problem 3.5

3.7 Find the period of the function f1t2 = 110 cos t22.
3.8 Consider two periodic functions f11t2 and f21t2, with periods T1 and T2 , respectively.
Is it always the case that the function f1t2 = f11t2 + f21t2 is periodic? If so, demon-
strate this fact. If not, under what conditions is f(t) periodic?
3.9 Figure 3.4 shows the effect of eliminating higher-harmonic components of a square
wave and retaining only a few lower harmonic components. What would the signal
look like in the opposite case; that is, retaining all higher harmonics and eliminating a
few lower harmonics?
3.10 Figure 3.5b shows the frequency domain function for a single square pulse. The single
pulse could represent a digital 1 in a communication system. Note that an infinite
number of higher frequencies of decreasing magnitudes is needed to represent the
single pulse. What implication does that have for a real digital transmission system?
3.11 IRA is a 7-bit code that allows 128 characters to be defined. In the 1970s, many news-
papers received stories from the wire services in a 6-bit code called TTS. This code
carried upper- and lower case characters as well as many special characters and for-
matting commands. The typical TTS character set allowed over 100 characters to be
defined. How do you think this could be accomplished?
3.12 For a video signal, what increase in horizontal resolution is possible if a bandwidth of
5 MHz is used? What increase in vertical resolution is possible? Treat the two ques-
tions separately; that is, the increased bandwidth is to be used to increase either hori-
zontal or vertical resolution, but not both.
3.13 a. Suppose that a digitized TV picture is to be transmitted from a source that uses a
matrix of 480 * 500 picture elements (pixels), where each pixel can take on one
of 32 intensity values. Assume that 30 pictures are sent per second. (This digital
source is roughly equivalent to broadcast TV standards that have been adopted.)
Find the source rate R (bps).
b. Assume that the TV picture is to be transmitted over a channel with 4.5-MHz band-
width and a 35-dB signal-to-noise ratio. Find the capacity of the channel (bps).
c. Discuss how the parameters given in part (a) could be modified to allow transmis-
sion of color TV signals without increasing the required value for R.
3.14 Given an amplifier with an effective noise temperature of 10,000 K and a 10-MHz
bandwidth, what thermal noise level, in dBW, may we expect at its output?
3.15 What is the channel capacity for a teleprinter channel with a 300-Hz bandwidth and a
signal-to-noise ratio of 3 dB, where the noise is white thermal noise?
3.16 A digital signaling system is required to operate at 9600 bps.
a. If a signal element encodes a 4-bit word, what is the minimum required bandwidth
of the channel?
b. Repeat part (a) for the case of 8-bit words.
 APPENDIX 3A DECIBELS AND SIGNAL STRENGTH

3.17 What is the thermal noise level of a channel with a bandwidth of 10 kHz carrying 1000
watts of power operating at 50°C?
3.18 Given the narrow (usable) audio bandwidth of a telephone transmission facility, a
nominal SNR of 56dB (400,000), and a certain level of distortion,
a. What is the theoretical maximum channel capacity (kbps) of traditional telephone
lines?
b. What can we say about the actual maximum channel capacity?
3.19 Study the works of Shannon and Nyquist on channel capacity. Each places an upper limit
on the bit rate of a channel based on two different approaches. How are the two related?
3.19 Consider a channel with a 1-MHz capacity and an SNR of 63.
a. What is the upper limit to the data rate that the channel can carry?
b. The result of part (a) is the upper limit. However, as a practical matter, better
error performance will be achieved at a lower data rate. Assume we choose a data
rate of 2/3 the maximum theoretical limit. How many signal levels are needed to
achieve this data rate?
3.20 Given the narrow (usable) audio bandwidth of a telephone transmission facility, a
nominal SNR dB of 56dB (400,000), and a distortion level of 60.2%,
a. What is the theoretical maximum channel capacity (kbps) of traditional telephone
lines?
b. What is the actual maximum channel capacity?
3.21 Given a channel with an intended capacity of 20 Mbps, the bandwidth of the channel
is 3 MHz. Assuming white thermal noise, what signal-to-noise ratio is required to
achieve this capacity?
3.22 The square wave of Figure 3.7c, with T = 1 ms, is passed through a lowpass filter that
passes frequencies up to 8 kHz with no attenuation.
a. Find the power in the output waveform.
b. Assuming that at the filter input there is a thermal noise voltage with
N0 = 0.1 mWatt/Hz, find the output signal to noise ratio in dB.
3.23 If the received signal level for a particular digital system is -151 dBW and the
receiver system effective noise temperature is 1500 K, what is Eb/N0 for a link trans-
mitting 2400 bps?
3.24 Fill in the missing elements in the following table of approximate power ratios for
various dB levels.
Decibels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Losses 0.5 0.1
Gains 2 10

3.25 If an amplifier has a 30-dB voltage gain, what voltage ratio does the gain represent?
3.26 An amplifier has an output of 20 W. What is its output in dBW?
CHAPTER 5 / SIGNAL ENCODING TECHNIQUES
Review Questions
5.1. List and briefly define important factors that can be used in evaluating or comparing
the various digital-to-digital encoding techniques.
5.2. What is differential encoding?
5.3. Explain the difference between NRZ-L and NRZI.
5.4. Describe two multilevel binary digital-to-digital encoding techniques.
5.5. Define biphase encoding and describe two biphase encoding techniques.
5.6. Explain the function of scrambling in the context of digital-to-digital encoding
techniques.
5.7. What function does a modem perform?
5.8. How are binary values represented in amplitude shift keying, and what is the limita-
tion of this approach?
5.9. What is the difference between QPSK and offset QPSK?
5.10. What is QAM?
5.11. What does the sampling theorem tell us concerning the rate of sampling required for
an analog signal?
5.12. What are the differences among angle modulation, PM, and FM?

Problems
5.1 Which of the signals of Table 5.2 use differential encoding?
5.2 Develop algorithms for generating each of the codes of Table 5.2 from NRZ-L.
5.3 A modified NRZ code known as enhanced-NRZ (E-NRZ) is sometimes used for
high-density magnetic tape recording. E-NRZ encoding entails separating the
NRZ-L data stream into 7-bit words; inverting bits 2, 3, 6, and 7; and adding one
parity bit to each word. The parity bit is chosen to make the total number of 1s in
the 8-bit word an odd count. What are the advantages of E-NRZ over NRZ-L? Any
disadvantages?
5.4 Develop a state diagram (finite state machine) representation of pseudoternary coding.
5.5 Consider the following signal encoding technique. Binary data are presented as input,
am , for m = 1, 2, 3, Á Two levels of processing occur. First, a new set of binary num-
bers are produced:
b0 = 0
bm = 1a m + bm - 12mod 2
These are then encoded as
cm = bm - bm - 1
On reception, the original data are recovered by
a m = cm mod 2
a. Verify that the received values of am equal the transmitted values of a m .
b. What sort of encoding is this?
5.6 For the bit stream 01001110, sketch the waveforms for each of the codes of Table 5.2.
Assume that the signal level for the preceding bit for NRZI was high; the most recent
preceding 1 bit (AMI) has a negative voltage; and the most recent preceding 0 bit
(pseudoternary) has a negative voltage.
5.7 The waveform of Figure 5.25 belongs to a Manchester encoded binary data stream.
Determine the beginning and end of bit periods (i.e., extract clock information) and
give the data sequence.
 5.6 / KEY TERMS, REVIEW QUESTIONS, AND PROBLEMS

Figure 5.25 A Manchester Stream

5.8 Consider a stream of binary data consisting of a long sequence of 1s followed by a

zero followed by a long string of 1s, with the same assumptions as Problem 5.6. Draw
the waveform for this sequence using
a. NRZ-L
b. Bipolar-AMI
c. Pseudoternary
5.9 The bipolar-AMI waveform representing the binary sequence 0100101011 is trans-
mitted over a noisy channel. The received waveform is shown in Figure 5.26; it
contains a single error. Locate the position of this error and explain your answer.
5.10 One positive side effect of bipolar encoding is that a bipolar violation (two consecutive
+ pulses or two consecutive - pulses separated by any number of zeros) indicates to
the receiver that an error has occurred in transmission. Unfortunately, upon the
receipt of such a violation, the receiver does not know which bit is in error (only that
an error has occurred). For the received bipolar sequence

+ -0+ -0- +
which has one bipolar violation, construct two scenarios (each of which involves a dif-
ferent transmitted bit stream with one transmitted bit being converted via an error)
that will produce this same received bit pattern.
5.11 Given the bit pattern 01100, encode this data using ASK, BFSK, and BPSK.
5.12 A sine wave is to be used for two different signaling schemes: (a) PSK; (b) QPSK. The
duration of a signal element is 10 -5 s. If the received signal is of the following form:

s1t2 = 0.005 sin12p 106t + u2 volts

and if the measured noise power at the receiver is 2.5 * 10-8 watts, determine the
Eb/N0 (in dB) for each case.
5.13 Derive an expression for baud rate D as a function of bit rate R for QPSK using the
digital encoding techniques of Table 5.2.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 5.26 A Received Bipolar-AMI Waveform