WALLAGA UNIVERSITY SHAMBU CAMPUS

FACULITY OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON: DETERMINANTS OF ADOPTION OF

IMPROVED MAIZE VARIETIES IN CASE OF AMURU DISTRICT,
HORO GUDURU WOLLEGA ZONE, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA

SUBMITED TO WALLAGAUNIVERSITY SHAMBU CAMPUS DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

GROUP MEMBERS

NAME ID.NO

1. MELKAMU WORKE ………………………………………………WU1201725

2. ABAYNEH TILAHUN………………………………………………WU1205026
3. DENAOL BULTO……………………………………………………WU1200656
4. SAMUEL ASEFA…………………………………………………….WU1201885
5. ADANU KEBA……………………………………………………….WU1201303

ADVISOR: BACHA GEBISSA (MSC)

JUNE, 2022

SHAMBU, ETHIOPIA
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, we would like to thank God for his miraculous time to let us accomplish everything
we start and also for his help to go through every event successfully up to this minute .we convey
our deepest thanks to our advisor, Bacha Gebissa (MSc). The completion of this work may not
have been possible without his generous devotion to the design of the research. Thus, we thank
him for his genuine and energetic encouragement, suggestion; insight and guidance to complete
this research paper. we further extend our gratitude to Wollega University Shambu Campus
Faculty of Resource management and Economics Department of Agricultural Economics in
providing computer services and other facilities for the accomplishment of our research work.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT..........................................................................................i

TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ii

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS& ACRONYMS.....................................................v

1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1
1.1. Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................................2
1.3. Research Questions......................................................................................................................3
1.4. Objectives of the Study................................................................................................................3
1.4.1. General objective.................................................................................................................3
1.4.2. Specific objectives...............................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the Study.............................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope of the Study.......................................................................................................................3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................4
2.1. Theoretical Review...........................................................................................................................4
2.1.1 Adoption.......................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Models for Analyzing Adoption of technology.................................................................................5
2.3. Empirical Review.............................................................................................................................5

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................11
3.1 Description of the study area...........................................................................................................11
3.2. Source and methods of data collection............................................................................................13
3.3. Sampling Design.............................................................................................................................13
3.3.1. Sampling Technique (Procedure).............................................................................................13

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 3.3.2. Sample size..............................................................................................................................14
3.4 Methods of Data Analysis................................................................................................................15
3.4.1 Analysis of Descriptive Statistics.................................................................................................15

4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN.............................................................16

4.1 Work Plan........................................................................................................................................16
4.2. Budget Plan....................................................................................................................................17

5. REFERENCES..................................................................................................18

6. APPENDIX........................................................................................................21

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page

Figure 2. 1: Theoretical framework of determinant of adoption of improved technology........................10

Figure 3.1.Base map of Amuru District (source: Amuru Administrative office, 2022)..............................12

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 4.1.Summary of work plan..................................................................................................16
Table 4.2.Summary of budget plan...............................................................................................17

v
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS& ACRONYMS

AAO: Amuru Administrative Office

ADAO: Amuru District Administrative Office

CSA: Central Statistical Agency

HH: House Holds

IFPRE: International Food Policy Research Institute

IMV: Improved Maize Varieties

vi
PPS: Population Proportion Size

Q/Ha: Quintal per Hectar

SMO: Shambu Metrological Office

SNNP: South Nation Nationality and People

vii
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Agriculture is the back bone of Ethiopia economy. It contributes to over 46.3% of the GDP and
85% of raw material requirement of the country’s small and medium sized industries.The wide
variability in agro ecological condition helps the country to produce different kind of cereal ,
fruit, vegetable, legume ,and different live stoke . But Ethiopian agriculture is characterized by
low productivity. Different types of cereal are being produced in various parts of Ethiopia that
serve as staple food for the majority of people.From this maize is one of the most important
cereals cultivated in Ethiopia. It ranks second after teff in area coverage and first in total
production. The product of the year 2011/12, Meher season post-harvest crop production survey
indicate that total land areas of about 12,086,603.89 hectares will be covered by grain crops. out
of the total grain crop areas, 79.34% (9,588,923.71 hectares) will be collected under cereals. of
this maize covered 17% (about 2,054,723.69 hectares) and gave 6069413 tons of grain yields
(CSA, 2014). Large area cover under maize, the national average yield of maize is about 2.95
t/ha (CSA, 2014).

Maize is mainly grown in the four big regions of the country: Oromia, Amhara, SNNP, and
Tigray. Oromia and Amhara contribute to almost eighty percent of the maize produced in 2014
(CSA, 2014/2015). Ten zones found in the two regions contributed to more than half of the
national maize production in 2012. Among the top maize producing zones are: West Gojjam (5.6
million q), East Wollega (4.3 million q), Kaffa (3.8 million q), East Shewa (3.1 million q), West
shewa (2.9 million q), West Arsi (2.7 million q), Illubabor (2.7 million q), East Gojjam (2.2
million q), West Wollega (2.1 million q), and West Harerghe (2.1 million q). Other regions such
as Benishangul Gumuz and Gambela also grow maize and have the potential to increase their
current production level in the future. This study therefore conducted to examine the
determinants of adoption and intensity of use of improved maize varieties with a purpose of
generating information that help understand and evaluate the key challenges to the adoption of
improved maize in the study areas which will enhance informed decision making to improve
adoption of maize, their production and productivity by increasing land allocated for improved
maize varieties in the study area.

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The Importance of maize in Ethiopia over half of the farmers grow maize, mostly for
subsistence, with 75% of all maize produced being consumed by the farming house hold.
Currently, maize is the cheapest source of calorie intake in Ethiopia, providing 20.6% of per
capital intake in nationally (IFPRI,2010). It is an important crop for over all food security. Maize
is also used for making local beverage, the leaves and Stover’s are used to feed of animal and the
stlaks are used for fuel. Maize productivity is low in Ethiopia. The low productivity of maize is
attributed to many factors like frequent occurrence of drought, declining of soil fertility, poor
agronomic practice, limited use of input, insufficient technology generation, lack of credit
facilities, poor seed quality, disease, insect, pests and weeds particularly, Striga (CIMMYT,
2004).The national productivity of maize, one of the most important staple crops grown in
Ethiopia, is close to 3tons/ha, a50%increase since 2008(CIMMYT).

In Ethiopia four new improved maize varieties will be released like BH 547, BH546,BH 540,
and BH543.BH546 adapt in different agro ecology, with yield potential of 870q/ha and BH547
main grain yield 1000q/ha .In the study area one of the improved maize varieties are found
which is BH540 which yield 38q/ha and the traditional varieties yield 20q/ha (Amuru DistrictDA
2008E.C).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Even if the maize production plays a great role for the country in general and in the region
particularly, in the study area the majority of farmer is small house hold and dominated by
uncertain problems. In Amuru District the farmer only want short season variety. So In the
adoption of improved varieties (BH540) maize there is information gap between farmers and
related improved variety (Amuru Woreda). This study will be designed to solve the information
gap on major problems related to Adoption of improved maize varieties. The maize production is
not satisfying the farmers enough due to many factors in which using traditional technologies
and less fertilizer usage. Moreover in the study area, there is no empirical study conducted on
adoption of maize varieties, hence there is no information about the status of adoption of the
improved varieties of maize and their management practices, farmers‟ feedback on technology
performance and related problems.

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 1.3. Research Questions
 What are the factor affecting adoptions of improved maize varieties?

 What are the determinants of Adoption of improved maize crop in the study area?

1.4. Objectives of the Study

1.4.1. General objective

The general objective of this study is assessing the determinants of adoption improved maize
varieties in case Amuru district, Horo Guduru wollega zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia.

1.4.2. Specific objectives

 To identify major problem of related to adoption of improved maize varieties.
 To determine the determinant of adoption of improved maize varieties

1.5. Significance of the Study

This study creates awareness about problems related to Adoption of improved maize. It has
promoted farmers to use improved maize varieties. These studies has gives insight in the
deficiencies of the on-going maize variety and help the farmers, the farming organizations and
planers in the design future plans on the maize variety. Moreover, it helps to indicate gaps for
further research.

1.6. Scope of the Study

Determinant of adoption of improved maize varieties is abroad topic. The study area Amuru
District is wide so 89 respondents not perfectly represent the total population. Adoption not only
affect by age, sex ,income, extension service ,accesses to credit, number of livestock, family size,
size of land ,and level of education but also affected by other factor due to time constraint the
factor affecting adoption of improved maize varieties limited to those factor in the study.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Adoption
The adoption is a decision-making process, in which an individual goes through a number of
mental stages before making a final decision to adopt an innovation. Decision-making process is
the process through which an individual passes from first knowledge of an innovation, to
forming an attitude toward an innovation, to a decision to adopt or reject, to implementation of
new idea, and to confirmation of the decision (Ray.2001).

The adoption pattern to a technological change in agriculture is a complex process. A large

number of personal, situational and social characteristics of farmers have been found to be
related to their adoption behavior. The adoption or rejection of an innovation is the consequence
of diffusion of an innovation (Dasgupta, 1989).

Adoption is a mental process through which an individual passes from first knowledge of an
innovation to the decision to adopt or reject and to confirmation of this decision (van den Banand

Hawkins, 1998). According to adoption refers to the decision to use a new technology, method,
practice, etc. by a firm, farmer or consumer. An individual may decide to discontinue the use of
an innovation for a variety of personal, institutional or social reasons one of which could be the
availability of an idea or practices that is better in satisfying his or her needs. The adoption or
rejection of an innovation is the consequence of diffusion of an innovation (Rogers and
shoemaker 1971). Diffusion is a process by which new ideas are communicated to the members
of a social system (Ray.2001).

An innovation is an idea, method or object which is regarded as a new by an individual, but

which is not always the result of recent research (Rogers and shoemaker 1999). Adoption at the
individual farmers level is defined as the degree of use of new technology in long run
equilibrium when the farmer has full information about the new technology and it’s potential.

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2.2 Models for Analyzing Adoption of technology
The majority of adoption studies are used binary Logit, Tobit, adoption index, and probity
model. The logit and probity model used in investigate the effect of repressors on the choice to
adopt or not adopt. But Tobit model is used to analyze quantitative adoption decision when
information on the intensity of adoption available. Different researcher uses different model to
analyze determinant of adoption of technology. Yemane A(2014) and yenealem (2013) uses logit
model. Fitsum M (2016) uses Tobit model to analyze adoption. Other also uses Probity model
like G/Haweria (2014).

2.3. Empirical Review

A number of empirical studies have been conducted by different people and institutions on the
adoption and diffusion of agricultural innovations both outside and inside Ethiopia. Adopters of
farming practices tend to be middle aged, have a high rate of literacy and a higher level of formal
education, operate large-sized holdings, own the land they operate, have a relatively high income
and economic status, are commercial in farming orientation, have relatively high level of social
participation, and tend to be cosmopolite in orientation, have relatively high level of extension
contact, and belong to upper socio-economic status categories. Non adopters, on the other hand,
are relatively old in age, have a low rate of literacy and level of formal education, operate
smallholdings, are mostly share-croppers or small and marginal farmers, belong to low income
and economic status, have a subsistence orientation to farming, have a low level of extension
contact, and come from low socio-economic status categories (Dasgupta, 1989).

Age different between household head is very important explanatory variable in the studying of
determinant of adoption of technology which plays important role by influencing farmers in
information access.Younger household are more likely adopt new technology than older.
Different agricultural technology studies resaid conflicting result on the effect of age on adoption
of technology. The studies by Yemane A,(2014),Asfaw et al., (2011), G/Haweria et al., (2014)
and Fitsum M (2016) finding confirmed that age are negatively influencing adoption behavior of
farmer . similarly other finding obtained confirmed that age of household influencing positively
on the adoption of new technology means that as the age of the household increase easily accept
new technology (Biru G., 2016).

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Sex different between household is also another very important demographic variable in studying
determinant of adoption technology. In most part of rural Ethiopia female household affect
adoption negatively not accept new technology easily than male household. For instance,
Berihun K et al.,(2014). In his study on adoption and impact of agricultural technology on farmer
in north Ethiopia found that male household are more likely adopt agricultural technology than
female household headed. The study conducted on adoption of improved maize varieties in
developing countries, particularly Africa and South Asia, during last fifteen years have pointed
out a number of socio- economic characteristics, agro-ecological variables, and farmers‟
perception as an important determinants maize varieties (Bindod, 2010). Among these variables,
extension contact, education, farm size, credit availability, use of fertilizer, low land area, yield
and profitability are found to be major determinants which have strong positive influences. The
adoption studies are found more focused to socio-economic variables in comparison to agro-
ecological variables and farmers‟ perception. Researchers suggested considering these variables
as important as the socioeconomic variables in any adoption studies of agricultural innovations
(Bindod, 2010).

Many studies have focused on the relationships of key variables to the adoption behavior of
farmers. A review of previous studies is important as it provides some conceptual and theoretical
basis for identifying the relevant variables to be included in the analysis. Hassan et al, (1998),
for Kenya, Adesina and Baidu- Forson (1995) for Burkina Faso, Baidu-Forson (1999), for Niger,
and Itana (1985), for Ethiopia, reported that farmer‟s age is negatively related to adoption and
hence implying that the older the farmer the lower is the probability of adoption. According to
their analyses, this may be because conservativeness (risk aversion) increases with age, which
may be one cause of low adoption of agricultural technologies. Freud et al., (1996) in the case of
Ghana and Cote d‟Ivoire, have found that farmers age and adoption of modern varieties of cocoa
are not at all relatedrevealed that the probability of adoption of new farm practices increases with
farmer‟s age in Bangladesh (Hossain and Croach, 1992).

Education was found positive and significant in a large number of adoption studies (Paudel and
Matsuoka, 2008; and Kudi et al., 2011). It indicates that the more educated household head is
expected to be more efficient to understand and obtain new technologies in a shorter period of
time than uneducated people.

6
The negative influence of education was also observed in some studies which are very typical to
the study area. Tura et al. (2010) justifies his finding that households headed by literates were
relatively less likely to adopt improved maize varieties in Central Ethiopia. Given the fact that
the relatively more educated household heads are youngsters and that land ownership among the
youth is minimal, hence are land constrained. The land holding size returned a positive and
significant in several studies (Mekuria, 2008; and Tura, et al.2010. indicates that households with
larger land holdings allocated more land to improved maize. Inconsistent with this finding,
Etoundi and Dia (2008) point out that increasing the area diminishes the probability of adopting
the improved variety, CMS 8704. The reason was that a big sown area with maize requires much
manpower and huge resources Positive influence of extension contact and access to credit on
adoption of improved maize varieties has been reported in several studies Paudel and Matsuoka,
2008; and Tura et al. 2010).

Regular contact with extension agents make farmers being aware of new technologies and how
they can be applied, and access to credits enable them to buy inputs required by improved
technologies. Membership in a group, farming experience and use of fertilizer have generally
positive influences (Amaza et al., 2007) while livestock, land tenancy, marketing distance and
use of organic manure were found to have both influences. Livestock is generally supposed to be
supportive for adoption of new maize varieties as it provides organic manure. If it has significant
negative influence on adoption, the reason will be very typical to the study area. Alumira and
Rusike (2005) observed negative influence of livestock in adoption of new hybrid seed in
Zimbabwe. In justifying this finding, they mention that draft cattle-owning households have
more staggered and spatially dispersed cultivation and use proportionately more recycled hybrids
because they lack cash and credit to purchase sufficient hybrid seeds to plant all their maize plots

A case study done on adoption and Impacts of improved maize production technology in Ghana
provides valuable insights about the many factors that can affect the adoption of agricultural
innovations in general. The survey results show that adoption of improved production.

7
The survey results show that adoption of improved production technology is directly influenced
by three sets of factors:
(1) Characteristics of the technology (e.g., complexity, profitability, riskiness, divisibility,
compatibility with other technologies);
(2) Characteristics of the farming environment (e.g., agro-climatic conditions, prevailing
cropping systems, degree of commercialization of agriculture, factor availabilities, farmer
knowledge, availability of physical inputs); and
(3) Characteristics of the farmer (e.g., ethnicity and culture, wealth, education, gender). The
survey results also make clear that technology adoption may be affected indirectly by factors
beyond the control of researchers, including the agricultural extension service, the inputs
distribution system, and the economic policy environment (Michael L et al., 2001).
The paper examined the adoption and impact of early maturing maize varieties on farmer income
in safana local government area of Katsina ,Nigeria which used descriptive statistic, adoption
index, and double difference to estimate the impact of early maturing maize varieties on income
of farmer. The result shows many Scio-economical factors that affect the adoption early
maturing maize varieties such as age, farm size, member ship of an association, number of
extension contacts, and previous farm income for maize (NdonkeuNathanelNdaghu et al., 2015).

A paper examined factors influencing the adoption of improved maize seeds and the use of
inorganic fertilizer for maize production by farmers in the intermediate and lowland zones of
Tanzania which is used both tobit and probit model indicated that availability of extension
services, on-farm field trials, variety characteristics and rainfall were the most important factors
that influence the extent of adopting improved maize seeds and the use of inorganic fertilizer
positively and significantly (Aloyce R.M., et al., 2000).

The study conducted on factors influencing adoption of improved maize varieties in Nepal: A
Case Study of Chitwan District which was a logit analysis showed that the adoption of improved
maize varieties is significantly influenced by winter maize cultivation, education of the
household head, lowland area, upland area as well as access to credit and extension services
(Pashupati& Atsushi, 2008). The Study conducted on the effects of adoption of improved maize
seed on household food security in Gwoza Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria that
will abivariate probity model revealed that level of education and extension of contact influence

8
the rate of adoption of improved maize seed among farmers in the study area while adoption of
improved maize varieties significantly reduced food insecurity among farming households
(Idirsa, et al., 2012).

The study employed to examine factors that influence the adoption and Intensity of utilization of
improved maize varieties in the West Shoa Zone in the central Highlands of Ethiopia indicate
that level of education, household labor, farm size, extension services, farm income, and timely
availability of improved maize seeds significantly influence the adoption and intensity of use of
improved maize. It also showed that the impact of off-farm income and age of the household
head on adoption and Intensity of use of improved maize seed was insignificant (Alene et al.,
2000).

The study employed to analyzes the factors that explain adoption as well as Continue use of.
improved maize seeds in one of the high potential maize growing areas in central Ethiopia which
is bivariate Profit analysis revealed that human capital (adult workers, off-farm work and
experience in hiring labor), asset endowment (size of land owned), institutional and policy
variables (access to credit, membership in cooperatives) all strongly influence farmers‟ decisions
to adopt improved maize varieties, while continuous use of the seed is influenced by the
proportion of farmland allocated to maize, literacy of the household head, involvement in off-
farm work, visits by extension agents, farmers „experience, household land size and fertilizer
usage. Accordingly, policies and interventions that are informed about such factors are required
to accelerate adoption and continued use of improved maize seeds in order to increase farm
yields and remedy shortage of food and fight food poverty and insecurity more effectively and
more sustain. Agriculture technology adoption and diffusion patterns often vary from location to
location. (Motuma et al., 2010).

The variations in adoption patterns were created due to the presence of disparity in agro ecology,
Institutional and social factors. Moreover farmer’ adoption behavior, especially in Low-income
countries, is influenced by a complex set of socio-economic, demographic, Technical,
institutional and bio-physical factors (Feder et al., 1985).

9
 From different literature review depending on the adoption decision of the technology the
important key variables adoption of improved maize varieties in the study area affected by age,
sex, education level,family size, land size,and access to credit, (Amuru District Administration,
Office of Finance and Economic Development and kebeles).

The factor of Adoption of improved maize variety in the study area summarized in theoretical
framework as follows:

HH economics; income

HH demographic variable
Institutional factor
Age
Access of credit
Sex The factor that affect Frequency of extension
Education
adoption of improved maize contact
Family size
varieties

Household resource
Land size
Number of livestock

Figure 2. 1: Theoretical framework of determinant of adoption of improved technology

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 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description of the study area.

Location:- Amuru is one of the District in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone Oromia region, Ethiopia .
which is far away 382 km from Addis Ababa. Amuru is part of East wollega zone, Amuru
bordered on south by sidan and north by Haro Gudina and west by Kiremu East by jarte and the
latitude and longitude of 09059’23’’N and 37001’44’’E respectively.
The District has various altitudes ranging from lowland of 760 to midland of 2,002 m above sea
level. In the Amuru District there are 21 kebeles and out of 21 kebeles in the study area, three
kebeles, namely, Sidan, Walage and Ejere Goromti representing the aforementioned zones (kola,
dega and woina-dega) respectively will be selected purposively. Those kebeles selected because
they represent the three ecological zones perfectly (source from Amuru district Administration,
Office of Finance and Economic Development and kebeles).
Population:- The district has an estimated total population of 70,501, of whom 29,774 (49%) are
males and 30,984 (51%) are females, and of which 9,738 are urban dwellers and the rest are rural
inhabitants; The majority of the population are farmers ,while the rest are merchants and
government employers ( Amuru District Administrative office (ADAO, 2017).
Climate:-The district has moist and hot climate with average annual temperature of 11.1 ℃ to
23.6℃and rainfall of 1167mm to 1737.9mm to, respectively (Shambu metrological office
(SMO), 2017).
Agriculture of the study area the ecology of this Keble is favorable for Teff, Maize, Finger millet
and chat. The production system is both crop and livestock production.

11
Figure 3.1.Base map of Amuru District (source: Amuru Administrative office, 2022).

12
3.2. Source and methods of data collection
Both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected from primary and secondary sources to
identify important independent variables that affect adoption of improved maize varieties. Thus,
primary data will be obtained from sample respondents using household interview method of
data collection to get first-hand information about adoption and determinant area. Qualitative
data is gathering through direct interviews, observation and discussion. Secondary data will be
collected from reviewing the relevant reference materials such as research document, journal,
and kebele office report. Quantitative data will be collected through structured interview method
and questionnaires. The interview schedule and the questioner have questions related to socio-
economic, demographic and institutional characteristics of household’s information

3.3. Sampling Design

The study will be used both in quantitative and qualitative data. Descriptive studies will be
needed to obtain quantitative information that describes the characters of agricultural production
in the study area. Documents written on the subject and the study area will be used. Especially
documents from the Central Statistical Authority has valuable source.

3.3.1. Sampling Technique (Procedure)

The sampling unit for this study is rural households that are found in the two purposively
selected kebeles of Amuru district. This study used both purposive and simple random sampling
methods. The selection of the kebeles followed purposive sampling strategy, whereas the
respondent selection within each kebeles will be done by using simple random sampling. We
applied two stage sampling technique to select the representative samples. At the first stage ,
three kebeles (sidan, walage and ejere Goromti) will be selected purposively because of their
nature of adoption. At the second stage, total of 89 households will be selected randomly using
probability proportional to size sampling technique from each sample kebeles.

13
3.3.2. Sample size
The sample size for the study will be determined by the formula of Yamane (1967) to minimize
availability of error and bias during sample determination selection for the study and 90% confidence
level will be used to determine sample size for this study.
N
Yamane Formula: n = 1+ N (e) 2 Where: n = sample size

N = total number of household (800 HHs)

e = error

The total number of households in the three kebeles will be 800 (430 From sidan kebele, 130 From
Walage kebele,and 240 From Ejere Goromti kebele ).the sample size of this study will be determined as;

800
n = 1+ 800(0.1) 2 =89

Therefore, the total numbers of the household selected from the three kebeles are 89.

The number of households selected from each kebeles will be;

From sidan kebele = (89/800)430 = 48

From Walage kebele = (89/800)130 = 14

From Ejere Goromti kebele = (89/800)240 = 27

We will be used a total of 89 households will be targeted for this study from 800 House Holds (HHs) of
three sub kebeles (Sidan, Walage and Ejere Goromti). Proportional sample size based on household is
used to determine the number of respondent from three sub kebeles’. Based on Population Proportion
Size (PPS). Accordingly from Welege kebele 14 households, from Ejere goromti 27 households and from
Sidan 48 households will be taken as a sample.

The above formula shows that the actual sample size for this study is 89, and by Population Proportion
Size (PPS) From Sidan, Walage and Ejere Goromti kebeles. Purposely Amuru district will be selected for
the study from Horo Guduru Wollega Zone.

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3.4 Methods of Data Analysis
In this study both descriptive will be used to conduct determinants of adoption of improved
maize varieties. To describe the characteristics of households who have improved maize varieties
of the descriptive statistics like mean, percentage and frequency should be employed.
3.4.1 Analysis of Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics describe the main features of a collection of data quantitatively. It aims to
summarize a data set quantitatively. It tries to use the descriptive statistical analysis simply to
describe what is going on in our data and to present the quantitative description of the
households. For descriptive statistical analysis, it could be used percentage, average, minimum
and maximum values to the quantitative data numerically.

15
 4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN

4.1 Work Plan

Table 4.1.Summary of work plan
Activities Duration of time in month

March April may June

Title selection X X

Searching for X
reviews
Data collection X
Data processing &
class
Data analysis X

Proposal writing X

Submission of X
proposal paper

presentation X

16
4.2. Budget Plan

Table 4.2. Summary of budget plan

No Item Unit Amount Unit price Total

1 Pen No 5 15.00 75.00

Paper Packet 250 1.50 375.00

Stationery
Note book No 1 40.00 40.00

Ruler No 1 10.00 10.00

Binding No 1 20.00 20.00

Total 520.00

2 Communication Telephone 50.00 50.00

Total 50.00

3 Internet 25.00

Flash No 1 180.00 180.00

Others
Copy 60 2.00 120

Total S 325.00

4 Transportation Students(we) 50.00 50.00

Total 50.00

5 Contingency 55.00

Total 1000.00

17
 5. REFERENCES

Adessina, A.A. and J.Baidu-Forson, 1995.Farmer‟s perceptions and adoption of new agricultural
technology, Evidence from Burkina Faso and Guinea,Journal of Agricultural
Economics,13:1- 9.
Alene, A.D., D.Poonyth and R.M Hassan, 2000.Determining of adoption and intensity of use of
improved maize varieties in central high land of Ethiopia: ATobit analysis, Journal
of agricultural economics, 139:4.
AloylcR.M. Kaliba, Hugo Verkuijl, and Wilfred Mwangi, 2000.Factors Affecting Adoption of
Improved Maize Seeds and Use of Inorganic Fertilizer for Maize Production in the
Intermediate and Lowland Zones of Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural and Applied
Economics, 32,1
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 6. APPENDIX

The questionnaire used for the survey Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties: the Case of Amuru
Districts, Horo Guduru Wollega Zones, Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia. Research Proposal Survey
Questionnaire

Instruction: Please introduce yourself before starting the interview, the institute you are working in and
explain the objective of the survey. Please ask each question patiently until the farmer get the point. Fill
the answers to the question accordingly to the farmer’s response.

1. General information

1.1. Questionnaire no: _______

1.2.Date of interview (DD/MM/YYY):__________

1.3. Zone: __________________

1.4. District: _________________ PeasantAssociation(Kebele)_________________________

Name of respondent_______________________________________________ Name of

Enumerator_______________________________________________

2. Household Characteristics

2.1). Name of household head: _______________________________

2.2). Sex of household head: 1. Male 0. Female

2.3). Age of household head (year): ________________

_ 2.4. What is the house you owned and live in? 1) Grass roofed and muddy wall 2) Corrugated tin roof
and muddy wall 3) Corrugated tin roof and Block wal

4) Other (please specify)__________________

2.5. Marital status of household head 1.Married 2.Single 3.Divorced 4.Widowed

2.6. Educational level of household head (in grade):_____________

2.7. Farming experiences of household head, since he started farming maize (in year):______

2.8. Religion: 1) Orthodox Christian 2) Muslim 3) Protestant 4) others (specify): ___________________

3. Demographic Characteristics

3.1. Number of family members by sex and age Composition

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No By age category By Sex category
Male Female
1 Below 10 years
2 13-14 years
3 14-16 years
4 17 - 35 years
5 35 -50 years
6 Above 50 years
7 Total

3.2. How many of your family members do permanently work on farm activities: _____

4. Socio economics Characteristics

4.1. What is the source of income for your household in order? 1. Crop cultivation 2.Animal husbandry
3. Crafts man 4. Employed (salary) 5. Trading 6. Other (please specify) __________

4.2. Landholding status (ha)

4.2.1. Total landholding: _______

4.2.2. Total cultivable land: ______

62 4.2.3. Land allocated for IMV production in 2009/2010 E.C: _____

4.3. What are the main uses of maize grain for you in 2009/2010 E.C?

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Use of maize By kilogram By% from annual production
For consumption
For sale
Source of livestock feed
Improving soil fertility
For other purpose
5. Cultivation practices for maize

5.1. What is the farming culture that you implement in cultivation maize?

Practice used by farmers

Frequency of land preparation
Planting time
Seed rate per hectare
Fertilizer rate per hectare
1.DAP
2. UREA
5.1.1. Planting method (1.row planting 2. Broadcast) =__________________

5.1.2. Weeding frequency=_________________

5.1.3. Harvesting time=__________________

5.2. List the major problems in maize production?

1. Lack of seed

2. Lack of fertilizer

3. Disease

4. Lack of rain fall

5. Lack of market

6. Other specify____________

4. WORK PLAN AND BUDGET PLAN

4.1 Work Plan

Table 4.1.Summary of work plan

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