Water in HP

Water Resources
Management for
Himachal Pradesh
INRM Consultants & Technology

House Consortium, New Delhi
Water Resources Management
for Himachal Pradesh
Final Report
Project Sponsored By:

Council for Science, Technology and Environment,
Government of Himachal Pradesh
(With funding from Planning Commission, New Delhi)
March 2006
INRM Consultants & Technology House Consortium

New Delhi
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... i
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1. Objectives of the Study ..........................................................................................1
1.2. The Spatial Information System.............................................................................2
1.3. Scope ......................................................................................................................2
2. Concerned Departments and Their Activities ................................................................4
2.1. Irrigation and Public Health Department (IPH) .....................................................4
2.2. Agriculture Department .........................................................................................6
2.3. Rural Development Department ............................................................................8
2.4. Horticulture Department ......................................................................................10
2.5. Forest Department................................................................................................10
2.6. Industries Department ..........................................................................................11
2.7. The State Electricity Board (HPSEB) ..................................................................12
2.8. State Council for Science, Technology and Environment ...................................12
3. Water Resources Planning ...........................................................................................14
3.1. Common Objectives across Departments ............................................................14
3.2. Need for Information Technology in Water Sector .............................................14
3.3. Benefits of implementing Information Technology.............................................15
4. Himachal Pradesh Water Resources ............................................................................16
4.1. Himachal Pradesh Profile.....................................................................................16
4.2. River systems of Himachal Pradesh.....................................................................17
4.2.1. Indus River System ......................................................................................17
4.2.2. Ganga River System.....................................................................................22
5. Proposed Water Resources Framework .......................................................................24
5.1. Major Elements of Framework ............................................................................25
5.1.1. Spatial Data ..................................................................................................25
5.1.2. Non Spatial Data ..........................................................................................36
5.2. Maintenance of Framework .................................................................................37
5.3. Proposed Networking...........................................................................................38
6. Water Resources Applications .....................................................................................39
6.1. IPH Department Information System...................................................................39
6.1.1. Spatial and Non Spatial Data .......................................................................39
6.1.2. Data Structure...............................................................................................43
6.1.3. Possible Applications ...................................................................................45
6.1.4. Standardization Requirement .......................................................................48
6.2. Application for Water Resources Assessment – River Basin ..............................49
6.2.1. SWAT Hydrological Model.........................................................................49
6.2.2. Brief Description of Swat ArcView Interface..............................................56
6.2.3. Hydrological Modelling of River Systems of Himachal Pradesh................56
6.3. Application for Water Resources Assessment – Watershed Level......................74
6.3.1. Description of the Microwatersheds ............................................................74
6.3.2. Data Availability ..........................................................................................75
6.3.3. Pre-processing of Salasi Khad Watershed ...................................................75
6.3.4. LandCover/LandUse Layer..........................................................................78
6.3.5. Soil Layer .....................................................................................................80
6.3.6. Dynamic Data -Meteorological Data ...........................................................81
6.3.7. Details of the Water balance components....................................................81
7. Ground Water - (Hydrogeological Conditions) ...........................................................82
8. Recommendations ........................................................................................................84
Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................84
List of Figures
Figure 1: The organizational structure of IPH department. ...................................................5
Figure 2: The organizational structure of Agriculture Department .......................................7
Figure 3: The organizational structure of Rural Development Department ..........................9
Figure 4: The organizational structure of Industries Department ........................................11
Figure 5: The organizational structure of State Council for Science, Technology and
Environment.................................................................................................................13
Figure 6: 1:250,000 contour map of HP, with 1:50,000 sample contours as the inset ........26
Figure 7: 1:250,000 Drainage map of Himachal Pradesh ....................................................27
Figure 8: Landuse Classification (Source: HP SCST&E) ...................................................28
Figure 9: Soil Layer (Source: NBSSLUP) ...........................................................................29
Figure 10: Road Network map 1: 250,000 scale..................................................................31
Figure 11: Railway Network map 1: 250,000 scale.............................................................31
Figure 12: Rain gauge locations Map ..................................................................................32
Figure 13a: Map of District and Tehsil Boundaries of HP ..................................................33
Figure 14a: Administrative Setup of Forest Department .....................................................35
Figure 15: Information on the irrigation schemes (Partial)..................................................44
Figure 16: Information on the Water Supply Schemes (Partial)..........................................45
Figure 17: Water Supply Schemes under different divisions of Nurpur Circle...................46
Figure 18: Location of Irrigation Schemes of Dehra Division with data attached ..............47
Figure 19: Water Supply Schemes of Dehra Division .........................................................47
Figure 20: Zoomed view of division with hand pump locations .........................................48
Figure 21: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Himachal Pradesh using contours from
1:250,000 topographic map..........................................................................................57
Figure 22: Drainage Network of HP with inset showing detailed drainage for a small part
......................................................................................................................................59
Figure 23: River Basins with their subbasins automatically delineated ..............................60
Figure 24: The RCM grid superimposed on the sub basin ..................................................62
Figure 25: Sutjej River Basin showing sub-basins ..............................................................63
Figure 26: Annual Water Balance components for Sutlej River..........................................64
Figure 27: Beas River Basin showing sub-basins ................................................................65
Figure 28: Annual Water Balance components for Beas River ...........................................65
Figure 29: Ravi River Basin showing sub-basins ................................................................66
Figure 30: Annual Water Balance components for Ravi River ...........................................66
Figure 31: Chenab River Basin showing sub-basins ...........................................................67
Figure 32: Annual Water Balance components for Chenab River.......................................67
Figure 33: Giri River Basin showing sub-basins used for modeling ...................................68
Figure 34: Landuse and soil layers for Giri River basin ......................................................69
Figure 35: Average Annual Water Balance components for Giri basin ..............................70
Figure 36: Daily plot of Simulated versus Observed discharge...........................................71
Figure 37: Monthly water balance components from 4 years of simulation........................72
Figure 38: Plot of observed versus simulated discharges at Yashwantnagar.......................73
Figure 39: Salasi Khad Index Map.......................................................................................74
Figure 40: Contours at 20 m interval falling in and around the Study Area........................76
Figure 41: Digital Elevation Model (DEM).........................................................................76
Figure 42: 1:50,000 Drainage Network of the study area....................................................77
Figure 43: Salasi Khad watershed with their sub watersheds automatically delineated......78
Figure 44: Landuse Classification........................................................................................79
Figure 45: Soil Layer in Salasi Khad watersheds (Source: NBSSLUP)..............................80
Figure 46: Monthly Water balance components under baseline Scenarios for Salasi Khad
watershed .....................................................................................................................82
List of Tables
Table 1: Landuse Category ..................................................................................................28
Table 2: Description of the soil Units ..................................................................................30
Table 3: IPH Administrative Setup - Details .......................................................................39
Table 4: Summary of the data received from IPH (and converted to digital form) .............40
Table 5: The data elements captured for various schemes operated by IPH .......................43
Table 6: Some of the basic details of the Basins analysed in the study ...............................60
Table 7: Landuse Category and distribution in Salasi Khad watersheds .............................79
Table 8: Some soil Units’ Description and distribution in Salasi Khad watersheds............80
Table 9: Details of the meteorological data available in the Salasi Khad watershed area...81
1. Appendix I....................................................................................................................85
2. Appendix II ................................................................................................................106
3. Appendix III ...............................................................................................................147
4. Appendix IV...............................................................................................................151
List of Figures in Appendix

Figure 2-1 Water Supply Schemes of Kangra District falling in Nurpur Division............113
Figure 2-2 Irrigation Schemes of Kangra District falling in Nurpur Division...................114
Figure 2-3 Hand Pump Schemes of Chamba Division ......................................................115
Figure 2-4 Water Supply Schemes of Chamba Division ...................................................116
Figure 2-5 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Chamba Division..............................................117
Figure 2-6 Hand Pump Schemes of Dalhousie Division ...................................................118
Figure 2-7 Water Supply Schemes of Dalhousie Division ................................................119
Figure 2-8 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Dalhousie Division ...........................................120
Figure 2-9 Hand Pump Schemes of Salooni Division .......................................................121
Figure 2-10 Water Supply Schemes of Salooni Division ..................................................122
Figure 2-11 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Salooni Division .............................................123
Figure 2-12 Hand Pump Schemes of Una Division ...........................................................124
Figure 2-13 Water Supply Schemes of Una Division........................................................125
Figure 2-14 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Una Division...................................................126
Figure 2-15 Water Supply Schemes of Kullu Division .....................................................127
Figure 2-16 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Kullu Division ...............................................128
Figure 2-17 Water Supply Schemes of Kaza Division ......................................................129
Figure 2-18 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Kaza Division .................................................130
Figure 2-19 Water Supply Schemes of Pooh Division .....................................................131
Figure 2-20 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Pooh Division .................................................132
Figure 2-21 Water Supply Schemes of Arki Division .......................................................133
Figure 2-22 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Arki Division..................................................134
Figure 2-23 Hand Pump Schemes of Nahan Division .......................................................135
Figure 2-24 Water Supply Schemes of Nahan Division ....................................................136
Figure 2-25 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Nahan Division...............................................137
Figure 2-26 Hand Pump Schemes of Nalagarh Division ...................................................138
Figure 2-27 Water Supply Schemes of Nalagarh Division................................................139
Figure 2-28 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Nalagarh Division...........................................140
Figure 2-29 Hand Pump Schemes of Paonta Division.......................................................141
Figure 2-30 Water Supply Schemes of Paonta Division....................................................142
Figure 2-31 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Paonta Division ..............................................143
Figure 2-32 Hand Pump Schemes of Solan Division ........................................................144
Figure 2-33 Water Supply Schemes of Solan Division .....................................................145
Figure 2-34 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Solan Division ................................................146
Executive Summary
The major objective of study is to create a vision for the water resources development and
management for the State of Himachal Pradesh and to demonstrate the importance of using
an integrated approach in spirit and reality through the strength of IT and other latest
technological advancements.
Water demand in the state is projected to increase making it imperative to effectively plan
the water resources and develop an environmentally sustainable water policy. Himachal is
also the main source of water for many Northern states and hence developing an effective
tool for planning and monitoring this resource has a bearing on the Northern region.
It is intended to help the state in going towards the first step of integration i.e., creating
common databases incorporating the basic elements of primary and secondary data on
topography, climate, hydrology, land use, soils, etc., standardizing the drainage basins and
their sub-divisions into watersheds and micro watersheds scientifically using GIS
technology.
The first level GIS based integrated water resource framework has been developed for the
state that can serve as a first cut common base for the involved line departments like
Irrigation and Public Health (IPH), Forest, Horticulture, Hydro electricity, Industries, Rural
Development etc. Some advantages of the common framework would be:
Availability of reliable and up-to-date information
Better dissemination of inter and intra departmental information
Effective integrated water resources management
Effective integrated watershed management
Effective implementation of environmentally sustainable water resources
policy.
Most of these line departments/activities figure prominently on the Bharat Nirman
programme of the Prime Minister and the framework developed responds to need for
integrated planning for all the activities, rather than each one in isolation. Using the
framework will reduce the overlap of activities by various line departments and conserve
resources.
Each of these micro watersheds can be elaborated upon to the Patwari circle, and even upto
each individual plot level and superimposed with administrative boundaries. Sociological
data like income levels, backwardness etc. can also be superimposed on this. To
demonstrate this, case studies of micro watersheds in Hamirpur area have been elaborated
upon and made available for the rest of the state to emulate.
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Gaps in the data available have been identified and as the availability of data improves
with time, the framework will become more effective. Standardization in data mapping for
the various IPH schemes has been suggested by elaboration of the various IPH schemes
like irrigation, hand pumps etc. in Kangra.
For maintenance of the framework, a workshop involving all the line departments was held
at Shimla on August 28, 2004. After deliberations, the responsibilities of various line
departments for upgrading the various database components were identified and have been
listed out. The recommendations of these deliberations have been listed out in the DPR as
well.
Modeling of the river basins of the state would lead to long term hydrological yields,
sediment yields and a step towards understanding the effect of changing climate on these.
It is also useful for predicting flows in un gauged locations, essential for effective planning
The river basin modeling has been done using the SWAT model, which has been
elaborated in the DPR. The Giri basin has been used for revalidation of the model.
The existing networking provided with NIC can be used as base networking, strengthening
the same wherever additional nodes are required to be placed in the respective line
departments. The aggregation of information should be done at SCST & E by placing a
GIS server and database server under their control. The present day technology of GIS
server makes it possible to allow the line departments in creating and updating the spatial
data from their client nodes. A well thought of security policy can be put in position to
protect and secure the state’s information resources. The strategy for this has been
suggested in the DPR.
Moreover, not only that the first cut GIS based framework depicting some of the prototype
possible applications at different scales that has been provided as an active application but
an implementation of the hydrological modeling for all the river basins of the state has also
been provided as an active application. These first cut applications shall help the state
departments in their capacity building and further strengthening their planning and
management infrastructure of this precious resource.
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Water Resources Management for Himachal Pradesh
1. Introduction
The demand on water resources of the state is likely to increase in the coming years,
making it imperative that there is increased emphasis on improving planning for
management and conservation of these resources.
The Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Himachal Pradesh
is keen on:
Developing the surface and ground water potential to the fullest to meet the present
and projected water demand for the various (domestic, agricultural, industrial,
power, ecological etc.) users of the state
Implementing environmentally sustainable water resources development.
1.1. Objectives of the Study

The major objective of study is to create a vision for the water resources development and
management for the State of Himachal Pradesh and to demonstrate the importance of using
IT to support this objective. The specific objectives as outlined in the signed agreement
were as follows:
ii) Collection of primary and secondary data on topography, climate, hydrology, land
use and soils.
iii) Demarcation of drainage basins in the State and their sub-divisions into water sheds
using GIS technology.
iv) Conversion of all hydrological data into GIS
v) Hydrological modeling of the basins in the State.
vi) Assessment of impacts of development projects.
vii) Identify gaps and suggest measures ecological zone wise and
viii) Suggestive and practical action plan with identified responsibility for optimum and
consumptive use of water resources for entire State.
ix) The DPR must take into consideration all ongoing programmes relating to water
development in the state and must come up with a strategy for minimum another 10
years.
The sponsor of the project, the Planning Commission of India had during the interactions
also stated that the assignment should aim at attracting funding agencies into the sector, as
it’s prime objective.
As a first step towards achieving these objectives, it is essential to establish a common
framework of spatial and non-spatial data belonging to various line departments dealing
with water resources. The following are some of the intended benefits that shall accrue
through the use of this infrastructure:
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Availability of reliable and up-to-date information

Better dissemination of inter and intra departmental information
Effective integrated water resources management
Effective integrated watershed management
Effective implementation of environmentally sustainable water
resources policy.
Use of the framework for planning and monitoring of
infrastructure logistics, including all the programmes of the
Bharat Nirman
In fact the principal user of this DPR is the Irrigation and Public Health department and
both these activities have been given prime importance in the Prime Minister’s Bharat
Nirman programme. During the deliberations of the Bharat Nirman presided over by the
PM and attended by the Dy. Chairman of the Planning Commission as well as the Rural
Development minister, emphasis was also made on using an integrated approach
addressing irrigation, drinking water, rural roads, rural electrification, sanitation and
telecom and not each one in isolation.
1.2. The Spatial Information System

The Spatial Information System shall aid the State in creating a common geo-spatial data
infrastructure to be used by all the line departments for various activities. This would
include:
Data capturing and collection on defined attributes
Transmission of data to the Head Office of the line department
Processing of data at the Head Office of the line department
Dissemination of processed information to the central server
Updation of the changed data (static) as well as continuous processing of the
dynamic data by the identified line department.
1.3. Scope
Water is a very precious natural resource and at the same time very complex to manage.
Therefore, this one line objective is a mammoth task if this very precious resource has to
be managed judiciously. There is no doubt that we as a country have performed quite well
in the sector of water resources in the last fifty years which has played a very important
role in the progress of the country. During this period, the irrigation potential has increased
more than four times. The production of food grains has also increased in the same
proportion. This is no meager achievement by any standard. At the same time it is not wise

to sit on the past laurels because this commodity is becoming more and more scarce and if
appropriate measures are not taken it might be too late. Moreover, there have been many
instances where implemented projects have been found to be responsible for creating
environmental problems for the society. There are also instances of mismanagement and
operational problems of these projects.
One and all concerned with the water sector have shared the above concerns. We are
making policies and floating a number of new programmes that are intended to take care of
the envisaged problems. What we lack presently is the availability of a framework that can
be used for effective planning, development and management of these programmes in an
integrated manner. The integrated watershed management approach has been globally
accepted as the best approach for natural resource management but very rarely or partially
implemented because of the lack of required framework and/or technical know-how.
Therefore, creation of such a framework for the Himachal Pradesh shall be the main
objective of the proposed study. Some of the salient attributes of the framework shall
include:
Collection of primary and secondary data on topography, climate, hydrology,

landuse and soil from various organisations. Data on demography and water
resources projects already implemented shall also be collected.
Demarcation of the drainage basins in the State and their sub-division into
watersheds using GIS technologies. There shall be provision for further sub-
division of watersheds into micro-watersheds depending on the requirement of the
user and the availability of the data at the appropriate scales.
Processing of the other elements of the data recognised above and conversion of the
same into GIS format either by digitization or through image processing as
appropriate.
Hydrological modelling of basins in the State to simulate the flow and sediment
loads at various locations in the river where observations are being made so as to
validate the model.
Assessment of flow and sediment loads for all the watersheds using the modelling
framework. This assessment is very essential for taking up any development work
and is usually not available on the ungauged areas. All our watersheds fall under
this ungauged category.
Assessment of impacts of the development projects on the hydrological regime and
thereby the sustainability of these projects.
Identify data gaps and suggest measures

2. Concerned Departments and Their Activities
The principal departments that are responsible for water resources development in
Himachal Pradesh for various purposes are the Irrigation and Public Health department
(IPH), Forest Department (FD) and Rural Development Department (RD).There are other
departments also that are connected with the water resources sector or are directly affected
by the actions of the major departments. A brief overview of these departments is
presented in the following sections.
2.1. Irrigation and Public Health Department (IPH)

Irrigation and Public Health (IPH) Department is the principal department responsible for
planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of surface water resources
(water supply and irrigation) projects in the state.
The department is under the overall administrative control of Principal Secretary (IPH) to
the Government of Himachal Pradesh. The Department is headed by Engineer-in-Chief,
who is assisted by three Zonal Chief Engineers and a Chief Engineer at Shahnehar. The
organization structure of IPH department is shown in the Figure 1.

SE P & I-I EE (DD-II) EE ((D) SE Shimla EE (D) EE Suni EE Shimla EE Arki
Dir cum SE EE SNC EE STPC

LO EE (D) EE Div - II
PMU Div Div
EE
SE P & I-II EE (D) SE (D) SE Snagar EE (D) EE Snagar EE Mandi EE Baggi EE Paddar EE Sghat
EE Kullu –
EE (M) CE Central SE Kullu EE (D) EE Kullu-I EE Keylong EE Anni
II
Engineer-in- SE EE
EE ((D) EE (D) EE Hpur EE Barsar EE Bilaspur
Chief Hamirpur Ghumarwin
Registrar
JT Cont SE (D) SE Chamba EE (D) EE Chamba EE Salooni EE D.housie
EE FP Div EE T/W Div

Asst Cont CE North SE Una EE (D) EE Una – I EE Una – II
EE Thural EE Shahpur
EE
VO Officer EE ((D) SE Dsala EE (D) EE D/sala EE Dehra EE Indora
Palampur
Law Officer SE Nurpur EE (D) EE Nurpur EE Jawali
CE SE EE Sansarpur EE
EE ((D) EE (D) EE Gulara
Shahnehar (Fatehpur) terrace Badhukar
Figure 1: The organizational structure of IPH department.

IPH has divided the State of Himachal Pradesh in to four zones viz. North (Dharamshala),
Central (Mandi), South (Shimla) and Shah Nehar Project (Shahnehar). Each zone
comprising a number of completed and on-going irrigation projects carries out the
activities within its jurisdiction. Zones are headed by the Zonal Chief Engineers. Zones are
divided into a number of circles and circles into divisions.
Zones North Central (Mandi) South (Shimla) Shah Nehar
(Dharamshala) Project
(Shahnehar).
IPH Circles 4 3 5 1
IPH Divisions 15 14 18 3
Total Circles Total Divisions =
= 13 50
Functions
Under its current form and set up, IPH is responsible for planning, design, construction,
operation and maintenance of drinking water supply and irrigation water schemes.
The key areas in which the department involves in the development and maintenance of
water related infrastructure are
Drinking Water Supply Schemes
Sewerage Systems
Irrigation systems through source development, lifting water, boring of tube wells
& providing distribution systems
Flood protection works to protect life and property in the State
Operation and maintenance of these systems.
2.2. Agriculture Department

Agriculture department provides the farmers with technical know-how for growing crops,
improving crop yield. It also distributes fertilizers and pesticides. This is the department
which is the biggest user of water and most of its functions are related to quantity or
quality of water. The major functions of the agricultural department in the state are as
follows.
The organisational structure of the Agriculture Department of Himachal Pradesh is shown
in the Figure 2.

AGRICULTURE MINISTER
Secretary Agriculure
Director Agriculture
Addl. Director(HQ) Jt. Director (Input) Jt. Director Addl.

(Corps) Director(North
Zone)
Deputy Director Vegetable Specialist Deputy Controller

(Potato & Marketing) (F& A) (F& A)
Deputy Director Agriculture in Divisional Engineer Mandi, Principal F.T.C.

10 Districts & D.A.O. in Tribal Palampur & Bhangrotu Sundernagar and
Districts SAMETI, Mashobra
SDSCO’s in 20 Soil SMS in All Non Tribal Blocks

Conservation Sub-Divisions
Index
SMS : Subject Matter
Assisted by 2 ADO’s and 8 Specialist
AEO’s in each Block S.D.S.C.O : Sub-Divisional
Soil Conservation Officer
A.D.O : Agricultural
Development Officer
Figure 2: The organizational structure of Agriculture Department

Functions
To provide the farmers with technical know-how for growing crops, improving
crop yield
To distribute fertilizers and pesticides
Execute water resources related activities
o Watershed Development under National Watershed development project for
rain fed areas (NWDPRA)
o Water Harvesting structures
o Minor irrigation schemes.
2.3. Rural Development Department

Rural Development Department (RDD) is engaged in the implementation of different rural
development and poverty alleviation programmes. RDD works though the Panchayati Raj
mechanism. Their role is to strengthen the Panchayats and provide them with funds for
developmental activity in villages. The three major projects currently handled by RDD
include
1. Integrated Wasteland Development Project
2. Desert Development Program
3. Drought Prone Area program
The organisational structure of the Rural Development Department of Himachal Pradesh is
shown in the Figure 3.

STATE LEVEL
Commissioner-cum-
Secretary
Director-cum- Additional Director-cum- Other Officers

Special Secretary Additional Secretary
DISTRICT LEVEL
Deputy Commissioner –
cum- CEO, DRDA
Additional Deputy Project Officer, DRDA

Commissioner
BLOCK LEVEL
Department Subordinate Staff Other Department Subordinate

Staff
Figure 3: The organizational structure of Rural Development Department
Functions
Working at the watershed level, these programs help in
developing agriculture, animal husbandry,
health care and public services in the villages
providing funds for irrigation, water supply and water harvesting systems.

The procedure is common for all the programs. It begins with Identification of areas, which
is followed by organizing local community. In the third phase Watershed development
committees are formed. Also the skills of the local community are identified. To provide
technical know how, Watershed Development team is constituted. This team consists of
different subject matter specialists who visit the project areas to offer consultancy. The
department hires the subject matter specialists and they are not from concerned line
departments present in the project area.
2.4. Horticulture Department

The department has a mandate to carry out activities such as area expansion, production
and supply of planting material, advisory services etc. Recently it has adopted a centrally
sponsored scheme for integrated development of horticulture though Technology Mission.
Under this scheme the department is allocating funds to communities and individual
farmers for projects for better utilization of water such as drip irrigation, sprinkler systems.
It also provides funds for tapping of ground water resources, construction of storage tanks
and rain water harvesting. Under the technology mission the district level officers of the
department formulate an annual action plan in consultation with other departments. This is
done through the district level coordination committees. The plan is sent to the state
headquarters for funding. To avoid duplication of work a NOC (no objection certificate) is
sought from the concerned line department before implementation of the project.
2.5. Forest Department

The basic activities for forest department are protection, conservation, plantation, wild life
management, soil & water conservation and regulation of forest related activities. The
smallest administrative unit is village Panchayat and it is involved in micro planning. Soil
& Water conservation activity is done though increasing the forested area and promoting
such activity.
Functions
The activities for forest department are:
forest protection,
forest conservation,
forest plantation,
wild life management,
soil & water conservation
regulation of forest related activities.

2.6. Industries Department

The main role of the department is to promote industries in the state. It has 29 industrial
areas and 10 estates for which it attracts investments. For this the state offers lot of
incentives and subsidies. Himachal Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation
(HPSIDC) does all the development works in these industrial belts.
The organisational structure of the department is shown in the Figure 4:
Secretariat Level
Industries Minister,
Govt. of HP
Spl.. Secretary Principal Secretary Deputy Secretary

(Industries) (Industries) (Industries)
Director of Industries
Jt. Director of Addl. Director of Deputy Director

Industries Industries
Jt. Director of Industries Deputy Director

(Admin) (Handloom)
Project Dy. Director of

Coordinator Industries (DIC)
Sr. Technical Industrial Advisor

Officer (Mech.)
Figure 4: The organizational structure of Industries Department

Functions
to promote industries in the state
to provide water supply schemes
2.7. The State Electricity Board (HPSEB)

The Electricity board is a major non-consumptive user of water in the State. The Electricity
board generates, transmits and distributes power in the state. It also participates in policy
and monitoring of large-scale hydropower projects in the public and the private sector with
mega capacity on the block. During the year 2005, the environment damage caused by
larger power projects implemented/being implemented in the state was in the limelight
leading to a vital need for meaningful environment impact assessment study. Threat to
various installations from natural disasters like Peerechu lake formation in Tibet and the
lack of data was very well brought out.
The policy of the hydro projects now spells out Catchment Treatment Plans (CAT) and
various other environment measures to be implemented by these projects. The framework
being developed would be helpful in this planning, environment assessment and scenario
generation. Formulation of proper implementation plans in a scientific manner would lead
to results on ground for flood control, silt capturing and hence increased power generation
from this clean source of energy.
The HPSEB is also a source of continuous monitoring of flow data at various locations
spread all over the state and the HIMURJA for smaller projects below 5 MW.
2.8. State Council for Science, Technology and Environment

The State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Himachal Pradesh, is the
nodal agency for the promotion of Science & Technology and creation of Environment
Awareness in the State
The State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, HP has a General Body
which is highest decision making body of Council. The organisational chart is given in the
Figure 5:

Chief Minister
Chairman
Minister for S & T

Vice Chairman
Secretary (S & T)
Member Secretary
Members (govt, NGO,

Scientific organisation)
Executive Committee
Secretary
Member Secretary
Joint Member Secretary
Figure 5: The organizational structure of State Council for Science, Technology and
Environment
The Executive Committee [EC] looks after the administration of the Council and is
responsible for the functioning of the Council. The Secretary[S&T] is the Chairman of the
EC, Govt of HP. The Member Secretary of the EC is the head of the organisation.
Functions
To advise state government on science & technology policy issues & interventions.
To develop, demonstrate & transfer appropriate technologies for hilly regions.
To exchange scientific knowledge with National & International scientific
Institutions/organisations.
To promote, popularise and disseminate Scientific & Technological Innovations.
To create and strengthen science & technology facilities in the state.
To promote research & development studies relevant to state needs.
To establish linkages with Universities, R & D Institutions.

To provide consultancy services in successfully demonstrated/developed

technologies.
To formulate the Environmental Status Report of the state every three years.
3. Water Resources Planning
The state of Himachal Pradesh requires perspective water resources plan put in position so
as:
To effectively plan, harness, develop and manage the water resources of the state
To ensure that requirements of all the users are met in an efficient and
environmentally sustainable manner.
3.1. Common Objectives across Departments

Water being the common resource utilized by many departments, it is imperative that some
common objectives must be adhered to for upkeep and management of this precious
resource. Some of these objectives include:
Create awareness for water conservation among users
Update the skills of the employees with respect to planning, design, and
management of the projects under their jurisdiction
Enhance involvement of the end-users in management of water resources
Ensure optimal utilisation of surface and ground water at project level
Undertake research and pilot development in domain areas for conservation of
water resources
Work out cost implication for sustainable management of projects
Create GIS-based water resources information system with updation facility for
each department
Create a GIS-based integrated framework for collation of water resources related
information across the departments
Optimally allocate water among various sectors as per the envisaged State Policy
and maintain the information on utilization using IT (Information Technology).
3.2. Need for Information Technology in Water Sector

Information Technology (IT) has been recognised as one of the basic vehicles for
improving efficiency of operations in any organisation. It is also a very good integrator of
information. These two qualities make the IT a good candidate for implementation in

departments connected with water resources. IT can be very effectively used for creation
and implementation of an information base required for the integrated planning and
management of water resources.
Some of the major activities related to water resources where IT can make appreciable
improvement include:
Water resource is a common resource shared by a large number of users through
various line departments in a state. Invariably, all these users act on this common
resource independently. It is pertinent for better planning and management that
there is a common information base on such precious resource.
There have been attempts of computerisation of activities in some of the line
departments but with no or little facility for sharing such information across the line
departments and in many cases even within the same department. Facilities for
sharing information across locations as well as across line departments are essential
to improve ingredients for better planning and decision making.
There is a large amount of data related to water resources that is being currently
maintained in hard copy format by most of the line departments. Many of these
elements are common to many departments and thus result is duplication of effort
and resources. Availability of common information base shall help in achieving all
the benefits of a database such as integrity, security, efficiency of retrieval etc.
Availability of such information base shall also facilitate use of various models for
planning and decision making in water resources at the state level.
There is a requirement that every state has to provide the ‘Environmental Status of
the State’ report every three year. A true status report is not possible without having
a realistic interface with all the constituent departments. An IT based information
system is required to provide the environmental status of the state.
3.3. Benefits of implementing Information Technology

The main benefit of implementing the Information Technology shall result from the
availability of reliable and accurate information on water resources entities. There would
be many associated benefits that shall accrue because of such implementation. Some of
these benefits are:
Effective monitoring of project progress from the office of CE and EIC through the
information system.
More time available for analysis since data collection and compilation would be
done through the information system.
Effective performance appraisal through the information system

Minimizing duplication of work involved in maintaining/ generating similar

information at various offices. Since the offices would be networked, information
generated at one location could be accessed at other places.
Facilitating information exchange with external entities through appropriate
protocols.
Activities such as design of water resources structures could be done through
technical applications. These could be stored in databases for easy retrieval in
future.
Collection of data in electronic format would facilitate applications of various
models for improving quality of decisions.
Better information dissemination to stake holders at various levels through use of
Intranet/ internet.
Availability of such information base shall also facilitate use of various models for
planning and decision making in water resources at the state level.
There is a requirement that every state has to provide the ‘Environmental Status of
the State’ report every three year. A true status report is not possible without having
a realistic interface with all the constituent departments. An IT based information
system can provide the environmental status of the state at any particular instance
once implemented effectively.
The above action taken collectively will have a positive impact on the overall objective of
efficient water resource management.
4. Himachal Pradesh Water Resources
4.1. Himachal Pradesh Profile

Himachal Pradesh can be broadly divided into two distinct regions based on geo-
morphological and climatic features. Seven districts namely, Chamba, Lahaul & Spiti,
Kinnaur, Shimla, Sirmaur, Kullu and Mandi are characterised by high mountains of the
relatively younger Himalayan Range — though a few parts of Kullu, Mandi and Sirmaur
districts have valleys and broad ridges. The climate in these districts ranges from temperate
in the valleys, lower hills and ridges, to arctic in the higher mountains. The second region
has plains, wide valleys and low hills and comprises of the districts of Bilaspur, Hamirpur,
Kangra, Solan and Una. The climate in this region varies from the tropical to the sub-
tropical. These districts are quite close to the relatively developed urban centres of Punjab
and Haryana and the population of this region is exposed to the dynamics of a fast
changing society and an altering economic environment.

4.2. River systems of Himachal Pradesh

The Himalayan mountain range has a dominant influence on climatic conditions prevailing
over Indian sub-continent (http://www.himachalpradesh.us/geography/himachal
rivers.php). The Himalaya houses a vast reservoir of moisture in the form of glaciers, snow
and fresh-water. The rivers draining the Himalayas sustain life in the Northern part of the
Indian sub-continent. The drainage system of Himalaya is very complex. Himalayan rivers
criss-croos the entire mountain chain. They have cut across the various mountain ranges.
Himachal Pradesh has two major river systems: the Indus and the Ganga river systems.
Indus River System: The Indus River rises from the Tibetan plateau and enters the
Himalaya in Ladakh. It enters the Kashmir region near its confluence with the river
Gurtang, at an elevation of about 4200 metres. The drainage basin of the Indus river
system extends from the Naga Parbat in the extreme North-Western part of the country to
the Western slopes of the Shimla ridge in Himachal Pradesh. It includes the whole of
Jammu and Kashmir and most of Himachal Pradesh. The extreme Northern tract of the
Indus basin comprises of the cold desert of Ladakh, Lahaul Spiti and Pooh. South of this
tract lies the higher Himalayan mountain wall. The lower and middle Himalayas occupy
the central part of the Indus basin. The low rolling Shivalik hills lie along its Southern
periphery.
Climatic conditions in the Indus river system vary from arctic to sub-tropical. The cold
desert area remains devoid of rainfall and experiences heavy snowfall. The important
rivers of this system are Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum. Out of these five rivers,
four flow through Himachal Pradesh and along with their tributaries drain parts of
Himachal Pradesh.
Ganga River System: The drainage basin of the Ganga river system covers about one third
of the Western Himalaya and the entire Central Himalaya. This basin extends from the
Eastern face of the Shimla ridge in Himachal Pradesh to the South-Western slopes of the
Kanchanjunga massif on the Nepal-Sikkim border, thereby including parts of Kinnaur,
Shimla, Solan and Sirmaur district of Himachal and Garhwal, Kumaun and Nepal.
4.2.1. Indus River System
4.2.1.1. Satluj River Subsystem:

Satluj River:- Satluj rises from beyond Indian borders in the Southern slopes of the
Kailash mountain near Mansarover lake from Rakas lake, as Longcchen Khabab river ( in
Tibet ). It is the largest among the five rivers of Himachal Pradesh. It enters Himachal at
Shipki (altitude of 6,608 metres ) and flows in the South-Westerly direction through
Kinnaur, Shimla, Kullu, Solan, Mandi and Bilaspur districts. Its course in Himachal
Pradesh is 320 km. from Rakastal, with the Spiti, the Ropa, the Taiti, the Kashang, the
Mulgaon, the Yula, the Wanger, the Throng and the Rupi as right bank tributaries, and the
Tirung, the Gayathing, the Baspa, the Duling and the Soldang as left bank tributaries. It
leaves Himachal Pradesh to enter the plains of Punjab at Bhakhra, where the world's
highest gravity dam has been constructed on this river. Its total catchment area in Himachal

Pradesh is 20,000 sq. km. The Satluj finally drains into the Indus in Pakistan. The
catchment area of about 50,140 sq. km. of Satluj river is located above the permanent
snow-line at an altitude of 4,500 metres. The upper tracts of the Satluj valley are under a
permanent snow cover. The prominent human settlements that have come on the banks of
the Satluj river are Namgia, Kalpa, Rampur, Tattapani, Suni and Bilaspur. Its total length is
1,448 km.
Important Tributaries of river Satluj:
Baspa River:- Baspa is an important tributary of the river Satluj in its upper courses. The
Baspa is joined by many smaller channels draining snow melt waters. The Baspa river has
cut across the main Himalayan range. Thereafter it empties itself into the river Satluj in
district Kinnaur and leaves Kinnaur district in the West near Chauhra and enters Shimla
district.
Spiti River:- The Spiti river originates from Kunzum range. Tegpo and Kabzian streams
are its tributaries. Its position across the main Himalayan range deprives it from the benefit
of the South-West monsoons that causes widespread rain in most parts of India. The river
gets a major contribution of discharge in late summers due to glacier melting. After
flowing through Spiti valley, the Spiti river meets Satluj at Namgia in Kinnaur district
traversing a length of about 150 km. from the North-West beyond that it flows in South-
West direction. Huge mountains rise to very high elevations on either sides of the Spiti
river and its numerous tributaries. The mountains are barren and largely devoid of a
vegetative cover. The main settlements along the Spiti river and its tributaries are Hansi
and Dhankar Gompa.
The Nogli Khad:- It joins Satluj just below Rampur Bushahar. The confluence is opposite
the Kullu district in Nirmand tehsil opposite to Rampur tehsil of Shimla district. The river
Satluj enters Mandi district near Firnu village in the Chawasigarh and passes through the
areas of Mahunm, Bagra, Batwara, Derahat and Dehar. The main tributaries of the Satluj in
district Mandi are Siun, Bahlu, Kotlu, Behna, Siman, Bantrehr, Khadel and Bhagmati.
Soan River:- The Soan river rises from the Southern slopes of the Shivalik range also
known as Solasinghi range in the tract to the East of the Beas gap across the Southern
periphery of the Kangra valley. It joins the boundary of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Its
gradient is not very steep and the slopes of the Soan catchment vary from gentle to steep.
In the summer the discharge drops drastically, while during monsoon it is in spate.
4.2.1.2. Beas River Subsystem:

Beas River:- The Rohtang pass at 4,350 metres, 51 km. North of Manali is the source of
the river Beas. This river provides the water to the fields of Punjab and Pakistan before
flowing into the Arabian Sea. The river emerges from a cavern at the Rohtang pass and
assume different identities as the seasons go by. From a clear blue easy flowing mountain
river in the non-monsoon period it turns into an awesome torrent river during the monsoon.
On the South of the Rohtang pass lay the civilized state of Kullant ( Kullu ), while to the
North lay the more desolate and barren areas of Lahaul and Spiti. There are two mountain
streams that meet at Palachan village, 10 km. North of Manali to form the river Beas. The

tourist resort of Manali is situated on the right banks of the river Beas. From Manali, this
holly river after passing through dense evergreen forests reaches the town of Kullu. After
covering hundreds of Kilometres through the hills, the river at Hari Ka Patan in Ferozpore
district of Punjab embraces the river Satluj before flowing into Pakistan.
Its main tributaries are the Parbati, the Spin and Malana nala in the East; and the Solang,
the Manalsu, the Sujoin, the Phojal and the Sarvati Streams in the West. In Kangra, it is
joined by Binwa, Neugal, Banganga, Gaj, Dehr and Chakki from North, and Kunah,
Maseh, Khairan and Man from the South. The Beas enters district Kangra at Sandhol and
leaves it near Mirthal. At Bajaura, it enters Mandi district situated on its left bank. In
Mandi district, its own Northern feeders are Hansa, Tirthan, Bakhli, Jiuni, Suketi, Panddi,
Son and Bather.The northern and Eastern tributaries of the Beas are perennial and snow
fed, while Southern are seasonal. Its flow is maximum during monsoon months. At
Pandoh, in Mandi district, the waters of the Beas have been diverted through a big tunnel
to join the Satluj. It flows for 256 km. in Himachal Pradesh.The important settlement on
the bank of Beas river are Kullu, Mandi, Bajaura, Pandoh, Sujanpur Tihra, Nadaun and
Dehra-Gopipur. The total lenght of this river is 460 km.
Important Tributaries of river Beas:
Awa River: Rises from the Dhauladhar range in the Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh.
It flows in a South-Westerly direction before joining the river Beas. It receives both
snowmelt as well as rainfall water from smaller channels.
Banner River:- It is also known as Baner Khad. It is a tributary of the Beas river and
drains the central part of the Kangra valley. The Baner Khad rises as a small snow fed
channel on the Southern slopes of the Dhauladhar range near Palampur. The general
direction of flow of the Banner River is towards South-West.
Banganga River:- It joins the Beas river in the Kangra valley. It rises from the
Southern slopes of the Dhauladhar range. The river is fed by snow melt and channels
emanating from springs. Large fertile sediments have been formed all along the river near
its mouth.
Chakki River:- It drains the South-Western part of Himachal Pradesh. The Chakki river
rises as a small snow-fed and rain-fed stream from the Southern slopes of the Dhauladhar
range. The river enters Punjab near Pathankot and joins the Beas river.
Gaj Khad:- It rises as a small stream from the snows on the Southern slopes of the
Dhauladhar range in Kangra district. A number of small streams form the Gaj Khad. The
Gaj river joins the Beas river a little upstream of the Pong dam lake (now known as
Maharana Pratap Sagar ).
Hurla River:- Hurla river rises as a small channel from the snows in the depression of the
North-Western plank of Kullu valley. It joins the river Beas near Bhuntar. Numerous
snow-fed streams join the river Hurla.
Luni River:- Luni rises from the South slopes of Dhauladhar in the Kangra valley. It
merges with the river Beas in the central part of Kangra valley.

Manuni River:- It rises from the Southern slopes of the Dhauladhar range and joins the
river Beas. Steep slopes form the upper catchment of the Manuni river. There is a sharp fall
in its gradient. Huge river terraces occur on the both sides of the river bed, which are used
for cultivation extensively.
Parbati River:- It rises in the snowy areas upstream of Manikaran on the foothills of the
main Himalayan range in Kullu district. The glacier which feeds this river discends down
from the steep Southern slopes of the main Himalayas. It joins the river Beas at Shamshi in
Kullu valley.
Patlikuhal River:- This river is a tributary of the Beas river in the Mandi area of Kullu
district. It rises from the snow on the Southern slopes of the Pir Panjal range and thereafter
it flows into the Beas river upstream of Kullu.
Sainj River:- It rises from the water divide of the Beas and Satluj rivers in the lower
ranges of the main Himalayas to the East of Kullu. Thereafter it flows towards South-West
to join the Beas river just before it cuts across the Dhauladhar range near Larji.
Suketi River:- This river is a tributary of the Beas river in the Kangra valley. It rises from
the South facing slopes of Dhauladhar range. A number of small channels join the Suketi
river in its upper reaches. The river has formed huge terraces, most of which are under
cultivation. The upper catchment of the river consists of steep slopes.
Tirthan River:- It is a tributary of the Beas river. It rises from the base of an offshoot of
themain Himalayan range to the South-East of Kullu. Thereafter it follows a South-
Westerly course and flows into the Beas at Larji just before it cuts across the Dhauladhar
range.
Uhl River:- It is another tributary of the Beas river which rises as two feeder channels in
the area to the North of the Dhauladhar range in Himachal Pradesh. thereafter the two
channels cross this gigantic mountain barrier and merge at the base of the Southern slopes
to form the main channel of the Uhl river in Kangra area. It flows for a considerable
distance along the base of the Dhauladhar range. Then turns towards the South-East to
merge with the Beas near the town of Mandi.
4.2.1.3. Ravi River Subsystem:

Ravi River:- Ravi river rises from the Bara Banghal ( a branch of Dhauladhar ) as a joint
stream formed by the glacier-fed Badal and Tant Gari. The right bank tributaries of the
Ravi are the Budhil, Tundahan Beljedi, Saho and Siul; and its left bank tributary worth
mentioning is Chirchind Nala. Town Chamba is situated on the right bank of the river
Ravi. The Ravi river flows by the foot of Dalhousie hill, through the famous Chamba
valley. The river with its length of about 158 km. in Himachal has a catchment area of
about 5,451 sq. km. As the Ravi river flows down from the heights, it passes hill sides with
terraced fields. The river looks devastating in its fury. It carries away even sturdy trees.
The Ravi river first flows Westward through a trough separating the Pir Panjal from
Dhauladhar range and then turns Southward, cutting the deep gorge through the

Dhauladhar range. It flows nearly 130 km. in Chamba region, before leaving it finally at
Kheri.
The Ravi river forms the biggest sub-micro region of Chamba district. From Bara Bangal
of Kangra district, it flows through Bara Bansu, Tretha, Chanota and Ulhansa. The Ravi
river merges with the Chenab in Pakistan. The well known human settlements along the
river are Barmaur, Madhopur and Chamba town. Its total length is 720 km.
Important Tributaries of river Ravi:
Bhadal River:- It rises from the snowy range of the area lying between the Pir Panjal and
Dhauladhar ranges in the Bara Banghal area of the Central Himachal Pradesh. It flows in a
Westerly direction before merging with the Tant Gari river to form the mainstream of the
Ravi.
Siul River:- It is the tributary of the Ravi river. It rises from the tract between the
Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges near Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh border.
Thereafter this river flows towards East, takes a U turn and attains a South-Westerly course
before flowing into the Ravi river downstream of Chamba. River Baira is the prominent
tributary of the Siul river. This river is fed by both snow melt and spring waters.
Baira River:- It rises from the snows on Southern slopes of the Pir Panjal range in
Himachal Pradesh. Numerous tributaries of the Baira river are also fed by the snow and so
make it a Perennial river before it joins the Siul river, which is a tributary of the Ravi river.
Its catchment consists of steep slopes, deep valleys and terraces that have been laid down
by the river since a long time.
Tant Gari:- It is a tributary of the Ravi river. This river rises as a small stream from the
slopes of an off-shoot of the Pir Panjal range in the area East of Bharmaur in Chamba
district. The Tant Gari valey is U shaped. Its bottom is strewn with boulders and morainic
deposits laid down by the glaciers in the past.
4.2.1.4. Chenab River Subsystem:

Chenab River:- Two streams namely Chandra and Bhaga rise on the opposite sides of the
Baralacha pass at an elevation of 4,891 metres and meet at Tandi at an elevation of 2,286
metres to form the river Chenab. The Chenab rises from the South-East and Bhaga from
the North-West of the Baralacha pass. It enters Pangi valley of Chamba district near
Bhujind and leaves the district at Sansari Nala to enter Podar valley of Kashmir. It flows in
Himachal for 122 km. With its total length of 1,200 km., it has a catchment area of 61,000
sq. km., out of which 7,500 sq. km. lie in Himachal Pradesh. It is the largest river of
Himachal Pradesh in terms of volume of waters. The Chenab valley is a structual trough
formed by the great Himalayan and Pir Panjal ranges.
Important Tributaries of river Chenab:
The Miyar Nullah:- joins Chenab in Lahaul, while Saicher Nullah joins it in Pangi valley.
Its tributaries in its lower course are river Jammu Tavi and Bhaga, while the river
Munawarwali in Dun valley. It meets the Indus river at Mithankot in Pakistan and

ultimately joins Arabian Sea. The important human settlements that have come up along
this river are Udaipur, Killar, Doda and Ramban.
Bhaga River:- This river originates from the Lahaul valley. A number of snowfed rivers
join it during its course, before it joins the Chandra stream at Tandi. From its origin it
flows in South-South-Westerly direction as a raging torrent before joining the river
Chandra. U shaped valleys, waterfalls, glaciers and moraines characterises the upper
catchment of the Bhaga river. The entire tract is devoid of a vegetative cover. The
discharge of this river increases during the summer months, when the snow on the high
mountains starts melting.
Chandra River:- It rises in the snows lying at the base of the main Himalayan range in
Lahaul-Spiti district. Thereafter it flows for a considerable distance along the base of thin
range in the South-East direction, before making a 180° turn and taking a South-West
course in Spiti valley.Tthe entire area is a vast cold desert that receives little or no rain as it
lies in the rain shadow of the Pir Panjal range lying towards South. The important human
settlement along the river is Koksar.
4.2.2. Ganga River System

Only a small part of Yamuna river system which is a tributary of Ganga river system flows
through the state of Himachal Pradesh.
4.2.2.1. Yamuna River Subsystem:

Yamuna River:- It enters Himachal Pradesh at Khadar Majri in Sirmaur district. Yamuna
river is the largest tributary of the Ganga. It rises from Yamunotri in Gharwal hills and
forms the Eastern boundary with Uttar Pradesh. The Yamuna is the Eastern-most river of
Himachal Pradesh. Its famous tributaries are Tons, Pabbar and Giri..The Giri rises from
near Kupar peak just above Jubbal town in Shimla district, Tons from Yamunotri and
Pabbar from Chandra Nahan Lake near the Chansal peak in Rohru tehsil of Shimla district.
Its total catchment area in Himachal Pradesh is 2,320 sq. km. It leaves the state near
Tajewala and enters into the Haryana state.
The main geomorphic features of the Yamuna valley are interlocking spurs, gorges, steep
rock benches and terraces. The latter have been formed by the river over the past thousands
of years. The area drained by the Yamuna system includes Giri-Satluj water divide in
Himachal Pradesh to the Yamuna Bhilagana water divide in Gharwal. To be more precise
the South-Eastern slopes at the Shimla ridge are drained by the Yamuna system. The
utilization of water of the river system is being done by the way of transportation of timber
logs, irrigation and hydel power generation. After Himachal Pradesh, the river flows
through the state of Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh where it merges with the Ganga
river at Allahabad. The Yamuna is 2,525 km. long.
Important Tributaries of river Yamuna:
Jalal River:- Jalal river is the small tributary of the Giri river in Himachal Pradesh. It rises
from Dharti ranges adjoining Pachhad and joins Yamuna at Dadahu from the right side. It

also joins the river Giri at Dadahu. The origin and entire course of this river lies in the
lower Himalayas. This is the rainfed river and has abrupt flow during the rainy season. A
number of human settlements have come up along the Jalal river. These include Bagthan
and Dadhau.
Markanda River:- Markanda is a small river of Nahan area of the Sirmaur district. It rises
from the Southern face of the lower Himalayas on the Western extremity of the Kiarda dun
(Paonta) valley. The lower Himalayan hills of Nahan occur on the right flank of the
Markanda valley while the low rolling Shivalik hills are on its left flank. It is a rainfed
river and has very low flow in the winter and summer months but rises abruptly in the
monsoon.
Andhra River:- This is a tributary of the Pabbar river which in turn drains into the Tons
river. This river rises from a small glacier in the lower hills of the main Himalayas in the
area to the North-West of Chirgaon in Shimla district. Thereafter it flows in a general
direction towards South-East and merges with the Pabbar river at Chigaon.
Giri River:- The river Giri is an important tributary of the Yamuna river. It drains a part of
South-Eastern Himachal Pradesh. The Giri or Giriganga (as it is famous in the Jubbal,
Rohru hills) rises from Kupar peak just above Jubbal town and flows down in the South-
Eastern direction and divides the Sirmaur district into equal parts that are known as Cis-
Giri and Trans-Giri region and joins Yamuna upstream of Paonta below Mokkampur. The
river Ashni joins Giri near Sadhupul ( Chail ) while river Jalal which originates from
Dharthi ranges adjoining Pachhad joins it at Dadahu from the right side. The water from
the Giri river is led through a tunnel to the power house of Girinagar and after that it is led
into the Bata river.
Asni River:- The Ashni river is a tributary of the Giri river. This river flows along a deep
V shaped valley whose side slopes vary from steep to precipitous. It has carved a steep
gorge across the off-shoots of the Nag Tibba ridge. Numerous small spring fed tributaries
join the Ashni river at various places along its course.
Bata River:- This river originates in the boulders below the Nahan ridge in the South-
Western corner of Himachal Pradesh. It is mainly fed by the rain water that is cycled as
underground water before finally coming up on the surface as a spring. The river flows
below the surface for a part of its length in its upper reaches, thereafter the water flows on
the surface. Large and wide terraces have been formed by it. The small tributaries which
join the Bata river in the Paonta valley are Khara-Ka-Khala flowing in a Southerly
direction from the Nahan ridge, and Kanser-Khala originating from the Southern slopes of
the Nahan.
Pabbar River:- The Pabbar river is a tributary of the Tons river, which in turn drains into
the river Yamuna. This rises from the Dhauladhar range (South facing slopes) near the
border of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. The main stream is fed by the Chandra
Nahan glacier and springs originating from underground waters. It joins the Tons river at
the base of the Chakrata massif near the border of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh.

Patsari River:- It is a small spring fed tributary of the Pabbar river. This river rises from the
lower Himalayan hills near Kharapathar in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. This river
joins the Pabbar river near the mountain hamlet of Patsari about 10 km. upstream of Rohru.
Its bed is strewn with boulders of various sizes. Small villages and hamlets have come up
along this river.
Tons River:- This river is an important tributary of the Yamuna river and joins it at Kalsi
in the North-Western part of Dehradun valley. It has two feeder streams - the Supin river
which rises from in the Northern part of the Tons catchment near the Himachal Pradesh
and Uttar Pradesh border and the Rupin river that rises from a glacier at the head of the
famous Har-Ki-Dun valley in the North-North Eastern part of the Tons catchment. These
two feeder streams merge near the mountain hamlet of Naitwar and the channel
downstream of Naitwar is known as Tons river. The river flows along a V shaped valley. A
number of settlements have come up along the Tons river such as Tuni, Naitwar and
Menus.
5. Proposed Water Resources Framework
A large number of projects varying from water resource projects to watershed management
projects with large overlap of objectives and tackled by various line departments at the
state level and various ministries at the central level are being taken up. Although they act
upon the common water resource but very seldom there is proper coordination which is
very essential for ensuring collective sustainability of such acts and interventions.
For example, at the local level, integrated watershed management planning is a
comprehensive multi-resource management planning process, involving all stakeholders
within the watershed, who together as a group, cooperatively work toward identifying the
watershed’s resource issues and concerns, as well as developing and implementing
watershed plans with solutions that are environmentally, socially and economically
sustainable at various levels of connectivity of the watersheds.
It is important to understand that integrated watershed management should not merely
imply the maintenance of an inventory of different activities to be undertaken within a
hydrological unit. It also requires the collation of relevant information needed to evaluate
the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the watershed. The watershed is the
smallest unit where the evaluation of man induced impacts upon natural resources becomes
possible. Therefore although the ‘panchayat’ (cluster of villages) remains the preferred
implementation unit, the watershed should be the evaluation unit used in assessing
impacts.
The present implementation of the watershed management programmes has many
shortcomings. Some of the major ones include, (1) ignoring the hydrological boundaries of
the watersheds, (2) ignoring the connectivity of the watersheds and treating each watershed
as a stand alone unit, where activities within the watershed are considered independent of
their impacts downstream (3) ignoring the hydrological characteristics of the watershed

while deciding on the possible interventions, (4) non-availability of the evaluation

procedures, and (5) ignoring the environmental sustainability aspects.
Similarly, there are many other programmes and projects such as water resources
development, drinking water programme, forestry programme, hydropower development,
etc., which are dealing with the same water resource and need a common framework for its
proper planning and development.
The above shortcomings are not always on account of ignorance but are due more to the
non-availability of the required tools and a unified framework within which the issues can
be addressed. Since a watershed is considered as the smallest unit of a drainage basin, a
hydrological framework that can keep track of the inter-connection of these units is
essential. The impacts resulting from actions taken at the watershed level will be
experienced at a higher level within the drainage basin, and the assessment of these
impacts will require the availability of the framework. Such a framework will require
regular maintenance and updating to reflect fully the most accurate ground truthed data and
the infrastructure requirements for planning and management of the relevant planning
departments. Such a framework, once available, could be used by all the line departments
and updated by the relevant departments which have designated areas of jurisdiction over
the data entry.
5.1. Major Elements of Framework

The common framework for water resources planning and management requires creation
of base layers at different scales so as to cater to the relevant problems at the respective
scales. However, it is imperative that all these scales should merge through the GIS
environment for aggregation and integration to be possible.
The formulation of such a framework is a mammoth task and can only be achieved in the
long term perspective. However, as a beginning it is possible to put together the macro
level framework which can be used for putting the integrated philosophy in position. A
framework using 1:250,000 scale information has been attempted with the larger scale
information incorporated wherever possible. It is intended to provide this framework to the
state and implement it at the State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, with
parallel implementation at IPH with respect to the information under their domain. The
description of these elements is briefly presented below:
5.1.1. Spatial Data

Most of the problems dealing with water resources require a detailed description of the
terrain, land use and soil along with the local weather conditions. Therefore it is desirable
that these entities should become part of the common framework. The scales at which the
respective elements have been put together are as follows:
Contours 1:250,000 SOI
Drainage Network (Same scale as above)

Land use (1:500,000)

Soil maps and associated soil characteristics (1:500,000)
Roads and railways Network = 1:250,000
Rain gauge and meteorological stations and their locations (Latitude, Longitude)
Administrative Boundaries:
o Districts
o Tehsils
o Block/Kanoongo Circle
o NP/Patwari Circle
o Cities/Towns
5.1.1.1. Contour Theme

The 1:250,000 SOI toposheets belonging to HP were digitized to generate contours. The
elevation as attribute was duly attached to the contour layer. A part of the area was taken
up to extract finer contours to show the differences which would be apparent by different
scale maps. Figure 6 depicts the contours and the inset shows the detailed contours taken
from 1:50,000 scale, of a small area (depicted by the circle).
Salasi Khud
Figure 6: 1:250,000 contour map of HP, with 1:50,000 sample contours as the inset

The GIS framework has the advantage of merging data at different scales seamlessly. This
initial framework can be strengthened by incorporating layers at larger scales even for
partial areas through georeferencing. Therefore in actual practice you may have areas taken
with the watershed scale (1:10,000 or 1:4,000) be incorporated on the same framework in
patches and still maintain the hydrological connectivity that is crucial for planning and
management of the water resources.
5.1.1.2. Drainage Network Layer

The 1:250,000 scale drainage network is shown in the Figure 7.
Figure 7: 1:250,000 Drainage map of Himachal Pradesh

5.1.1.3. Land Cover/Land Use Layer

Classified land cover using remote sensing by the State Council has been used to create
digital land use layer. Figure 8 shows the broad land use categories which will be used for
the present study; Table 1 gives the land use codes and their land use category respectively
Figure 8: Landuse Classification (Source: HP SCST&E)

Table 1: Landuse Category
Category Subcategor Area (ha) Percentage Area

Agricultural Land Double Crop (K+R) 695247.54 10.24
Agricultural Land Kharif 18018.90 0.27
Agricultural Land Plantation 494092.75 7.27
Agricultural Land Rabi 233.34 0.00
Forest Degraded Forest/Scrub Land 637609.22 9.39
Forest Evergreen/Semigreen Forest 1460925.40 21.51
Forest Forest Plantation 4357.30 0.06

Category Subcategor Area (ha) Percentage Area

Others Grass Land/Grazing Land 1141959.43 16.81
Others Snow Covered/ Glacial Area 257645.67 3.79
Wasteland Barren Rocky/ Stony Waste/ 1622795.84 23.89
Sheet Rock Area
WasteLand Gullied or Ravinous Land 108667.52 1.60
Wasteland Land with or without Scrub 308132.05 4.54
Wasteland Marshy /Swampy Land 860.97 0.01
Wasteland Sandy Area (Coastal & Desertic) 38664.96 0.57
Wasteland Water Logged Land 2676.03 0.04
Total Area 6791886.91
5.1.1.4. Soil Layer

Soil map was digitized using NBSSLUP soil map with a resolution of 1:500,000. A sample
Soil units details are given in Table 2. The soil map is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Soil Layer (Source: NBSSLUP)

Table 2: Description of the soil Units
Soil Unit Area (ha) Description

1 213.9 (3.8) Rock outcropsCovered With Glaciers Associated with Shallow
Excessively Drained Sandy- skeletal soils with Sandy surface
severe erosion and strong stoniness.Lythic Cryorthents
2 29.3 (0.5) Shallow E3Excessively Drained Sandy- Skeletal Soils Very
steep slopes with sandy surface, severe erosion and moderate
stoniness Lythic Cryorthents Associated with Rock outcrops.
3 16.0 (0.3) Shallow Excessively Drained Loamy- Skeletal calcareous soils
Very steep slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and
moderate stoniness Lythic Cryorthents Associated with Rock
outcrops
4 24.7(0.4) Rock outcrops and valley glaciers Associated with Shallow
Excessively Drained Sandy- skeletal soils very steep slopes
with sandy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness
.Lythic Cryorthents
5 174.8 (3.1) Mountain and valley glaciers and rock outcrops Associated
with Medium deep Excessively Drained Sandy- skeletal soils
very steep slopes with sandy surface, severe erosion and
moderate stoniness. Typic Cryorthents
6 235.6 (4.2) Rock outcrops Associated with Medium deep Excessively
Drained Loamy- skeletal calcareous soils very steep slopes with
loamy surface, severe erosion and moderate stoniness. Typic
Cryorthents
7 340.1 (6.1) Rock outcrops Associated with Shallow Excessively Drained
Loamy- skeletal soils very- steep slopes with loamy surface,
severe erosion and moderate stoniness. Typic Cryorthents
8 450.2 (8.1) Rock outcrops Associated with Medium deep Excessively
Drained Loamy- skeletal calcareous soilssteep slopes with
loamy surface, severe erosion and strong stoniness. Typic
Cryorthents
9 299.8 (5.4) Rock outcrops Associated with Deep Well Drained mesic
Loamy-skeletal soils very steep slopes with loamy surface,
severe erosion and strong stoniness.Typic Udorthents
10 97.2 (1.7) Rock outcrops Associated with Shallow Somewhat
Excessively Drained Coarse-loamy calcareous soils steep
slopes with loamy surface, severe erosion and strong stoniness.
Lythic Cryorthents

5.1.1.5. Roads and Railways Network

Roads and Railways network of Himachal Pradesh in the scale of 1:250,000 are shown in
the Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 10: Road Network map 1: 250,000 scale
Figure 11: Railway Network map 1: 250,000 scale

5.1.1.6. Rain gauge Stations Locations

The locations of the 76 rain gauge stations were obtained and digitized to create a
raingauge station location layer. The Figure 12 shows the locations of these stations.
Figure 12: Rain gauge locations Map
5.1.1.7. Administrative Layer

Administrative boundaries of the state demarcating various levels (state, district, tehsil,
block, kanoongo circle and patwari circle) have been digitized with a view to connect the
natural resource boundary to the administrative units. Figure 13a show the maps of District
and Tehsil boundary whereas Figure 13b show the map of Kanoongo Circle and Patwari
Circle for the state. A blowup of the administrative boundaries for one of the sample
district (Shimla) is depicted in Figure 13c and Figure 13d.

Figure 13a: Map of District and Tehsil Boundaries of HP
Figure 13b: Map of Kanoongo Circle and Patwari Circle of HP

Figure 13c: Details of Tehsils and Kanoongo Circles of Shimla District
PC
Figure 13d: Details of Patwari Circles of Shimla District

5.1.1.7.1. Administrative Jurisdiction Layers of different Line Departments

It was felt that it may be useful to understand the administrative jurisdiction of each of the
line departments connected with water resources for ease of flow of information and
standardization of data collection and processing activities. Some of the departments were
visited and their work flow was gathered. The same has been translated into spatial layers.
Figures 14a – 14c depict the administrative hierarchy of these departments.
Circle Division
Figure 14a: Administrative Setup of Forest Department
Zones
Zones
Figure 14b: Administrative Setup of Agriculture and Horticulture Department

Division
Zone Circle
Circle
Figure 14c: Administrative Setup of IPH Department
5.1.2. Non Spatial Data

The non-spatial data consists of attributes of the spatial elements as well as the temporal
data like rainfall, snowfall, discharge, temperature etc. at the observation locations. The
basic attributes of the spatial layers have been provided along with the spatial layer.
Additional attributes can be added as per the requirement of the user departments. Besides
this, the information on the available precipitation stations has been compiled and their
locations are put on the GIS layer. The list of stations may be partial and can be further
updated. The time series data (details given in Appendix I) collected from concerned
department have been converted into digital format and have been incorporated in to the
framework. A brief detail of the data is given below:
Meteorological Data
Quantitative daily data for 76 rain gauge stations (Out of 76 rain gauge stations 56
stations have the continuous daily data for the period 1996 to 2001 and the rest of
20 station have the daily data for the period 1998 to 2002).
Daily data for four meteorological stations (about 5 years at each station).
Stream Discharge Data
Daily data for Jalal, Giri and Lakhwar

Besides these common layers which shall become part of the base framework, there are
many department specific elements of data that shall be collected, processed and
maintained by the specific departments. We have concentrated as a demonstration case on
one of the major departments namely the IPH department being the key department in the
water resources sector. Data collected from the IPH has been digitized and put on the
common framework (details are given in the Section 6.1).
Maintenance of such a comprehensive framework once it is formulated is an equally
elaborate exercise. It is important that it should be performed in a shared manner.
5.2. Maintenance of Framework

A workshop was conducted in Shimla on August 28, 2004 to address these issues. The out
come of this workshop which had the representatives of the concerned line departments
suggested the following agreement on owning the responsibility of various elements of the
framework. These recommendations can be further discussed and formalized. Summary of
these recommendations are presented in Appendix III with the point concerned with the
data element is presented below:
The line departments who should be given the responsibility of the respective elements for
creation and updation were as follows:
• Data for river networks, drainage basins, watershed etc. - SCST&E
• Hydometeorological data - The state has a reasonable network of rainfall data
which is further being strengthened through the World Bank funded Hydrology
Project (HP II) under operation with IPH department. The hydrological data
network shall also be strengthened under this project. The IPH shall take lead and
coordinate with other organizations collecting hydrometeorological data in the
State, such as HPSEB, Forest and Revenue department, HPKV Palampur and Dr.
YS Parmar Horticulture Universities, CWC (regional office), etc.
• Infrastructure data – It includes a large range of infrastructural projects connected
with water resources. Some of the salient ones have been identified with the
department responsible for its development and upkeep
o IPH Department - Irrigation, water supply, sewerage, flood control
measures, ground water recharge structures
o HPSEB and HIMURJA – Hydropower projects, gauging of major rivers and
rivulets
o Agriculture Department – Minor irrigation schemes, water storage
structures, soil conservation measures, individual irrigation schemes
o Forest Department - Soil conservation and water harvesting structures,
traditional water supply structures
o Revenue Department – Traditional water supply structures

o Rural Development Department - Soil conservation and water harvesting

structures.
• Base Layer Information – SCST&E and IPH
o Hydrogeology - SCST&E
o Water Quality – IPH, State Environment Protection and Pollution Control
Board (SEPPCB)
o Landuse – State Landuse Board, Land Records Department, SCST&E
o Soil – Agriculture Department, State Universities
o Water user industries - SCST&E
o Wetland and Ecology – SCST&E, Forest
o Fisheries – Fisheries Department
o Animal husbandry – Animal Husbandry Department
o Demography – Statistical Department
5.3. Proposed Networking

The existing networking provided with NIC can be used as base networking, strengthening
the same wherever additional nodes are required to be placed in the respective line
departments. The aggregation of information should be done at SCST&E by placing a GIS
server and database server under their control. The present day technology of GIS server
makes it possible to allow the line departments in creating and updating the spatial data
from their client nodes. A well thought of security policy can be put in position to protect
and secure the state’s information resources. Some of the main elements of data security
can be addressed by implementing the following strategy:
• Identification of Information Access & security requirement
• Implementation Plan
• Security policy standards & Guidelines such as
o Level of security applied to resources must commensurate to its value to the
organization.
o Resetting security assurance levels should not require modification of the
architecture.
o An accurate system date and time are essential to all security functions and
accountability and must be maintained.
o Identification and authentication techniques
o Authorization and access control.

6. Water Resources Applications
A wide range of applications relevant for the planning and management of water resources
have been demonstrated using the framework built at the macro level as well some patches
developed at the larger scales. The applications range from very simple ones where the
basic strength of integrated database management on the entities of the line departments
has been demonstrated, to the sophisticated hydrological modeling for assessment of the
water resources at the watershed and river basin scale.
6.1. IPH Department Information System

As a part of the demonstration, information from the IPH department pertaining to their
activities was collected and incorporated in the GIS framework (Appendix II). Following is
a brief detail of the entities incorporated.
IPH has divided the state into different zones for administrative functioning (Figure 14c).
The details of the subdivisions are presented in the Table 3.
Table 3: IPH Administrative Setup - Details
Zones North Central South

(Hq: Dharamshala) (Hq: Mandi) (Hq: Shimla)
IPH Circles 4 3 5
IPH Divisions 15 14 18
Total Circles = 12 (1) Total Divisions = 47 (3)
Shah Nehar Project (Shahnehar) - 1 IPH Circle –3 Divisions
6.1.1. Spatial and Non Spatial Data

In order to help the IPH department in creation of the base information pertaining to their
activities, the maps and the data were collected. The status of the data received and
digitized is presented in the Table 4. The idea of this exercise was to help the department in
getting initiated into these technologies as well as get the first cut partial system made
available for immediate use. The following sections also demonstrate some of the possible
use of these data in carrying out day to day activities.

Table 4: Summary of the data received from IPH (and converted to digital form)
Zones Map Data

Circles/Divisions WSS IRR HandPump WSS IRR HandPump
North Zone (4 circles and 15 Divisions) at Dharamshala (District Kangra, Chamba

and Una)
Nurpur Circle
Nurpur Hard Hard Hard Hard
Jawali Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard
Dehra Soft Hard Hard Hard
Indora All Divisions are Digitized Hard Hard Hard
as Kangra Distict
Dharamshala Circle
Dharamshala Hard Hard Hard
Palampur Hard Hard Hard
Thural Hard Hard Hard
Shahpur Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard
Chamba Circle
Chamba Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Salooni Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Dalhousie Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Una Circle
Una – I Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Una – II Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Fathehpur
T/W
Central Zone (3 circles and 14 Divisions) – At Mandi (District Kullu and part of
Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Hamirpur and Bilaspur)

Zones Map Data

Kullu Circle
Kullu Soft Soft
Keylong
Ani
Sundernagar Circle
Sunder Nagar
Mandi
Sarkaghat
Padhar
Baggi
Karsog
Hamirpur Circle
Hamirpur
Bilaspur
Ghumarwin
Barsar
South Zone (5 circles and 18 Divisions) at Shimla (Shimla, Solan, Sirmour, Kinnaur
and Spiti sub division of District Lahaul & Spiti)
Rekong Peo Circle

Rekong Peo Hard Hard
Rampur Hard Hard Soft Soft Soft
Kaza Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Pooh Soft Soft Hard Hard
Rohru Circle

Zones Map Data

Rohru
Jubbal
Nerwa
Shimla Circle
Shimla
Suni Hard Hard
Arki Soft Soft Hard Hard
Project Management Unit (PMU) Circle

IPH Div. No. II
Sew.Net.W.con
Div
STP
WS&Sew.D
Nahan Circle
Nahan Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Paonta Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Solan Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Nalagarh Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
WSS: Water Supply Scheme

IRR: Irrigation Scheme

6.1.2. Data Structure

IPH department implements schemes under irrigation, water supply and hand pump. The
data elements attached to the spatial layers for these schemes are given in the Table 5
Table 5: The data elements captured for various schemes operated by IPH
Hand Pump Scheme Water Supply Scheme Irrigation Scheme
District Name District Name District Name
Division/Constituency Division/Constituency Circle Name

Name Name
Village Name Village Name Division/Constituency Name
Habitation Name of Source Name of scheme
Construction Period Type of Source Location of source
Depth of Borewell (in Discharge (lps) Type of source(Spring/T

Meters) well/P/Well Inft.Gallary/streem
river.
SWL (in Meters) Population Covered Discharge LPS
Discharge (lpm) Completion Year Population covered/ area irrigated
Energised / Manual Problems Experienced Problems experienced in indivisual

quantity / others.
Use
Problem Experienced
Remarks
The non spatial data were attached with the spatial data of scheme locations. The Figure 15
shows the partial information on the irrigation schemes being operated in the state.

Figure 15: Information on the irrigation schemes (Partial)

Similarly the Figure 16 shows the water supply schemes operated in the state by IPH

Figure 16: Information on the Water Supply Schemes (Partial)
6.1.3. Possible Applications

The spatial data created can be used by various zones to view and generate the report on
the ongoing activities. Figure 17 shows the water supply schemes currently under all
divisions of Nurpur circle belonging to IPH north zone.

Figure 17: Water Supply Schemes under different divisions of Nurpur Circle
The irrigation schemes for one of the division namely Dehra is shown in the Figure 18.
The data collected on the irrigation schemes by the IPH department division wise can be
attached to these locations. The same is depicted in the Figure 18

Attribute Table
attached to spatial data
Figure 18: Location of Irrigation Schemes of Dehra Division with data attached
Similarly the water supply schemes for the same division are shown in the Figure 19.
Figure 19: Water Supply Schemes of Dehra Division

The locations of IPH hand pump schemes for the Salooni division are shown in the Figure
20. The spatial distribution of these schemes can be overlaid with the administrative maps
to query on the villages and the population which are benefited under these schemes
Figure 20: Zoomed view of division with hand pump locations
6.1.4. Standardization Requirement

There is a need to standardize the manner in which the data is being collected in terms of
the number of attributes, the unit of measurement etc. Procedure to update the data
between the divisions, circles and zones and sharing of this information across these units
need to be established.

6.2. Application for Water Resources Assessment – River Basin

The river basin level macro framework has been created at 1:250,000 scale that shall
provide the base hydrological framework for integrated river basin/watershed planning and
management. Such framework shall be used for various purposes by respective line
departments. The information shall be collated by the SCST & E for assessing and
maintaining the environmental health of these systems.
The present day technologies offer a range of models to simulate the water resources
dynamics. One such model has been demonstrated to facilitate such assessment. As a first
level requirement of the modeling, a detailed river basin level framework has been
generated and shall be handed over to the Council. The following sections give a brief
description of the hydrological modeling exercise performed for all the river basins of the
state, using the SWAT hydrological model.
6.2.1. SWAT Hydrological Model

The SWAT Model, developed by the USDA Agricultural Research Service (Arnold et al 1 .,
1995) is able to simulate the land phase of the hydrologic cycle in daily time steps.
Routines are also included for simulating the detachment of sediments from the watersheds
and their transport through the drainage systems. The SWAT Model is designed to route
water and sediments from individual watersheds, through the river systems. It can
incorporate the effects of tanks and the reservoirs/check dams off-stream as well as on-
stream. The agricultural areas can also be integrated with respect to management practices.
The major advantage of the model is that unlike the other conventional conceptual
simulation models it does not require much calibration and therefore can be used on
ungauged watersheds.
The model can be used for the assessment of existing and anticipated water uses and water
shortages. It provides a complete accounting of the quantities of water that are: supplied to
the land by precipitation; enter the streams as surface runoff; used and returned to the
atmosphere by natural vegetation, agricultural crops, and evaporation; percolating through
the root zone and contribute to groundwater recharge.
For modeling purposes, a macro-watershed or catchment is considered to be made up of a
number of watersheds. The use of a number of discrete watersheds in a simulation is
particularly beneficial when different areas of the macro-watershed are dominated by land
uses or soils different enough in properties to have different impacts on the hydrological
response. Within SWAT input information for each watershed is grouped with respect to
weather, unique areas of land cover, soil, and management, and are called hydrologic
response units or HRUs.
1
Arnold, J.G. and J.R. Williams. 1995. SWRRB—A watershed scale model for soil and water resources
management. p. 847-908. In V.P. Singh (ed) Computer models of watershed hydrology. Water Resources
Publications.

Model outputs include all water balance components (surface runoff, evaporation, lateral
flow, recharge, percolation, sediment yield, etc.) at the level of each watershed and are
available at daily, monthly or annual time steps. The model might appear to be complex
but such a complexity is necessary to provide the basic requirement of keeping track of the
water balance at the local level and also to evaluate the impacts of local interventions on
the upstream/downstream watersheds. These technologies have been integrated and
promoted through the UNDP sponsored project “GIS based technologies for local level
development planning”, implemented by the Department of Science and Technology,
Government of India (Gosain and Sandhya 2 , 2001; Sandhya and Gosain 3 , 2001).
6.2.1.1. Advantages of the SWAT model

The SWAT model also satisfied most of the attributes which were identified to be the
desirable attributes which a model to be used in a developing country like India, should
possess. Some of these attributes are:
The SWAT model is physically based. It requires specific information about weather, soil
properties, topography, vegetation, and land management practices occurring in the
watershed. The physical processes associated with water movement, sediment movement,
crop growth, nutrient cycling, etc. are directly modeled by SWAT using this input data.
This approach results in major advantages, such as
Watersheds with no monitoring data (e.g. stream gage data) can be modeled
The relative impact of alternative input data (e.g. changes in management practices,
climate, vegetation, etc.) on water quantity, quality or other variables of interest can
be quantified
The model uses readily available inputs. The minimum data required to make a
SWAT run are the commonly available data from local government agencies.
The model is computationally efficient. Simulation of very large basins or a variety
of management strategies can be performed without excessive investment of time
or money.
The model enables users to study impacts on account of human interventions which
makes it very suitable for scenario generation.
6.2.1.2. Distributed Behaviour of the SWAT model

SWAT allows a number of different physical processes to be simulated in a watershed. For
modeling purposes, a watershed may be partitioned into a number of sub-watersheds or
sub-basins. The use of sub-watersheds in a simulation is particularly beneficial when
2
Gosain, A. K. and Sandhya Rao, 2001, SDSS for land and water management. Proceedings of GIS
technologies for sustainable development at local level, New Delhi.
3
Sandhya Rao and Gosain, A. K. ,2001, The district Almanac characterization tool. Proceedings of GIS
technologies for sustainable development at local level, New Delhi.

different areas of the watershed are dominated by land uses or soils different enough in
properties to impact hydrology. By partitioning the watershed into sub-watersheds, the user
is able to relate different areas of the watershed to one another spatially.
Input information for each sub-watershed can further be subdivided into unique areas of
land cover, soil, and management within the sub-watersheds (known as hydrologic
response units or HRUs). This facility provides complete distributed behaviour to the
model.
No matter what type of problem is studied with SWAT, water balance is the driving force
behind everything that happens in the watershed. To accurately predict the movement of
water, sediments or nutrients, the hydrologic cycle as simulated by the model must
conform to what is happening in the watershed.
6.2.1.3. Brief Theoretical Basis of the SWAT model

In the SWAT model, simulation of the hydrology of a watershed can be separated into two
major segments. The first segment is the land phase of the hydrologic cycle. The land
phase of the hydrologic cycle controls the amount of water, sediment, nutrient and
pesticide loadings to the main channel in each sub-watershed. The second segment is the
routing phase of the hydrologic cycle which can be defined as the movement of water,
sediments, etc. through the channel network of the watershed to the outlet.
6.2.1.3.1. Landphase of the Hydrologic Cycle

As precipitation descends, it may be intercepted and held in the vegetation canopy or fall
on the soil surface. Water on the soil surface will infiltrate into the soil profile or flow
overland as runoff. Runoff moves relatively quickly toward a stream channel and
contributes to short-term stream response. Infiltrated water may be held in the soil and later
evapotranspired or it may slowly make its way to the surface-water system via
underground paths.
Canopy Storage Canopy storage is the water intercepted by vegetative surfaces (the
canopy) where it is held and made available for evaporation. When using the curve number
method to compute surface runoff, canopy storage is taken into account in the surface
runoff calculations. However, if methods such as Green & Ampt are used to model
infiltration and runoff, canopy storage must be modeled separately. SWAT allows the user
to input the maximum amount of water which can be stored in the canopy at the maximum
leaf area index for the land cover. This value and the leaf area index are used by the model
to compute the maximum storage at any time in the growth cycle of the land cover/crop.
When evaporation is computed, water is first removed from canopy storage.
Infiltration: Infiltration refers to the entry of water into a soil profile from the soil surface.
As infiltration continues, the soil becomes increasingly wet, causing the rate of infiltration
to decrease with time until it reaches a steady value. The initial rate of infiltration depends
on the moisture content of the soil prior to the introduction of water at the soil surface. The
final rate of infiltration is equivalent to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

Redistribution: Redistribution refers to the continued movement of water through a soil

profile after input of water (via precipitation or irrigation) has ceased at the soil surface.
Redistribution is caused by differences in water content in the profile. Once the water
content throughout the entire profile is uniform, redistribution will cease. The
redistribution component of SWAT uses a storage routing technique to predict flow
through each soil layer in the root zone. Downward flow, or percolation, occurs when field
capacity of a soil layer is exceeded and the layer below is not saturated. The flow rate is
governed by the saturated conductivity of the soil layer. Movement of water from a
subsurface layer to an adjoining upper layer may occur when the water content of the
lower layer exceeds field capacity. The soil water to field capacity ratios of the two layers
regulates the upward movement of water. Redistribution is also affected by soil
temperature. If the temperature in a particular layer is 0C or lower, no redistribution is
allowed from that layer.
Evapotranspiration: Evapotranspiration is a collective term for all processes by which
water in the liquid or solid phase at or near the earth's surface becomes atmospheric water
vapor. Evapotranspiration includes evaporation from rivers and lakes, bare soil, and
vegetative surfaces; evaporation from within the leaves of plants (transpiration); and
sublimation from ice and snow surfaces. The model computes evaporation from soils and
plants separately as described by Ritchie 4 (1972). Potential soil water evaporation is
estimated as a function of potential evapotranspiration and leaf area index. Actual soil
water evaporation is estimated by using exponential functions of soil depth and water
content. Plant transpiration is simulated as a linear function of potential evapotranspiration
and leaf area index.
Potential Evapotranspiration: Potential evapotranspiration is the rate at which
evapotranspiration would occur from a large area completely and uniformly covered with
growing vegetation which has access to an unlimited supply of soil water. This rate is
assumed to be unaffected by micro-climatic processes such as advection or heat-storage
effects. The model offers three options for estimating potential evapotranspiration:
Hargreaves (Hargreaves and Samani 5 , 1985), Priestley-Taylor (Priestley and Taylor 6 ,
1972), and Penman-Monteith (Monteith 7 , 1965).
Lateral Subsurface Flow: Lateral subsurface flow, or interflow, is streamflow contribution
which originates below the surface but emerges above the zone where rocks are saturated
4
Ritchie, J.T. 1972. A model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with incomplete cover. Water
Resour. Res. 8:1204-1213.
5
Hargreaves, G.H. and Z.A. Samani. 1985. Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture 1:96-99.
6
Priestley, C.H.B. and R.J. Taylor. 1972. On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-
scale parameters. Mon. Weather Rev. 100:81-92.
7
Monteith, J.L. 1965. Evaporation and the environment. p. 205-234. In The state and movement of water in
living organisms. 19th Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. Cambridge Univ. Press, London,
U.K.

with water. Lateral subsurface flow in the soil profile (0-2m) is calculated simultaneously
with redistribution. A kinematic storage model is used to predict lateral flow in each soil
layer. The model accounts for variation in conductivity, slope and soil water content. It
also allows for flow upward to an adjacent layer or to the surface.
Surface Runoff: Surface runoff, or overland flow, is flow that occurs along a sloping
surface. Using daily rainfall amounts, SWAT simulates surface runoff volumes and peak
runoff rates for each HRU.
Surface runoff volume is computed using a modification of the SCS curve number method
(USDA Soil Conservation Service 8 , 1972). The curve number varies non-linearly with the
moisture content of the soil. The curve number drops as the soil approaches the wilting
point and increases to near 100 as the soil approaches saturation. SWAT includes a
provision for estimating runoff from frozen soil where a soil is defined as frozen if the
temperature in the second soil layer is less than 0°C. The model increases runoff for frozen
soils but still allows significant infiltration when the frozen soils dry up.
Peak runoff rate: predictions are made with a modification of the rational method. In
brief, the rational method is based on the idea that if a rainfall of intensity i begins
instantaneously and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff will increase until the time of
concentration, tc, when all of the sub-basin is contributing to flow at the outlet. In the
modified Rational Formula, the peak runoff rate is a function of the proportion of daily
precipitation that falls during the time of concentration of the subbasin tc, and the daily
surface runoff volume. The proportion of rainfall occurring during the subbasin tc is
estimated as a function of total daily rainfall using a stochastic technique. The subbasin
time of concentration is estimated using Manning’s Formula considering both overland and
channel flow.
Ponds/Tanks: Ponds/Tanks are water storage structures located within a subbasin which
intercept surface runoff. The catchment area of a pond is defined as a fraction of the total
area of the subbasin. When the catchment area fraction is equal to 1.00, the pond is
assumed to be located at the outlet of the subbasin on the main channel. If the catchment
area fraction is less than 1.00, the pond is assumed to be located on a minor tributary
within the subbasin. Pond water storage is a function of pond capacity, daily inflows and
outflows, seepage and evaporation. Ponds are assumed to have only emergency spillways.
Required inputs are the storage capacity and surface area of the pond when filled to
capacity. Surface area below capacity is estimated as a non-linear function of storage.
Tributary Channels: Two types of channels are defined within a subbasin: the main
channel and tributary channels. Tributary channels are minor or lower order channels
branching off the main channel within the subbasin. Each tributary channel within a
subbasin drains only a portion of the subbasin and does not receive groundwater
contribution to its flow. All flow in the tributary channels is released and routed through
the main channel of the subbasin.
8
USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1972. National Engineering Handbook Section 4 Hydrology, Chapters 4-
10.

Transmission Losses: Transmission losses are losses of surface flow via leaching through
the streambed. This type of loss occurs in ephemeral or intermittent streams where
groundwater contribution occurs only at certain times of the year, or not at all. SWAT uses
Lane’s method (USDA Soil Conservation Service 9 , 1983) to estimate transmission losses.
Water losses from the channel are a function of channel width and length and flow
duration. Both runoff volume and peak rate are adjusted when transmission losses occur in
tributary channels. Return Flow Return flow, or base flow, is the volume of streamflow
originating from groundwater. SWAT partitions groundwater into two aquifer systems: a
shallow, unconfined aquifer which contributes return flow to streams within the watershed
and a deep, confined aquifer which contributes return flow to streams outside the
watershed (Arnold et al. 10 , 1993). Water percolating past the bottom of the root zone is
partitioned into two fractions—each fraction becomes recharge for one of the aquifers. In
addition to return flow, water stored in the shallow aquifer may replenish moisture in the
soil profile in very dry conditions or be directly removed by plant uptake (only trees may
uptake water from the shallow aquifer). Water in the shallow aquifer may also seep into the
deep aquifer or be removed by pumping. Water in the deep aquifer may be removed by
pumping.
Land Cover/Plant Growth: SWAT utilizes a single plant growth model to simulate all
types of land covers. The model is able to differentiate between annual and perennial
plants. Annual plants grow from the planting date to the harvest date or until the
accumulated heat units equal the potential heat units for the plant. Perennial plants
maintain their root systems throughout the year, becoming dormant after frost. They
resume growth when the average daily air temperature exceeds the minimum, or base
temperature required. The plant growth model is used to assess removal of water and
nutrients from the root zone, transpiration, and biomass/yield production.
Potential Growth: The potential increase in plant biomass on a given day is defined as the
increase in biomass under ideal growing conditions. The potential increase in biomass for a
day is a function of intercepted energy and the plant's efficiency in converting energy to
biomass. Energy interception is estimated as a function of solar radiation and the plant’s
leaf area index.
Erosion: Erosion and sediment yield are estimated for each HRU with the Modified
Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) (Williams 11 , 1975). While the USLE uses rainfall
as an indicator of erosive energy, MUSLE uses the amount of runoff to simulate erosion
and sediment yield. The substitution results in a number of benefits: the prediction
accuracy of the model is increased, the need for a delivery ratio is eliminated, and single
storm estimates of sediment yields can be calculated. The hydrology model supplies
estimates of runoff volume and peak runoff rate which, with the subbasin area, are used to
9
USDA Soil Conservation Service. 1983. National Engineering Handbook Section 4 Hydrology, Chapter 19.
10
Arnold, J.G., P.M. Allen, and G. Bernhardt. 1993. A comprehensive surface-groundwater flow model. J.
Hydrol. 142:47-69.
11
Williams, J.R. 1975. Sediment routing for agricultural watersheds. Water Resour. Bull. 11(5):965-974.

calculate the runoff erosive energy variable. The crop management factor is recalculated
every day that runoff occurs. It is a function of above-ground biomass, residue on the soil
surface, and the minimum C factor for the plant. Other factors of the erosion equation are
evaluated as described by Wischmeier and Smith 12 (1978).
Management Practices: SWAT model allows the user to define management practices
taking place in every HRU. The user may define the beginning and the ending of the
growing season, specify timing and amounts of fertilizer, pesticide and irrigation
applications as well as timing of tillage operations. At the end of the growing season, the
biomass may be removed from the HRU as yield or placed on the surface as residue.
In addition to these basic management practices, operations such as grazing, automated
fertilizer and water applications, and incorporation of every conceivable management
option for water use are available. The latest improvement to land management is the
incorporation of routines to calculate sediment and nutrient loadings from urban areas.
Crop Rotations: The dictionary defines a rotation as the growing of different crops in
succession in one field, usually in a regular sequence. A rotation in SWAT refers to a
change in management practices from one year to the next. There is no limit to the number
of years of different management operations specified in a rotation. SWAT also does not
limit the number of land cover/crops grown within one year in the HRU. However, only
one land cover can be growing at any one time.
Water Use: The two most typical uses of water are for application to agricultural lands or
use as a town's water supply. SWAT allows water to be applied on an HRU from any water
source within or outside the watershed. Water may also be transferred between reservoirs,
reaches and subbasins as well as exported from the watershed.
6.2.1.3.2. Routing Phase of the Hydrologic Cycle

Once SWAT determines the loadings of water, sediment, nutrients and pesticides to the
main channel, the loadings are routed through the stream network of the watershed using a
command structure similar to that of HYMO (Williams and Hann 13 , 1972). In addition to
keeping track of mass flow in the channel, SWAT models the transformation of chemicals
in the stream and streambed.
The SWAT model is available with various interfaces, such as DOS, GRASS, ArcView,
and GRAM++. The most versatile is ArcView interface and the same has been used in the
present study.
12
Wischmeier, W.H., and D.D. Smith. 1978. Predicting rainfall losses: A guide to conservation planning.
USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 537. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, D. C.
13
Williams, J.R. and R.W. Hann. 1972. HYMO, a problem-oriented computer language for building
hydrologic models. Water Resour. Res. 8(1):79-85.

6.2.2. Brief Description of Swat ArcView Interface

This interface is created to facilitate pre-processing before running of the SWAT model
and is known as AVSWAT. The model requires a large amount of formatted inputs to be
generated. The pre-processor is incorporated to handle all the inputs and also to graphically
represent the model outputs after successful run of the model, as a post processing activity.
The AVSWAT interface consists of three segments, main interface, a pre processor and a
post processor.
The Main Interface - handles creating new swat project, opening an existing project,
copying an existing project, deleting an existing project and exiting the ArcView.
The Pre processor - is the backbone of the interface. SWAT model (run from executable
file) requires extensive input files in their respective formats. Pre processor helps the user
in creating the same in a user friendly way. The basic input required is the Digital
Elevation Model (DEM) for the area under consideration. Pre processor generates the
Stream Network, identifies the outlet points for a given threshold value, delineates the
main watershed and sub watersheds within it, if desired. Watershed characteristics like
area, slope, perimeter and channel characteristics are also calculated. Land use and soil
grids are then overlaid and the basic modeling units are extracted. The other input files
(soil, water use, management practices, pesticide, water quality etc.) for each subbasins are
written. Default values are used in many files, which could be modified using the EDIT
FILES menu. The sequence of input data creation is well followed using the
enable/disabled menu item. SWAT model is run using SWAT RUN menu.
Post – Processor - Reads the results of the simulation run for the watershed as basin file
and channel routing file in tabular form and helps in viewing the output created after
SWAT model run. The basin table and channel routing table are viewed (at daily, monthly,
yearly frequency).
6.2.3. Hydrological Modelling of River Systems of Himachal Pradesh

The river basins of Himachal Pradesh which were modelled include: Beas, Chenab, Ravi,
Sutlej of Indus system and Giri, Pabbar, Yamuna of Ganga system. The AVSWAT
interface has been used to preprocess the spatial data for each river system. A brief
description of the preprocessing has been given in the following section. Details of
simulation runs for each river basins have been provided in the subsequent sections.
6.2.3.1. Data Pre-processing for Modelling

All the above data is being processed in the form of digitization and putting the same
together in a geo-referenced form to create the base for the potential framework for
modeling work to generate the water resource information. In order to use the spatial layers
for modelling, preprocessing is needed. Some of the derived layers generated using the
base information is given nelow:

6.2.3.1.1. Digital Elevation Model

A DEM is an array of numbers that represent the spatial distribution of elevation above
some datum. It represents a topographic surface in terms of a set of elevation values
measured at a finite number of points.
The vector map with contour lines (from topographic maps) are converted to raster format
(Grid) before the surface is interpolated. Grids are especially suited to representing
geographic phenomena that vary continuously over space, and for performing spatial
modeling and analysis of flows, trends, and surfaces such as hydrology. Raster data
records spatial information in a regular grid or matrix organised as a set of rows and
columns. Each cell within the grid contains a number representing a particular geographic
feature such as soil type, elevation, land use, slope etc.
Interpolation methods are applied to transform the contour data in to a DEM i.e. from the
point elevation, surface is interpolated for the elevation value for a cell, using the
surrounding points in a point theme. This raster DEM contain information to determine
general patterns of drainage and watersheds.
DEM generated using contours taken from 1:250,000 scale SOI topographic map of the
study area is shown in Figure 21.
Figure 21: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Himachal Pradesh using contours from
1:250,000 topographic map

The inset in the Figure 21 shows the sample DEM created using contours from 1:50,000
scale to show how the large scale maps make difference in creating DEM. The area which
is flat at a smaller scale can reveal meaningfully information at larger scale maps as is
evident from the picture.
6.2.3.1.2. Basin Demarcation

Automatic extraction of stream network and boundary demarcation was taken up using the
DEM for the rivers belonging to Himachal Pradesh. A brief description of the steps
followed is given below.
6.2.3.1.3. Flow Direction

Flow Direction calculates the direction of flow out of each cell into one of its eight
neighbouring cells.
6.2.3.1.4. Flow Accumulation

Flow accumulation for each cell is calculated, by accumulating the weight for all cells that
flow into each downslope cell. The result of the stream accumulation can be used to create
a stream network by applying a threshold value to subset cells with a high-accumulated
flow
6.2.3.1.5. Stream Network Layer

The pattern formed by values of the flow accumulation grid larger than a certain threshold
forms a fully connected drainage network. The input is the grid created by thresholding the
results of the Flow Accumulation. Determination of threshold value is subjective and the
channel network derived depends only on DEM and not on hydrologic information. Links
are the sections of a stream channel connecting two successive junctions, a junction and
the outlet, or a junction and the drainage divide. The result of the Stream Link can be used
as the source Grid of the Watershed to create drainage basins that correspond to the
branches of a stream network.
There is an option to use the actual stream network in the absence of large scale
contour/DEM data, which has been used in the present study. This option helps in
conforming to the shapes of the sub basins which are close to the reality.
A threshold value of 50,000 hectare has been used for generating the stream network
which primarily decides the density of the stream network and consequently the number of
sub basins. The drainage network of the study area is shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22: Drainage Network of HP with inset showing detailed drainage for a small part
6.2.3.1.6. Watershed (sub basin) Delineation

Watershed is defined as the total area flowing to a given outlet, or pour point. The
boundary between two watersheds is referred to as a watershed boundary or drainage
divide. An outlet or pour point is the point at which water flows out of an area. This is the
lowest point along the boundary of the watershed.
For accurate delineation, the elevation data should be free of sinks/depressions. The size of
the watersheds returned is controlled by the number of cells that need to flow into a cell to
classify it as a stream. Watersheds of different sizes can be achieved by giving different
threshold values while building the stream links.
Automatic delineation of watersheds is done by using the DEM as input. The target
outflow point is interactively selected. Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Chemab and part of Yamuna
(Giri & Pabar) have been delineated. These basins along with the sub-basins are shown in
Figure 23. The Table 6 presents the threshold values used on the DEM of the respective
river basin during the process of automatic delineation. It also provides the number of sub-
basins the river basin was sub-divided into, as a result of this threshold. The total area of
the river basin as obtained from the automatic delineation has also been provided in the
table.

Table 6: Some of the basic details of the Basins analysed in the study
S. No. Basin Threshold No. Of Sub- Total Area

Value Used Basins (sq km)
(sq km)
Indus River System
1 Sutlej 500 11 12362
2 Beas 500 17 12456
3 Ravi 500 5 4577
4 Chenab 500 7 7399
Yamuna (Ganga) River System
5 Giri 75 9 2549
6 Pabbar 50 7 1185
Figure 23: River Basins with their subbasins automatically delineated

It will also be required to incorporate the man made structures/interventions in the form of
reservoirs, diversions, abstraction points etc., which shall define additional pour points
where delineation shall also be required.
6.2.3.2. Dynamic Data

The hydrological modeling is an indirect mean of assessing the spatial and temporal
availability of water resources by using the catchment characteristics and the historical
weather conditions. The intent of the present modeling exercise was more to put the
required framework in position and demonstrate the strength of the latest technologies.
Since the actual observed data on weather parameters and the observed flows was not
available for all the river basins, the simulated weather data from IITM, Pune for this area
has been used. However, the strength of the model has been depicted on a smaller system
where all the required data could be obtained. A brief description of the simulated weather
data is given in the following section.
6.2.3.2.1. Meteorological Data

The data generated in transient experiments by the “Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction”
U.K. at a resolution of 0.44° X 0.44° latitude by longitude grid points has been obtained
from IITM, Pune. The simulated daily weather data on maximum and minimum
temperature, rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity at all the grid
locations for 20 years representing the series approximating 1980 to 2000 time period were
processed. The RCM grid has been superimposed on the sub basins (Figure 24) for
deriving the weighted means of the inputs for each of the sub basins. The centroid of each
sub basin is then taken as the location for the weather station to be used in the SWAT
model. The data as provided by IITM, Pune has been used without any validation with the
observed weather parameters due to the non availability of the later. Therefore it is
imperative that the quantities being mentioned here are not used for any planning purpose
without validation. The years depicted in the output are also indicative of the 20 years
series and should not be taken as actual years as depicted.

Figure 24: The RCM grid superimposed on the sub basin

Each of the river system has been modelled separately and the results of the simulation
have been presented in the following sections. It may be emphasized that these results can
be taken as the first cut results that are equivalent to the behaviour of virgin systems if
there were no manmade interventions. These systems need to be updated to incorporate all
the manmade interventions and the utilizations of water through these interventions to
bring these river systems to the present level of utilization. This part is now relatively
straightforward provided the data on these interventions are made available by the
concerned departments.
The model is run at the daily time steps and the water balance components are maintained
for each sub-basin on daily basis. Thus one can have the assessment of any component as a
time series (20 years long in the present case). For depiction purpose only three major
components of the water balance namely precipitation, actual evapotranspiration and
stream flow, that too at the annual aggregated level.

6.2.3.3. Indus River System

The Indus river system has been sub divided in to Sutlej, Beas, Ravi and Chenab which are
the major systems falling in Himachal Pradesh.
6.2.3.3.1. Satluj River Subsystem:

The area of the basin modelled is about 12362.0 sq. km. With a basin threshold of 500 sq.
km., the Sutlej river basin gets divided into 11 subbasins (Figure 25).
Figure 25: Sutjej River Basin showing sub-basins

The annual average precipitation, actual evapotranspirarion and water yield as simulated
by the model over the total Sutjej basin has been depicted in the Figure 26. However, the
model has generated a very large output on every sub-basin analyzed at a daily interval on
all the sub-components of the water balance and can be used for planning and management
of the water resource as well as for addressing many other issues related with natural
resources.

3500
Precipitation
AET
3000 Water Yield
2500
Value (mm)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Figure 26: Annual Water Balance components for Sutlej River

6.2.3.3.2. Beas River Subsystem:

km., the Beas river basin gets divided into 17 subbasins (Figure 27).
Figure 27: Beas River Basin showing sub-basins

by the model over the total Beas basin for has been depicted in Figure 28.
3500
Precipitation
AET
3000 Water Yield
2500
Value (mm)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Figure 28: Annual Water Balance components for Beas River

6.2.3.3.3. Ravi River Subsystem:

km., the Ravi river basin gets divided into 5 subbasins (Figure 29).
Figure 29: Ravi River Basin showing sub-basins

by the model over the total Ravi basin for has been depicted in Figure 30.
9000
Precipitation
8000 AET
Water Yield
7000
6000
Value (mm)
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Figure 30: Annual Water Balance components for Ravi River

6.2.3.3.4. Chenab River Subsystem:

km., the Chenab river basin gets divided into 7 subbasins (Figure 31).
Figure 31: Chenab River Basin showing sub-basins

by the model over the total Chenab basin for has been depicted in Figure 31.
7000
Precipitation
AET
6000 Water Yield
5000
Value (mm)
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Year
Figure 32: Annual Water Balance components for Chenab River

6.2.3.4. Yamuna River System

In this river system, the Giri sub-basin has been modeled using the actual observed weather
data, thereby making it possible to validate the model with respect to the actual observed
river flow data.
6.2.3.4.1. Giri River Subsystem - validation

Giri River is sub divided in to 12 subbasins with a threshold value of 50 sq km (Figure 33).
The land use and soil of the same is shown in the Figure 34.
Figure 33: Giri River Basin showing sub-basins used for modeling

Figure 34: Landuse and soil layers for Giri River basin
The percentage of area falling in different land use constitute: pasture 39.55 %, mixed
forest 37.11 %, agriculture 8.38 %, rabi crops 9.69 %, wasteland 2.71 % and orchard 1.84
%.
The rain gauge stations located in and around the Giri basin are shown in the Figure 33.
The daily data for 10 stations for the period of 1975 to 1979 was used for simulation. The
plot of average annual water balance for the basin with respect to three components of
water balance is shown in the Figure 35.

1800
Precipitation
A ctual ET
1600 Total Water Y ield
1400
1200
Amount (mm)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
Year
Figure 35: Average Annual Water Balance components for Giri basin
Precipitation 1387.2
Snow fall 18.96
Snow melt 18.59
Sublimation 0.04
Surface runoff 116.72
Lateral Flow 364.29
Shallow Groundwater recharge 26.90
Revap (shal aq> soil/plants) 28.52
Deep aquifer recharge 5.64
Total water yield 463.62
Actual ET 898.1
PET 1577.3

The plot of simulated daily discharge with observed discharge is shown in the Figure 36. A
closer look reveals that the model has simulated the flow over the four years of record in a
reasonably good manner. One may also note that the model has produced continuous
output at the daily level irrespective of the fact that the observed flow is not available for
some periods.
River Giri at Yashwantnagar (Himachal Pradesh)

1800
1600
1400
1200
Flow (cumecs)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
8/16/1976
8/16/1979
6/16/1976
10/16/1976
2/16/1977
4/16/1977
8/16/1977
2/16/1978
4/16/1978
6/16/1978
8/16/1978
2/16/1979
4/16/1979
6/16/1979
10/16/1979
12/16/1976
6/16/1977
10/16/1977
12/16/1977
10/16/1978
12/16/1978
12/16/1979
Date
Observed flows (cumecs) Simulated flows (cumecs)
Figure 36: Daily plot of Simulated versus Observed discharge

The Figure 37 shows the long-term monthly water balance components with respect to the
four years of simulation at the outlet of the sub-basin (Detailed SWAT model output is
provided in Appendix IV for Giri basin as sample). The model has also produced the
results (daily flow series) at all the remaining outfall points of the sub-basins within the
Giri basin where no flow measurement might have been made. The reliability of these
generated flows is very high if the validation of the model has been good. Such indirectly
generated flow series can be very useful for water resource development without wasting

any time. The modeling framework also makes it possible to generate the flow series at
any point of your choice once the model has been validated on the specific river system.
400
Precipitation
A ctual ET
350 Total Water Y ield
300
250
Amount (mm)
200
150
100
50
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Figure 37: Monthly water balance components from 4 years of simulation

The simulated discharge was also compared with the observed discharge measured at
Yashwantnarar discharge measurement stations and plotted in the form of scatter diagram.
The Figure 38 shows the plot of the scatter diagram.
Scatterplot of observed vs simulated flows for river Giri at

Yashwantnagar (Himachal Pradesh)
1800
R2= 0.62
1600
1400
Simulated flows (cumecs)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Observed flows (cumecs)
Figure 38: Plot of observed versus simulated discharges at Yashwantnagar

6.3. Application for Water Resources Assessment – Watershed

Level
As a sample case the same hydrological model was used for micro watersheds in Hamirpur
district. The three watersheds (Chabutara Nala, Amroh Nala and Kuthera Nala) chosen for
the study fall under the Salasi Khad. The micro watersheds are situated in Hamirpur
development block, district Hamirpur in Himachal Pradesh. The detailed data for this
watershed was generated as a part of the DFID funded project on “Low flows (R8171)”.
6.3.1. Description of the Microwatersheds

These micro watersheds are situated between 76°18’ to 76°44’ East longitude and 35°52’,
35°30’ latitude (Figure 39). They are located at a distance of 14 k.m from Sujanpur
development block and 11 K.m. from district headquarter, along the state highway,
connecting Hamirpur and Nadaun. Agriculture: agriculture in these watersheds is primarily
rain fed with small percentage under irrigation. Mixed cropping is generally practiced in
this area, with Wheat and Maize being the predominant crops. At some places Paddy is
also grown. Maize is usually cropped with pulses and wheat mixed with “Sarson”.
Land use: Most of the land is uncultivated and barren due to inadequate irrigation facilities
and steep slopes at some places. The land ownership is divided amongst Government,
community land and private land. The Salasi Khad watershed has been a watershed where
watershed management programme is relatively new. Under the programme it has been
contemplated as usual to install water conservation measures in the watershed, to improve
the status of the ground water and allow greater access to water by people for drinking,
livestock and irrigation within the watershed.
Figure 39: Salasi Khad Index Map

6.3.2. Data Availability

In the absence of any watershed which has been instrumented, it was decided during the
scoping workshop that Salasi Khad watershed should be selected because its aloes
proximity to the Nation Institute of Technology, Hamirpur in consultation with the State
Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Himachal Pradesh, which voluntieered
to share any data on the watershed available with them. The raw data that has been made
available for the Salasi Khad watersheds, include:
Contours at 20m interval obtained from 1:50,000 SOI topographic map
Drainage Network obtained from 1:50,000 SOI topographic map
Land use classification
Soil maps and associated soil characteristics
Rain gauges and meteorological stations with its location
Quantitative daily data for rain gauges and meteorological stations with continuous
daily data for the period 1998 to 2001.
6.3.3. Pre-processing of Salasi Khad Watershed

All the sequential steps that have been explained for the river basin level are followed in
applying the SWAT pre-processor to the Salasi Khad watershed also. All the raw and
secondary data is processed in the form of digitization and putting the same together in a
geo-referenced form to create the base for the potential framework.
6.3.3.1. Contour Theme

1:50,000 SOI toposheet belonging to Salasi Khad were digitized to generate contours
layer. The elevations as attribute were duly attached to the contour layer. Figure 40 depicts
the contours

Figure 40: Contours at 20 m interval falling in and around the Study Area
6.3.3.2. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

DEM generated using extrapolated contours taken from 1:50,000 scale SOI topographic
map of the study area is shown in Figure 41.
Figure 41: Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

A threshold value of 75 ha has been used for generating the stream network which
primarily decides the density of the stream network and consequently the number of sub-
watersheds. The drainage network of the study area digitized from the SOI topographic
sheet is shown in Figure 42.
Figure 42: 1:50,000 Drainage Network of the study area.
6.3.3.3. Watershed Delineation

Automatic delineation of watersheds is done by using the DEM as input. The target
outflow point is interactively selected. The watershed along with the sub-watershed is
shown in Figure 43.

21
3 1
2
7
5
8 11
6
10
12 13
9 14
15 17
19
16
20 18
Figure 43: Salasi Khad watershed with their sub watersheds automatically delineated
6.3.4. LandCover/LandUse Layer

Satellite interpreted data for the landuse is used for the study. Figure 44 shows the broad
land use categories which are used for the initial model setup. The information is
transformed into a digital layer to be used in the SWAT pre-processor.

LandUse
Aggriculture
Evergreen Forest
WasteLand
Figure 44: Landuse Classification
The land use categories along with their respective areas occupied in the Salasi Khad
watersheds is given in Table 7.
Table 7: Landuse Category and distribution in Salasi Khad watersheds
Category Subcategory Area(ha) % Area

WasteLand Gullied or Ravinous Land 362.538 11.43
Aggriculture Double Crop (K+R) 2392.801 75.44
Total Area 3171.805

6.3.5. Soil Layer

Soil map was digitized using NBSSLUP soil map with a resolution of 1:500,000. A sample
Soil description and distribution details are given in Table 8. The soil map is shown in
Figure 45.
Soil
Lythic Udorthents
Typic Udorthents
Figure 45: Soil Layer in Salasi Khad watersheds (Source: NBSSLUP)

Table 8: Some soil Units’ Description and distribution in Salasi Khad watersheds
Soil Type Area (ha) and Description
% area
Typic Udorthents 1902.599 (59.98) Medium deep,Well Drained,Moderately steep
slopes with loamy surface and severe erosion
Associated with Medium deep,Well Drained,Fine-
Loamy soils with loamy surface and severe
erosion.
Lythic 1269.207 (40.02) Shallow,Excessively Drained,Loamy Soils,Steep
Udorthents slopes with loamy surface and severe
erosion,Associated with Medium deep,Well
Drained,Fine-Loamy soils with loamy surface and
moderate erosion .

6.3.6. Dynamic Data -Meteorological Data

The details of the daily weather data used for modelling purpose of the Salasi Khad
watershed study area are given in the Table 9.below:
Table 9: Details of the meteorological data available in the Salasi Khad watershed area
Weather Parameters Station. Name Period
Humidity Bahang 1/6/1998 to 30/12/2002
Dhaulakuan 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Bajaura 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Solar Radiation Bajaura 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Dhaulakuan 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Temperature Bajaura 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Dhaulakuan 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Bahang 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Wind Speed Bahang 01/06/1998 to 31/12/2002
Precipitation Sujanpur 01/10//1996 to 02/05/2001
Hamirpur 01/10/1996 to 02/05/2001
Sarkaghat 01/10/1996 to 31/12/2002
The concurrent daily data for three years between (1998 – 2001) was available at the
stations given in Table 9 and the same has been used for the SWAT model runs.
6.3.7. Details of the Water balance components

SWAT has been run using 3 years of daily weather data (1998-2001). Although the model
generates an exhaustively detailed output, the sub components of the water balance those
have been identified to be used for analyses are:
Direct surface runoff (surface runoff)
Total water yield (water yield) consisting of surface runoff, lateral and base flow
Shallow ground water recharge (GW Recharge – shallow)
Actual evapotranspiration (Actual ET)
These components are expressed in terms of average annual mm of depth over the total
watershed area. In other words the total water yield is the equivalent depth in mm, of flow
past the outlet of the watershed on average annual basis. The monthly values of the
identified water balance components of the base line scenario for Salasi Khud watershed is
provided in Figure 46.

Water Balance (Monthly) Himachal Pradesh - Baseline
600
Rainfall
Evapotrans piration
500 Water Yield
Ground Water Recharge(Shallow)
400
Value (mm)
300
200
100
0
Jun-98
Jun-99
Jun-00
Sep-98
Dec-98
Mar-99
Sep-99
Dec-99
Mar-00
Sep-00
Dec-00
Mar-01
Time (Month)
Figure 46: Monthly Water balance components under baseline Scenarios for Salasi Khad
watershed
7. Ground Water - (Hydrogeological Conditions)
The State essentially is hilly terrain, comprising of fissured formations with a few inter
mountain valleys having Quaternary alluvial fill. The sub-mountainous tract is a part of
piedmont alluvial plains, which merges with Indo-Gangetic alluvium towards south west.
Kandi belt and the adjoining hill slopes are underlain by boulders, gravels and clay. The
unconsolidated sediments, occurring in the inter-montane valleys and in the sub-mountain
tracts constitute the principal ground water reservoirs. The yield of the tubewells ranges
100 to 120m3/hr in valley fills. The yield of borewells in hard rock is limited. The quality
of ground water is generally good.
The following details about the groundwater potential of the state as assessed by the
central ground water authorities have been provided. At this juncture no detailed data could
be incorporated in the framework because of its non-availability. However, once such data

is available it can be incorporated on the common framework and made use of in an

integrated manner.
Ground Water Exploration/Sources Findings
Dynamic Resources
Total Replenishable Ground water Resource 0.37 BCM/Yr
Provision for Domestic, Industrial & Other uses 0.07 BCM/Yr
Available Ground Water Resources for irrigation 0.29 BCM/Yr
Net Draft 0.03 BCM/Yr
In storage fresh water resources 13 BCM
Level of Ground-Water Development 18.10 %
Developmental Monitoring
Dark Blocks Nil
Overexploited Blocks Nil
Exploratory Tube wells Constructed (as on 31.03.2005) 137 (Departmental)
Exploratory Tube wells handed over(as on 31.03.2005) 106
No. of ground water observation wells 74
Parts of Districts showing ground water levels declining Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Sirmur,
trends (more than 20 cm per year) Pre-Monsoon (1995- Solan, Una
2004)
Ground Water User Maps 12 districts
Source: Central Ground water Board : State Profile Himachal
Pradesh,http://cgwb.gov.in/ST_HP.htm
The Himachal Pradesh government recently introduced the State Groundwater (Regulation
and Control of Development and Management) Bill. According to the Bill, a ‘groundwater
authority’ would be establishment, which would advise the government to regulate the
extraction of groundwater in any form in any area in public interest. The authority would
take steps to ensure that exploitation of groundwater did not exceed the natural
replenishment of the aquifers and wherever there was a mismatch, steps to ensure
augmentation would be taken in addition to regulation. (Himachal Groundwater, The
Hidden Reality Submitted by eternalmountain on 7 October, 2005 – 7:53am:
http://civicspacelabs.org/home/node/14613 )
The proposed framework can be very effectively used to monitor the utilization after
incorporating all the points where ground water is being used and then identifying the
areas where exploitation has been excessive.

8. Recommendations
Having created the initial first level framework to help the state in implementing a
sustainable water resources planning and management strategy, the following
recommendations need to be put in place:
1. Integrated water resource development and management requires a common
framework. The first cut framework at the macro level (1:250,000) scale is being
made available
2. Standardizations of hydrologically delineated spatial elements starting from river
basins up to micro-watershed level needs to be
3. Creation of NDSI complaint spatial databases for hydro data
4. Identify the line departments responsible for creation and maintenance of different
thematic layers pertaining to water resources sector
5. Identify the applications suitable for each of these line departments and the data
requirements of these applications
6. Use of hydrological modeling for the assessment of the resources and its
sustainability
7. Placement of hardware, software in each line department and networking. The
existing NIC network should be explored to incorporate these activities.
8. The SCST & E should be identified as the integrator of information
9. Establish data sharing protocols and data dissemination strategy between the line
departments and for the general users
Acknowledgements
Dy. Chairman, Members, Jt. Secretary, Director and Staff of The Planning Commission
and
Honable Chief Minister, Minister for IPH, Minister for Science and Technology
Chief Secretary and His Office
Pr. Secretaries, Secretaries, Officers and Staff of the Irrigation and Public Health,
Forest, Power (Including Electricity Board and HIMURJA), Agriculture, Horticulture,
Industries, Rural Development, Science and Technology, Information Technology,
Planning and Tcp.
In The State Of Himachal Pradesh

Appendix - Water Resources Management for Himachal Pradesh
1. Appendix I
1.1. Summary of data availability from June 1998 to May 2004 – Rainfall and Stream
Discharges
S.No. Station Name Location ofStation Parameters Period of Data Remarks(Gaps on data)
observed Date
Latitude Longitude From To
1 Jalal Gauge, 01/06/98 25/5/04 Discharge:,11-20/9/98,22-
discharge & 31/3/01,1/7-30/9/02,21-
weather 27/2/03
2 Giri Gauge, 01/06/98 25/5/04 Discharge:21-31/8/00
discharge &
weather
3 Bahang 32.27°N 77.17°E Rainfall, 14/11/00 12/09/02 Rainfall:1/6/98-
snowfall, 13/11/00,28/8-13/9/01,10-
temperature, 31/12/02 Snowfall: 1/6/98-
wind & RH 13/11/00,28/8-13/9/01,10-
31/12/02
Temperature,RH,wind:1/6/98-
13/11/00,28/8-13/11/01,9-
31/12/02
4 Khara Rainfall 04/01/00 31/3/01 1/6/98-31/3/00, 1/9-
31/12/00,1/4/01-31/12/02
5 Bharmour Rainfall & 12/01/99 30/4/01 Rainfall:1/6/98-
snowfall 30/11/99,1/5/01-31/12/02

Snowfall:1/6/98-30/11-
969,1/5/01-31/12/02
6 Holi 29.00°N 78.00°E Rainfall & 12/01/99 30/4/01 Rainfall:1/6/98-
snowfall 30/11/99,1/5/01-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-30/11-
969,1/5/01-31/12/02
7 Ullansa Rainfall & 12/01/99 30/4/01 Rainfall:1/6/98-
snowfall 30/11/99,1/5/01-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-30/11-
969,1/5/01-31/12/02
8 Chanhotta Rainfall & 12/01/99 29/2/00 Rainfall:1/6/98-
snowfall 30/11/99,1/3/00-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-30/11-
969,1/3/01-31/12/02
9 Tissa Rainfall & 08/01/00 31/8/01 Rainfall:1/698-31/7/00,1/9-
snowfall 31/12/00,1/2-31/3/01,1/9/01-
31/12/02 Snowfall:1/6/98-
31/7/00,1/900-31/3/01
10 Jataum Barrage Rainfall 01/06/98 31/12/01 1/1-31/12/02
11 Bajaura 31.81877°N 77.1494°E Rainfall, 02/01/00 31/10/02 Rainfall:1/6/98-31/1/00,22-
temperature, 31/12/01,1/11-31/12/02,1/7-
RH, BSS & 31/8/02 Temperature, RH,
Evaporation wind sunshine:1/6/98-
31/1/01,22-31/12/01,1/7-
31/8/02,1/11-31/12/02
12 Dhaulakuan 30.4°N 77.5°E Rainfall, 01/09/99 30/11/02 Rainfall:1/6/98-31/8/99,30/9-
temperature, 28/11/99,30/11-31/12/99,1-
RH, BSS & 31/5/00,1/10/00-31/1/01,1/11-

Evaporation 31/12/02 Temperature,

Sunshine,Evaporation:
1/6/98-31/1/01,1/11-31/12/02
13 Pamvata Rainfall 01/09/99 31/07/01 1/6/98-31/8/99,1/10-
31/12/99,1-31/5/00,1/10/00-
31/1/01,1/8/01-31/12/02
14 Renuka Sangdah Rainfall 01/09/99 30/09/00 1/6/98-31/8/99,1/10-
31/12/99,1-31/5/00,1/10-
31/12/00
15 Dadahu 30.55785°N 77.42329°E Rainfall 07/09/99 31/07/01 1/6/98-6/9/99,11/9-
31/12/99,1-31/5/00,1-
31/7/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/8/01-
31/12/02
16 Pachhad Rainfall 01/09/99 30/09/00 1/6/98-31/8/99,30/9-
31/12/99,1-31/5/00,1/10-
31/12/00
17 Nahan 30.55°N 77.30°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/07/01 1/6/98-6/9/99,11/9-
31/12/99,1-31/5/00,1-
31/7/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/801-
31/12/02
18 Vrakani Rainfall & 01/01/00 31/07/01 Rainfall: 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
snowfall 31/5/00,1/100-
30/11/00,1/8/01-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/5/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/801-
31/12/02
19 Drakund Rainfall & 01/01/00 31/07/01 Rainfall: 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
snowfall 31/5/00,1/100-

30/11/00,1/8/01-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/5/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/801-
31/12/02
20 Khunadel Rainfall & 01/01/00 31/07/01 Rainfall: 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
snowfall 31/5/00,1/100-
30/11/00,1/8/01-31/12/02
Snowfall:1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/5/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/801-
31/12/02
21 Nalagarh 31.05°N 76.72°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/03/01 1/6/98-30/12/99,1-
31/5/00,1/10-30/11/00,1/4/01-
31/12/02
22 Tehseel (Arki) 31.15°N 76.97°E Rainfall 08/01/00 31/07/01 1/6/98-31/7/00,1-31/12/00,20-
31/1/01,1/3-30/4/01,1/8/01-
31/12/02
23 Kalatop Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/3-
31/12/011/1-31/12/02
24 Bhandal 31.63°N 77.45°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/3-30/4/01,
2/8-31/12/011/1-31/12/02
25 Chowari Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/2-31/12/01
1/1-31/12/02
26 Chamba 32.57°N 76.13°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/3-
31/12/01,1/1-31/12/02
27 Bilaspur 31.33°N 76.75°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,7/1-31/12/01,
1/1-31/12/02
28 Ghumarwin 31.45°N 76.72°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02

29 Sadar (Bilaspur) 31.30906°N 76.75983°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02

30 Hamirpur 31.68°N 76.52°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
31 Bhoranj 31.63414°N 76.64599°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
32 Nadaun 31.78°N 76.35°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
33 Barsar 31.50768°N 76.46446°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-
16/5/01,1/6-31/12/011/1-
31/12/02
34 Sujanpur 31.83°N 76.50°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
35 Dehra 31.90°N 76.22°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/1/01,1/1-31/12/02
36 Kangra 32.10°N 76.27°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
37 Nurpur 31.17°N 76.48°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
38 Dharam-shala 32.24°N 76.28°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/00 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
39 Palampur 32.12°N 76.53°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
40 Nichar 31.51669°N 77.97327°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
41 Kilba Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-
31/8/01,1/11-31/12/01,1/1-
31/12/02
42 Sangla 31.4°N 78.3°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-
3/8/01,11/1-31/12/02
43 Kalpa 31.5°N 78.3°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
44 Moorang 31.6°N 78.5°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
13/3/01,1/1-31/12/02

45 Pooh 31.72531°N 78.56134°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-

31/12/01,1/1-31/12/02
46 Kullu 31.97°N 77.10°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/00 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-31/12/01,
1/1-31/12/02
47 Banjar 31.63°N 77.35°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
48 Keylong Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-
31/8/01,1/1-31/12/02
49 Kaza Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1-
28/02/01,1-30/06/01,1-
31/08/31,1/10-30/11/01,1/1-
31/12/02
50 Udaipur 32.70103°N 76.68326°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
51 Sadar (Mandi) Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
52 Jogindernagar 31.98°N 76.77°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
53 Sarkha ghat 31.70°N 76.73°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
54 Chachiot 31.6°N 77.1°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
55 Sundernagar 31.53°N 76.88°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
56 Karsog 31.4°N 77.2°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
57 Sandhol 31.83126°N 76.65458°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
58 Bharol Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
59 Rampur 31.45°N 77.63°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
60 Rohru 31.22°N 77.75°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
61 Jubbal 31.12°N 77.67°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-22/1/01,

1/1-31/12/02
62 Chopal 30.95°N 77.58°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/1/01,1/3-31/12/01, 1/1-
31/12/02
63 Theog 31.12°N 77.35°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 16-
31/3/01,1/1-31/12/02
64 Kumarsain 31.3°N 77.4°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
65 Suni Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
66 Junga 31.1°N 77.2°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-
31/1/01,1/3-31/12/01, 1/1-
31/12/02
67 Kotkhai 31.12°N 77.53°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
68 Dodrakwar Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/3-
30/9/01,1/11-31/12/01, 1/1-
31/12/02
69 Mashobra 31.1°N 77.2°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-31/12/02
70 Paonta sahib 30.45°N 77.62°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-31/7/01,
1/1-31/12/02
71 Kandaghat 30.983°N 77.117°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 1/1-
31/10/01,1-31/12/01,1/1-
31/12/02
72 Kasauli 30.92°N 76.95°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99, 20-
31/1/01,1-30/11/01,1/1-
31/12/02
73 Solan 30.92°N 77.12°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1-31/10/01,1-

31/12/01, 1/1-31/12/02
74 Una 31.48°N 76.28°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,20-31/1/01,1-
30/11/01, 1/1-31/12/02
75 Amb 31.66946°N 76.118°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,20-
31/01/01,1-30/6/01, 1/1-
31/12/02
76 Bangana 31.61281°N 76.34805°E Rainfall 01/01/00 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-30/9/01,
1/1-31/12/02
77 Salooni 32.71081°N 76.04004°E Rainfall 01/07/01 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-30/6/01,
1/1-31/12/02
78 Chirgaon 31.20858°N 77.86685°E Rainfall 01/12/01 31/12/01 1/6/98-31/12/99,1/1-30/11/01,
1/1-31/12/02
79 Raghunathpura Rainfall 01/10/96
80 Sahu Rainfall 01/10/96
81 Chahatrari Rainfall 01/10/96
82 Bhanota Rainfall 01/10/96
83 Barthi Rainfall 01/10/96
84 Killar Rainfall 01/10/96
85 Purbani Rainfall 01/10/96
86 Kasumpti Rainfall 01/10/96
87 Khadrala Rainfall 01/10/96
88 Bashla Rainfall 01/10/96
89 Shillaroo Rainfall 01/10/96

90 Parala Rainfall 01/10/96

91 Kotgarh Rainfall 01/10/96
92 Phancha Rainfall 01/10/96
93 Bharotu Rainfall 01/10/96
94 Jhungi Rainfall 01/10/96
95 Kataula Rainfall 01/10/96
96 Panjei Rainfall 01/10/96
97 Janjehli Rainfall 01/10/96
98 Mandi Obs. Rainfall 01/10/96
99 Khatan Rainfall 01/10/96
100 Dadupur Rainfall 01/10/96
101 Arki Rainfall
102 Tinder Rainfall 01/07/99

1.2. Stream Discharges (cu.m/sec) from June 1998 to May 2004 - Giri Station
First Fifteen Days of the month
Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Jun-98 8.57 ** 8.00 ** ** ** 7.75 ** ** ** 78.16 112.62 89.13 61.81 44.93
Jul-98 48.73 119.99 78.48 48.73 48.73 44.27 44.27 44.27 44.27 38.88 140.18 119.99 78.48 78.48 78.48
Aug-98 40.52 36.06 36.06 31.94 31.94 91.94 28.45 28.45 28.45 31.94 31.94 91.94 28.45 28.45 **
Sep-98 91.36 78.48 63.35 51.81 45.95 45.95 40.40 40.40 40.40 35.23 35.23 35.23 45.75 45.75 40.40
Oct-98 ** ** 91.36 78.48 63.35 63.35 63.35 63.35 51.81 51.81 45.95 45.95 45.95 45.95 40.40
Nov-98 45.95 45.95 40.40 ** 40.40 35.23 35.23 35.23 40.40 40.40 35.23 35.23 30.18 30.18 26.32
Dec-98 18.97 18.97 18.97 18.97 17.91 17.91 17.91 17.91 17.10 17.10 17.10 17.10 16.49 16.49 16.49
Jan-99 13.88 13.88 13.88 13.88 13.29 13.29 13.29 22.02 16.49 15.12 14.50 14.50 13.88 13.88 13.88
Feb-99 14.50 14.50 13.29 13.29 13.29 12.68 12.68 12.68 12.68 12.01 12.01 12.01 12.01 11.43 11.43
Mar-99 11.43 ** 10.29 10.29 10.29 9.88 9.88 9.88 10.81 10.81 10.81 10.24 10.24 10.24 9.68
Apr-99 7.65 7.65 7.65 8.05 8.05 8.05 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.32 ** **
May-99 5.79 5.79 5.79 5.79 5.79 5.79 5.79 5.49 5.49 8.05 9.88 9.88 8.99 8.05 7.32
Jun-99 8.13 ** ** 7.18 9.10 7.18 6.44 6.44 6.44 6.12 7.18 9.10 8.13 7.18 7.18
Jul-99 16.08 31.23 25.16 25.16 16.08 16.08 13.18 12.08 11.05 11.05 11.05 20.24 31.23 16.08 13.18
Aug-99 149.44 149.44 297.77 217.69 149.44 149.44 217.69 217.69 217.69 274.29 234.38 217.69 149.44 149.44 132.31
Sep-99 69.33 69.33 ** 59.84 59.84 77.59 69.33 69.33 69.33 77.59 77.59 69.33 69.33 69.33 59.84
Oct-99 59.84 ** 52.57 52.57 52.57 52.57 43.32 43.32 43.32 43.32 39.96 39.96 39.96 39.96 34.51
Nov-99 16.89 15.88 15.88 15.88 15.88 15.20 15.20 15.20 14.36 14.36 14.36 14.36 13.54 13.54 13.54
Dec-99 11.96 11.96 11.96 11.49 11.49 11.49 11.49 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.12 10.61
Jan-00 9.28 9.28 9.28 9.28 9.28 8.68 8.68 ** 8.68 8.68 8.68 9.28 11.14 12.07 11.14
Feb-00 10.27 11.14 10.27 10.27 13.96 17.50 13.96 12.07 12.07 11.14 13.96 17.50 15.85 13.96 13.96
Mar-00 8.68 8.68 8.68 8.28 8.28 11.14 10.27 10.27 9.70 9.70 8.68 8.68 13.96 12.54 11.14
Apr-00 8.28 8.68 8.68 8.28 8.28 8.28 7.91 7.91 7.91 7.54 7.54 ** 7.54 ** **
May-00 8.20 8.20 7.99 7.99 7.58 ** 9.56 8.63 7.99 7.99 7.58 8.63 7.99 7.99 7.58
Jun-00 8.63 8.63 8.63 8.63 8.20 8.20 8.20 144.12 325.52 108.82 54.83 47.47 41.46 36.36 **
Jul-00 47.97 41.46 41.46 36.36 47.97 36.36 36.36 54.83 47.97 47.97 54.83 54.83 47.97 47.97 47.97
Aug-00 54.83 54.83 54.83 47.97 47.97 47.97 41.46 41.46 41.46 38.91 38.91 38.91 36.36 36.36 36.36
Sep-00 36.36 36.36 33.83 33.83 33.83 33.83 31.30 31.30 31.30 31.30 29.79 29.79 29.79 29.79 33.83
Oct-00 22.80 ** 22.28 22.28 21.19 21.19 20.45 20.45 19.67 18.68 17.98 17.63 ** 17.15 16.75

Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Nov-00 13.74 13.74 13.74 13.74 13.24 13.24 13.24 13.24 12.77 12.77 ** 12.77 12.77 12.29 12.29
Dec-00 11.19 11.19 11.19 11.19 11.19 11.19 10.79 10.79 10.79 10.79 10.79 10.79 70.79 10.79 10.79
Jan-01 11.19 ** 11.19 10.79 10.79 10.79 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 9.81 9.81 9.81 9.81 9.47
Feb-01 9.18 9.18 9.18 8.84 8.84 8.84 8.84 8.60 8.60 8.60 8.60 8.60 8.29 8.29 8.29
Mar-01 8.13 8.13 7.83 7.83 7.83 ** 7.54 7.54 7.54 7.54 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.54
Apr-01 6.83 ** 6.51 6.51 ** ** 6.27 6.27 6.27 6.05 6.05 6.05 ** ** 5.76
May-01 5.76 5.62 5.62 6.05 5.76 5.76 ** 5.62 5.62 5.42 5.42 5.23 5.23 5.23 5.76
Jun-01 6.30 6.30 7.67 16.18 ** 10.18 8.12 7.67 7.67 7.23 7.23 7.67 7.67 16.18 10.18
Jul-01 8.12 7.67 7.67 9.63 8.73 8.73 16.18 10.18 9.63 23.52 23.52 299.72 158.18 113.50 85.39
Aug-01 37.50 37.50 34.46 34.46 34.46 46.36 46.36 41.97 51.22 51.22 46.36 46.36 299.72 13.50 **
Sep-01 34.46 34.46 30.83 30.83 26.83 26.83 24.30 24.30 24.30 21.78 21.78 21.78 18.93 18.93 18.93
Oct-01 13.23 ** 13.23 12.43 12.43 12.43 11.68 11.68 11.68 10.97 10.97 10.97 10.36 10.36 10.36
Nov-01 ** 7.72 7.72 7.36 7.36 7.36 7.07 7.07 7.07 7.07 6.75 6.75 6.75 ** 6.50
Dec-01 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.61 5.61 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.21 6.21
Jan-02 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 6.21 6.75
Feb-02 7.07 7.07 6.75 6.75 6.75 6.21 6.21 7.36 7.36 6.75 7.36 14.77 14.77 10.93 10.93
Mar-02 14.46 22.72 95.64 69.90 55.35 35.36 22.72 19.02 16.36 16.36 15.44 ** 14.94 14.94 14.94
Apr-02 10.77 10.77 10.32 10.32 9.83 9.83 9.83 9.42 9.42 9.42 9.03 9.03 8.64 8.64 **
May-02 7.22 7.22 6.89 6.89 ** 6.60 5.97 5.97 5.70 5.70 5.40 ** 5.13 5.13 4.88
Jun-02 ** ** 5.13 5.13 5.13 4.88 4.88 4.88 ** 6.60 5.70 5.70 5.40 5.13 5.13
Jul-02 11.38 9.03 9.03 7.92 16.62 9.03 ** 7.22 7.22 7.22 6.60 6.60 6.60 ** 5.97
Aug-02 5.13 5.13 5.13 ** 5.97 5.97 16.62 11.38 9.03 9.03 ** 7.92 7.92 1175.93 **
Sep-02 82.10 82.10 64.25 64.25 53.48 53.48 53.48 134.72 110.57 97.89 97.89 92.57 529.05 366.91 223.82
Oct-02 42.08 ** 39.06 39.06 36.45 ** 34.74 34.74 31.15 31.15 28.97 28.97 ** 26.54 **
Nov-02 15.16 15.16 ** ** 14.49 14.49 14.49 13.78 13.78 ** 13.05 13.05 12.38 12.38 **
Dec-02 ** 9.96 9.96 9.47 9.47 ** 9.47 ** 9.02 9.02 9.02 9.02 9.02 8.55 **
Jan-03 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.11 ** 8.11 8.11 8.11 ** 7.72 7.72 ** 7.72 7.32 7.32
Feb-03 9.51 ** 9.51 9.51 9.04 9.04 9.04 8.58 ** 8.58 8.58 ** 8.11 8.11 8.11
Mar-03 ** ** 18.25 13.20 13.20 10.38 10.38 10.38 ** 9.92 9.92 9.92 9.51 9.51 9.51
Apr-03 13.20 13.20 11.79 11.79 11.79 ** 10.55 10.55 10.55 10.55 ** 9.94 ** ** **
May-03 10.85 10.85 10.04 ** 9.24 8.92 8.92 8.32 7.89 7.26 ** 6.72 6.72 6.40 6.40
Jun-03 ** 5.61 5.61 5.22 5.08 5.08 4.85 ** 4.60 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.18 4.18 **
Jul-03 5.22 5.22 5.95 5.61 6.72 ** 8.36 6.90 6.72 6.72 6.90 8.36 ** 12.36 36.16

Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Aug-03 210.00 392.80 264.63 510.59 167.93 101.19 101.19 81.82 81.82 123.74 101.19 81.82 101.19 101.19 **
Sep-03 65.81 65.81 123.74 135.58 123.74 123.74 210.80 123.74 135.58 101.90 167.93 135.58 123.74 101.19 101.19
Oct-03 33.70 ** 28.70 ** ** 27.13 27.13 24.96 24.96 ** 22.46 ** 20.84 20.84 19.14
Nov-03 13.74 ** ** ** 12.64 12.64 12.48 ** ** 12.01 11.44 11.44 11.08 11.08 10.55
Dec-03 9.25 9.25 9.25 8.86 8.86 8.86 ** 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.20 8.20 8.20 ** 9.25
Jan-04 8.52 8.20 8.20 ** 7.99 7.99 7.99 7.99 7.72 7.72 ** 7.72 7.72 7.72 7.55
Feb-04 ** ** 14.69 12.48 12.48 ** 11.44 ** 11.08 11.08 10.35 10.35 10.35 10.18 **
Mar-04 7.85 7.85 7.62 7.62 7.37 ** ** 7.09 7.09 7.09 6.03 6.03 6.61 ** 6.37
Apr-04 5.33 5.33 ** ** 5.14 5.14 5.14 5.33 ** 5.14 ** 5.14 5.14 ** **
May-04 5.33 ** ** ** 4.98 4.98 4.71 4.71 ** ** 4.56 4.56 4.36 4.36 **
Last Fifteen Days of the month

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Jun-98 37.87 44.93 78.16 44.93 37.87 37.87 34.58 ** ** ** 33.55 ** ** 34.58 ** 0.00
Jul-98 140.18 119.99 78.48 78.48 48.73 48.73 48.73 45.02 45.02 45.02 40.52 40.52 40.52 36.06 36.06 36.06
Aug-98 119.99 163.30 150.76 119.99 119.99 150.76 217.13 163.30 140.18 119.99 119.99 91.36 119.99 140.18 119.99 91.36
Sep-98 40.40 ** 35.23 35.23 35.23 35.23 217.13 392.71 339.23 232.06 217.13 163.30 140.18 140.18 119.99 0.00
Oct-98 40.40 874.56 874.56 ** ** 217.13 163.30 140.18 119.99 78.48 78.48 63.35 63.35 51.81 51.81 45.95
Nov-98 26.32 26.32 23.05 23.05 23.05 20.21 20.21 20.21 20.21 17.62 17.62 17.62 17.62 15.42 15.42 0.00
Dec-98 16.49 15.78 15.78 15.78 15.78 15.78 15.12 15.12 15.12 15.12 15.12 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50 14.50
Jan-99 13.29 13.29 13.29 13.29 12.68 12.68 12.68 12.68 16.49 16.49 ** 13.88 15.12 26.12 13.97 16.49
Feb-99 11.43 11.43 10.81 10.81 10.81 10.29 10.29 10.29 12.01 16.49 13.29 12.01 12.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-99 9.68 9.39 9.39 8.99 8.99 8.55 8.55 8.07 8.07 ** 8.07 8.07 8.07 ** 7.65 7.65
Apr-99 7.32 7.32 6.97 6.97 6.97 6.64 6.64 6.64 6.64 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.15 6.15 0.00
May-99 6.64 6.64 6.64 6.64 6.15 10.81 4.00 31013.00 79.82 22.02 13.21 10.81 9.88 9.88 8.99 8.05
Jun-99 6.44 6.44 9.10 8.13 8.13 16.08 13.18 12.08 9.10 7.18 7.18 7.18 13.18 12.08 12.08 0.00
Jul-99 13.18 11.05 11.05 16.08 31.23 867.62 537.05 385.10 217.69 149.44 149.44 132.31 132.31 132.31 132.31 149.40
Aug-99 132.31 111.18 111.18 90.75 149.44 149.44 111.18 111.18 90.75 90.75 90.75 77.59 77.59 77.59 69.33 69.33
Sep-99 59.84 ** 52.57 52.57 77.59 69.33 59.84 131.25 131.25 ** 69.33 69.33 69.33 59.84 59.84 0.00
Oct-99 34.51 34.51 34.51 34.51 30.30 30.30 30.30 30.30 26.54 26.54 26.54 26.54 22.01 22.01 18.65 18.65
Nov-99 12.87 12.87 12.87 12.87 12.87 12.46 12.46 ** 12.46 12.46 11.96 11.96 11.96 11.96 11.96 0.00
Dec-99 10.61 10.61 10.61 10.13 10.13 10.13 10.13 9.70 9.70 ** 9.70 9.70 9.70 9.70 9.70 9.70

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Jan-00 11.14 10.78 10.78 10.27 10.27 10.27 10.27 9.70 9.70 ** ** 12.07 12.07 10.78 10.78 10.27
Feb-00 13.19 13.19 12.54 12.54 12.07 12.07 12.07 11.14 11.14 10.27 10.27 9.70 9.70 8.68 0.00 0.00
Mar-00 10.27 ** 8.68 8.68 ** 8.28 8.80 8.28 10.27 9.70 8.68 8.68 8.68 8.28 8.28 8.28
Apr-00 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 ** 7.01 10.27 13.96 11.14 9.70 8.68 8.68 8.28 8.28 0.00
May-00 7.58 7.43 7.26 6.98 6.98 6.98 6.88 6.88 6.88 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.53 6.53 9.56 8.63
Jun-00 36.36 33.37 33.37 33.37 36.36 36.36 33.37 33.37 31.71 31.71 31.71 41.46 41.46 36.36 36.36 0.00
Jul-00 325.52 534.79 646.06 389.07 108.82 76.83 108.82 76.83 72.70 72.70 67.80 67.80 67.80 54.83 54.83 54.83
Aug-00 36.36 33.83 33.83 38.91 38.91 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Sep-00 31.30 31.30 31.30 29.79 29.79 29.79 27.44 27.44 27.44 25.25 25.25 25.25 23.53 23.53 23.53 0.00
Oct-00 16.75 16.22 16.22 15.67 15.67 15.18 15.18 14.69 14.69 14.69 ** 14.21 14.21 14.21 13.74 13.74
Nov-00 12.29 12.29 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.58 11.58 11.58 11.58 11.58 11.19 11.19 11.19 11.19 0.00
Dec-00 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 9.81 9.81 9.81 9.81 ** 9.81 9.81 ** 9.47 9.47 9.47
Jan-01 9.47 9.47 9.47 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.18 9.81 9.81 ** ** 9.47 9.47 9.47 9.18 9.18
Feb-01 8.29 7.83 7.83 7.83 7.83 ** 9.27 8.65 8.65 8.65 8.65 8.34 8.34 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-01 7.54 7.27 7.27 6.87 6.87 7.52 7.52 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 6.87 6.87 8.22 8.22 8.13
Apr-01 6.27 6.27 6.27 6.05 6.05 7.04 6.83 6.83 6.51 6.51 6.27 6.27 6.05 6.05 5.76 0.00
May-01 5.76 6.05 7.67 7.67 7.23 8.12 7.67 7.23 6.83 6.30 6.05 6.05 6.05 7.23 6.83 6.83
Jun-01 8.12 8.12 8.12 7.67 7.67 8.12 8.12 10.18 8.12 7.67 10.18 23.52 16.18 16.18 10.18 0.00
Jul-01 85.39 78.19 78.19 71.52 71.52 66.31 66.31 60.84 60.84 56.74 56.74 51.22 51.22 46.36 37.50 37.50
Aug-01 78.19 66.31 56.74 51.22 51.22 51.22 46.36 46.36 46.36 46.36 41.97 41.97 41.97 41.97 37.50 37.50
Sep-01 18.51 ** 17.55 17.55 17.55 16.76 16.76 16.76 15.95 15.98 15.98 14.96 14.96 14.11 14.11 0.00
Oct-01 9.88 9.88 9.88 9.38 9.38 9.38 8.85 8.85 ** 8.39 ** 8.39 8.05 8.05 8.05 8.05
Nov-01 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21 6.21 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 5.89 ** 0.00
Dec-01 6.21 ** 6.21 7.36 7.36 0.36 7.36 7.36 7.07 ** 7.07 7.07 7.07 6.75 6.75 6.75
Jan-02 8.39 7.72 7.07 7.07 7.07 ** 6.75 6.75 6.75 ** ** 8.85 8.85 8.05 7.36 7.36
Feb-02 9.88 9.88 9.88 8.85 8.85 8.05 8.05 ** 8.05 14.77 14.77 10.93 10.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-02 14.46 14.46 14.46 13.91 13.91 13.91 13.91 13.91 13.91 12.85 12.85 12.43 12.43 ** 11.38 11.38
Apr-02 8.24 7.92 7.92 7.56 7.56 7.22 7.22 6.60 6.60 ** 19.02 15.44 11.38 9.03 7.92 0.00
May-02 4.88 4.80 4.59 ** 5.97 5.13 4.88 4.88 4.59 4.59 ** 4.59 5.40 5.40 5.13 5.13
Jun-02 ** 4.88 4.88 4.88 4.88 5.40 5.40 ** 5.13 5.13 5.13 5.70 5.70 15.44 ** 0.00
Jul-02 5.97 5.70 5.70 5.40 5.40 ** 5.40 7.22 5.97 5.40 5.40 4.88 ** 4.88 5.13 5.13
Aug-02 110.57 95.46 64.46 53.48 44.99 39.94 39.94 110.57 82.10 48.96 95.46 95.46 82.10 82.10 64.25 64.25
Sep-02 134.72 134.72 110.57 110.57 97.89 92.57 92.57 82.10 64.25 64.25 53.48 48.92 48.92 44.99 44.99 0.00

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Oct-02 22.40 20.31 20.31 18.69 ** ** 17.49 17.49 16.59 16.59 16.59 ** 15.94 15.94 15.94 15.94
Nov-02 ** ** 11.60 ** 11.60 11.04 11.04 11.04 ** 10.45 40.45 40.45 9.96 9.96 9.96 0.00
Dec-02 8.55 8.55 8.55 8.14 8.14 8.14 ** 8.14 8.14 ** 7.77 7.77 7.77 ** 7.77 7.77
Jan-03 7.32 7.32 7.02 ** 7.02 7.02 7.02 7.02 6.65 ** ** 6.65 6.65 9.51 10.38 9.51
Feb-03 ** 8.11 10.58 26.82 31.85 26.82 18.25 ** 13.20 10.38 10.38 9.51 9.51 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-03 ** 9.04 9.04 ** 9.04 9.51 9.51 ** 9.92 9.92 9.92 9.92 9.51 9.51 ** 13.20
Apr-03 11.79 11.79 10.55 10.55 ** 9.94 9.94 9.94 9.27 9.27 9.27 ** 11.79 11.79 11.79 0.00
May-03 ** 5.95 ** 5.61 5.61 5.22 5.22 6.72 6.72 ** 6.40 6.40 6.40 5.95 5.95 5.95
Jun-03 5.95 6.72 6.72 5.61 5.61 5.22 ** 5.22 5.08 5.08 5.08 5.61 5.61 ** 5.22 0.00
Jul-03 44.58 65.81 65.81 52.95 44.58 264.63 81.82 52.95 52.95 58.43 52.95 65.81 58.43 81.81 65.81 58.43
Aug-03 92.35 81.82 65.81 ** 52.95 48.03 48.03 44.58 44.58 39.81 39.81 101.19 81.82 65.81 65.81 81.82
Sep-03 81.82 81.82 65.81 65.81 58.43 52.95 48.03 48.03 44.58 44.58 39.81 39.81 39.81 36.16 36.16 0.00
Oct-03 19.14 18.53 18.08 ** 17.09 17.09 16.51 15.89 15.89 ** ** 15.24 15.24 14.85 14.85 14.19
Nov-03 ** 12.01 12.48 11.44 11.08 11.08 10.55 ** 10.18 10.18 ** 9.89 9.89 9.55 ** 0.00
Dec-03 14.69 12.48 10.55 9.89 9.89 ** 9.25 9.25 9.25 ** 8.86 8.86 ** 8.52 8.52 8.52
Jan-04 7.55 7.55 ** 7.21 7.21 7.21 10.35 28.70 27.13 ** ** 12.48 11.44 10.35 10.35 10.35
Feb-04 9.89 9.89 ** 9.55 9.55 9.25 ** 8.86 8.52 8.52 8.20 8.20 7.99 ** 0.00 0.00
Mar-04 6.37 6.37 6.17 6.17 6.17 ** 5.91 5.91 5.91 5.70 5.70 5.70 ** 5.50 ** 5.50
Apr-04 4.98 4.71 ** 4.56 4.56 4.56 4.56 4.36 4.36 ** 4.56 4.56 4.71 4.71 4.71 0.00
May-04 ** 3.98 3.98 3.98 3.85 3.85 3.85 ** 6.65 ** ** ** ** ** ** **

Time Series Plot of Observed Discharge (cu.m/sec) at Giri Stream Gauge Station
Stream Discharge at Giri
1400
Giri
1200
1000
800
Discharge
600
400
200
0
12/1/1998
12/1/1999
12/1/2000
12/1/2001
12/1/2002
12/1/2003
6/1/1998
9/1/1998
3/1/1999
6/1/1999
9/1/1999
3/1/2000
6/1/2000
9/1/2000
3/1/2001
6/1/2001
9/1/2001
3/1/2002
6/1/2002
9/1/2002
3/1/2003
6/1/2003
9/1/2003
3/1/2004
Date

1.3. Stream Discharges from June 1998 to May 2004 - Jalal Station
First Fifteen Days of the month
Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Jun-98 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 3.17 3.17 2.55 2.55 2.15
Jul-98 3.17 3.17 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.00 200.98 13.68 13.68 11.25 11.25 9.22
Aug-98 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 4.77 4.77 4.77 7.61 7.61 7.61 9.22 9.22 7.61 7.61 7.61
Sep-98 7.61 7.61 7.61 7.61 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 ** ** ** ** **
Oct-98 ** ** 7.61 7.61 ** 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 3.97 3.97 3.97
Nov-98 7.61 7.61 7.61 7.61 7.61 6.05 6.05 6.05 6.05 6.05 6.05 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77
Dec-98 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.23
Jan-99 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.57 1.77 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.38 2.38 2.04 2.04 1.92
Feb-99 1.92 1.92 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66
Mar-99 1.57 ** 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.35
Apr-99 1.01 ** 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.88 0.88
May-99 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
Jun-99 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 ** 2.38 1.92 1.57 1.45
Jul-99 2.55 2.55 2.04 1.92 1.92 1.92 2.55 2.04 1.92 1.92 1.92 17.40 6.77 4.40 8.42
Aug-99 8.42 8.42 5.95 5.95 5.95 8.42 8.42 8.42 24.63 24.63 8.42 8.42 12.51 12.51 8.42
Sep-99 5.95 5.95 5.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 5.90 5.95 5.95 5.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95
Oct-99 8.42 ** 8.42 8.42 8.42 8.42 5.95 5.95 5.95 5.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95 4.95
Nov-99 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 2.23 ** 3.10 3.10 3.10 3.10 2.90 2.97 2.97 2.97
Dec-99 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.67 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.62 2.55
Jan-00 2.02 2.02 1.90 1.90 1.73 1.73 1.62 1.62 1.52 1.52 1.40 1.62 1.62 1.73 1.73
Feb-00 0.97 1.12 1.24 0.92 1.44 2.02 1.65 1.65 1.44 1.44 2.02 2.02 1.90 1.44 1.24
Mar-00 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.54 0.54 0.61 0.61 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.61 0.61 0.54
Apr-00 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.34 ** 0.34 ** **
May-00 0.34 0.34 0.30 0.30 0.37 ** 0.75 0.51 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.47 0.42 0.37
Jun-00 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.83 0.61 0.83 8.52 12.26 6.63 3.51 3.51 2.53 2.53 **
Jul-00 2.68 3.60 3.60 2.68 3.60 3.60 2.68 2.68 2.68 3.60 2.68 2.68 1.87 1.87 16.95
Aug-00 10.46 10.46 10.46 7.87 7.87 7.87 5.87 5.87 4.79 4.79 7.87 10.46 10.46 13.05 13.05
Sep-00 2.58 2.58 2.58 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.15 2.15 2.00 2.00 1.87
Oct-00 1.11 ** 1.11 1.11 1.07 1.07 ** 1.07 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 ** 0.98 0.98

Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Nov-00 0.86 0.86 0.81 0.81 0.81 ** 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.79 ** 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
Dec-00 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.59 0.59 ** 0.59 0.59
Jan-01 0.50 ** 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54
Feb-01 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.47 0.47
Mar-01 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 ** 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.47
Apr-01 0.31 ** 0.21 0.21 ** ** 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16 ** ** 0.45
May-01 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.43 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.21 0.21 0.19
Jun-01 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.86 ** 2.37 0.86 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.86 0.86
Jul-01 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.86 0.51 0.51 2.37 0.86 0.86 2.37 2.37 45.99 22.25 14.11 7.48
Aug-01 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 2.95 4.53 10.37 5.54 202.55 45.90 22.25 10.37 7.40 302.55 **
Sep-01 3.11 3.11 3.11 3.11 2.38 2.38 2.38 2.38 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.30 1.30 1.30
Oct-01 0.87 ** 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.77
Nov-01 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.57 ** 0.57
Dec-01 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50
Jan-02 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.50
Feb-02 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.55 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.51
Mar-02 0.57 1.49 3.26 1.49 1.28 1.28 1.20 1.20 0.87 0.87 0.87 ** 0.85 0.85 0.77
Apr-02 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 **
May-02 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.46 ** 0.46
Jun-02 0.44 ** 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.42 0.42 ** 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.46
Jul-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Aug-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Sep-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Oct-02 4.79 4.56 4.56 4.27 4.27 3.99 3.99 3.68 3.68 3.32 3.03 3.03 ** 2.83 2.83
Nov-02 1.60 1.60 ** ** 1.48 1.48 1.36 1.36 1.25 ** 1.25 1.25 1.17 1.17 **
Dec-02 ** 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 ** 0.75 ** 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.74 **
Jan-03 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 ** 0.67 0.66 0.66 ** 0.66 0.66 ** 0.66 0.66 0.64
Feb-03 0.75 ** 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.73 0.73 0.73 ** 0.73 0.71 ** 0.71 0.71 0.71
Mar-03 ** ** 1.33 1.24 1.24 1.13 1.13 1.13 ** 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.75 0.73
Apr-03 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.49 ** 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 ** 0.46 ** ** **
May-03 0.40 0.40 0.40 ** 0.38 0.38 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.28 ** 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.24
Jun-03 ** 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 ** 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 **
Jul-03 0.25 0.28 0.34 0.38 0.40 ** 0.54 0.54 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.34 ** 0.54 11.54

Month/Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Aug-03 13.04 21.04 46.05 16.07 10.34 8.65 7.33 7.33 7.33 6.34 8.65 8.65 8.65 8.65 **
Sep-03 7.33 10.24 46.05 21.92 16.29 62.41 46.05 21.92 13.04 10.24 16.29 13.04 10.24 10.24 8.65
Oct-03 6.15 ** 5.89 ** ** 5.66 5.66 5.22 5.22 ** 4.82 ** 4.46 4.48 4.18
Nov-03 2.30 ** ** ** 2.21 2.21 2.14 ** ** 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.74 1.74 1.66
Dec-03 1.46 1.46 1.46 1.39 1.39 1.39 ** 1.32 1.32 1.27 1.27 1.24 1.24 ** 1.32
Jan-04 1.16 1.16 1.16 ** 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.04 1.04 ** ** 1.04 1.04 1.01 1.01
Feb-04 ** ** 1.90 1.52 1.24 ** 1.16 ** 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.01 1.01 0.97 **
Mar-04 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.76 ** ** 0.75 0.75 0.71 0.71 0.68 0.68 ** 0.64
Apr-04 0.51 0.51 ** ** 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.51 ** 0.47 ** 0.47 0.47 ** **
May-04 0.54 ** ** ** 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.51 ** ** 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46
Last Fifteen Days of the month

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Jun-98 2.00 2.33 2.15 2.15 ** 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.15 2.15 0.00
Jul-98 9.22 58.03 11.25 11.25 11.25 9.22 9.22 7.61 7.61 7.61 7.61 4.77 4.77 4.77 3.97 3.97
Aug-98 7.61 4.77 4.77 4.77 4.77 10.31 10.31 10.31 9.22 9.22 9.22 10.31 10.31 9.22 9.22 9.22
Sep-98 ** ** ** ** ** 4.77 9.22 9.22 10.31 9.22 9.22 9.22 7.61 ** 7.61 0.00
Oct-98 3.97 187.64 101.38 ** 13.68 10.31 10.31 10.31 10.31 9.22 9.22 9.22 7.61 7.61 7.61 **
Nov-98 4.77 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 3.19 0.00
Dec-98 2.23 2.23 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77
Jan-99 1.92 1.92 1.77 ** 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.77 ** ** 1.66 1.92 2.38 2.04 2.04
Feb-99 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-99 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.21 1.21 ** 1.12 1.12 1.12 ** 1.01 1.01
Apr-99 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.00
May-99 0.60 0.60 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 1.01 1.57 1.45 1.35 1.21 1.01 1.01 0.94 0.94 0.88
Jun-99 1.45 1.35 ** 2.55 2.55 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 1.57 1.57 2.04 2.04 2.04 1.92 0.00
Jul-99 12.51 12.51 8.42 8.42 12.51 122.21 65.06 65.06 24.63 24.63 8.42 8.42 8.42 5.95 5.95 5.95
Aug-99 8.42 8.42 8.42 9.55 12.51 10.27 10.37 8.42 8.42 8.42 7.41 7.41 7.41 7.41 5.95 5.95
Sep-99 4.95 ** 4.95 5.95 5.95 5.95 5.95 24.63 24.63 ** 8.42 5.95 5.95 5.95 5.95 0.00
Oct-99 4.95 4.11 4.11 ** 4.11 4.11 4.11 4.11 4.11 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.31 3.23
Nov-99 2.88 2.88 2.88 ** 2.88 2.88 ** ** 2.88 2.82 2.82 2.82 2.82 2.82 2.82 0.00
Dec-99 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.49 2.49 2.49 2.49 ** 2.44 2.44 2.31 2.31 2.19 2.19 2.08

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Jan-00 1.90 1.62 1.62 1.52 1.52 1.40 1.40 1.31 1.31 ** ** 1.40 1.21 1.09 1.09 0.97
Feb-00 1.24 1.12 0.97 0.97 0.92 0.92 0.83 0.83 0.75 0.75 0.69 0.69 0.61 0.61 0.00 0.00
Mar-00 0.51 ** 0.51 0.51 ** 0.47 0.47 0.51 0.51 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.42
Apr-00 0.34 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 ** 0.30 0.30 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.00
May-00 2.02 1.24 ** 0.83 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.37 0.61 0.61
Jun-00 5.50 2.53 2.53 2.11 2.11 1.42 1.18 1.18 0.96 0.96 0.96 2.64 2.64 2.11 2.11 0.00
Jul-00 16.95 41.87 16.95 16.95 37.06 16.95 37.06 25.50 ** 16.95 ** 10.46 10.46 7.87 7.87 7.87
Aug-00 10.26 7.87 7.87 10.26 7.87 5.87 7.87 7.87 7.87 5.87 5.87 4.79 4.79 3.60 2.60 2.70
Sep-00 1.87 1.76 1.76 1.65 1.65 1.54 1.54 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.20 1.20 0.00
Oct-00 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.89 0.89 0.89 ** 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86
Nov-00 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.00
Dec-00 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 ** 0.57 0.54 ** 0.54 0.54 0.54
Jan-01 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 ** 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.50 ** ** 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Feb-01 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 ** 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-01 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.47 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Apr-01 0.45 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.39 0.47 0.43 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.00
May-01 0.19 0.21 0.21 0.43 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.36 0.21
Jun-01 2.37 2.37 0.86 0.86 0.51 0.51 0.86 0.86 0.57 0.57 0.81 0.81 0.86 0.86 0.87 0.00
Jul-01 19.05 45.99 19.05 5.54 5.54 5.54 4.53 4.53 3.77 3.77 2.95 3.77 3.77 3.77 2.95 2.95
Aug-01 10.37 7.49 7.49 7.49 6.37 6.37 6.37 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.54 5.54 4.54 4.54 4.54
Sep-01 1.21 ** 1.21 1.18 1.18 1.12 1.12 1.06 1.06 1.04 1.04 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.94 0.00
Oct-01 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 ** 0.70 ** 0.70 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.68
Nov-01 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.51 ** ** 0.51 0.51 ** 0.00
Dec-01 0.50 ** 0.51 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 ** 0.54 0.54 0.51 0.51 0.50 0.50
Jan-02 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.51 ** 0.50 0.50 0.50 ** ** 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.51 0.51
Feb-02 0.50 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 ** 0.46 0.68 0.68 0.57 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-02 0.77 0.70 0.70 0.66 0.66 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.55 0.55 ** 0.51 0.51
Apr-02 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.46 ** 2.42 1.28 1.28 0.87 0.87 0.00
May-02 ** 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.50 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.44 ** 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.44
Jun-02 ** 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.54 0.54 ** 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.50 0.50 3.26 ** 0.00
Jul-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Aug-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Sep-02 ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 0.00

Month/Day 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Oct-02 2.56 2.56 2.38 ** 2.15 ** 2.15 2.15 2.04 2.04 1.90 1.90 1.72 1.72 1.60 1.60
Nov-02 ** ** 1.08 ** 1.01 1.01 0.94 0.94 ** 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00
Dec-02 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 ** 0.71 0.71 ** 0.71 0.71 0.67 ** 0.67 0.67
Jan-03 0.64 0.64 0.64 ** 0.64 0.64 0.60 0.60 0.60 ** ** 0.60 0.60 0.75 0.80 0.75
Feb-03 ** 0.67 0.71 1.91 1.58 0.00 0.00 ** 0.00 0.00 ** 1.13 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mar-03 ** 0.73 0.71 0.71 0.87 0.67 0.64 ** 0.59 0.59 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 ** 0.56
Apr-03 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 ** 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.42 ** ** 0.46 0.46 0.44 0.00
May-03 ** 0.24 ** 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.24 0.24 ** 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.21
Jun-03 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.34 ** 0.34 0.34 0.28 0.28 0.24 0.38 ** 0.28 0.00
Jul-03 13.04 16.17 21.01 13.04 11.54 46.05 13.04 7.33 13.04 10.24 7.33 6.34 7.33 6.34 6.07 6.07
Aug-03 7.33 7.33 7.33 ** 0.34 6.34 6.34 6.07 6.07 6.07 6.07 21.92 13.04 10.24 8.65 10.24
Sep-03 8.65 8.65 8.06 8.06 8.06 7.33 7.33 7.33 8.65 8.65 7.33 7.33 7.33 6.34 6.34 0.00
Oct-03 4.18 3.93 3.93 ** 3.68 3.68 3.47 3.47 3.31 ** ** 2.88 2.88 2.72 2.60 2.43
Nov-03 ** 1.66 1.90 1.74 1.74 1.66 1.66 ** 1.61 1.61 ** 1.53 1.46 1.46 ** 0.00
Dec-03 1.90 1.66 1.46 1.32 1.32 ** 1.24 1.24 1.17 ** 1.17 1.17 ** 1.12 1.12 1.12
Jan-04 1.01 1.01 ** 0.97 0.97 0.97 1.16 1.90 1.52 ** ** 1.16 1.04 1.01 1.01 1.01
Feb-04 0.97 0.90 ** 0.90 0.89 0.89 ** 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83 ** 0.00 0.00
Mar-04 0.64 0.63 0.63 0.60 0.60 ** 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.54 0.54 ** 0.51 ** 0.51
Apr-04 0.46 0.46 ** 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.40 ** 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.51 0.00
May-04 ** 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40 ** 0.47 ** ** ** ** ** **

Time Series Plot of Observed Discharge (cu.m/sec) at Jalal Stream Gauge Station
Stream Discharge at Jalal
350
Jalal
300
250
200
Dischage
150
100
50
0
12/1/1998
12/1/1999
12/1/2000
12/1/2001
12/1/2002
12/1/2003
6/1/1998
9/1/1998
3/1/1999
6/1/1999
9/1/1999
3/1/2000
6/1/2000
9/1/2000
3/1/2001
6/1/2001
9/1/2001
3/1/2002
6/1/2002
9/1/2002
3/1/2003
6/1/2003
9/1/2003
3/1/2004
Date

2. Appendix II
2.1. IPH Administrative Setup – Details
North Zone (4 circle 15 Div)
Nurpur Circle Dharamshala Circle Chamba Circle Una Circle

Chamba
Nurpur Division Dharamshala Division Division Una – I Division
Dharamshala No. I Chamba
Nurpur Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Una – I Subdivision
Raja ka Talab Sew Dharamshala No. II Chamba
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Mehatpur Subdivision
Bharmour
Kotla Subdivision Sarotari Subdivision Subdivision Haroli Subdivision
Nagrota Bagwan S & I Chamba Santokhgarh
Jawali Division Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Jawali Subdivision Palampur Division Salooni Division Una – II Division
Nagrota Surian Salooni
Subdivision Palampur Subdivision Subdivision Una – II Subdivision
Fatehpur Subdivision Panchrukhi Subdivision Tissa Subdivision Gagret Subdivision
Dehra Division Chadiyar Subdivision Kotti Subdivision Bangana Subdivision
Bhallai
Dehra Subdivision Baijnath Subdivision Subdivision Bharwain Subdivision
Dalhousie Fathehpur Division (
Sunhet Subdivision Thural Division Division F.P Gagret Division)
Haripur Gular Banikhet
Subdivision Thural Subdivision Subdivision F.P Gagret Subdivision
Chawari
Dadasiba Subdivision Dheera Subdivision Subdivision Amb Subdivision
Shiunta T/W Division (T.W.
Khundian Subdivision Lambagaon Subdivision Subdivision Gagret Division)
T.W. Gagret
Indora Division Daroh Subdivision Subdivision
Indora Subdivision Shahpur Division T.W. Amb Subdivision
Mech Gagret
Badukhar Subdivision Shahpur Subdivision Subdivision
Gangath Subdivision Kangra Subdivision
Manai Subdivision

Central Zone (3 cir 14 Div)
Kullu Circle Hamirpur Circle Sundernagar Circle
Kullu - I Division Hamirpur Division Sundernagar Division

Kullu Subdivision Hamirpur Subdivision Sundernagar Subdivision
Katrain Subdivision Uhal Subdivision T/W Kanaid Subdivision
Manali Subdivision Nadaun Subdivision Gohar Subdivision
Sujanpur Tihra
Kullu – II Division Subdivision Thunag Subdivision
Shamshi Subdivision Dhanehta Subdivision Mandi Division
Banjar Subdivision Barsar Division No. I Mandi Subdivision
Largi Subdivision Barsar Subdivision No. II Mandi Subdivision
Keylong Division (Falling under
Nahan Circle in printed list) Bhoranj Subdivision No. III Mandi Subdivision
Keylong Subdivision Bhota Subdivision Panarsa
Udaipur Subdivision Galore Subdivision Bali Chowki
Anni Division (Falling under
Nahan Circle in printed list) Ghumarwin Division Baggi Division
Ghumarwin
Anni Subdivision Subdivision Baggi Subdivision
Nirmand Subdivision Jhanduta Subdivision Mech Baggi Subdivision
Nither Subdivision Kalol Subdivision Rewalsar Subdivision
Bilaspur Division Paddar Division
Bilaspur Subdivision Padhar Subdivision
Kandrour Subdivision Jogindernagar Subdivision
Swarghat Subdivision Kataula Subdivision
Bassi Subdivision Lad Bharol Subdivision
Swarghat Division (Wrong
Changar Bassi Name it should be Sarkaghat
Subdivision Division)
Karsog Division
Karsog Subdivision
Nihri Subdivision
Chattri Subdivision
Churag Subdivision

South Zone (5 cir 18 div)
Rekong Peo Circle Rohru Circle Shimla Circle Project Nahan Circle
Management
Unit (PMU)
Circle
Rekong Peo Division Rohru Suni Division Div - II (No. II Nahan
Division Shimla -03) Division
Rekong Peo Rohru Suni PH Gumma No. I Nahan
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Akpa at Morang Chirgaon Kumarsain PH Churat No. II Nahan
Nichhar Subdivision Tikker Kotgarh PH Dhalli Rajgarh
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Pooh Division Jubbal Gumma No. III Gumma Sarahan
Division Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
(Twice) (Twice)
Pooh Subdivision Jubbal Shimla No. I SNC Div Sangrah
Subdivision Division (SNWCD Subdivision
Shimla -05)
Yangthang Sarswati Nagar No. I Shimla No. I Shimla Nauradhar
Kaza Division (In Gumma Kotti No. II Shimla Jamta
printed list it is in Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Central Zone)
Kaza Subdivision Kotkhai Theog STPC Div Haripurdhar
Subdivision Subdivision (STPCD Shimla Subdivision
-05)
Tabo Subdivision Nerwa Matiyana No. I Shimla Paonta
Division Subdivision Subdivision Division
Rampur Division Nerwa Ghanahtti No. II Shimla Paonta
No. 1 Rampur Chopal Sainj WS&S Div Shillai
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision (WS&S Shimla - Subdivision
09)
No. 2 Rampur Kupvi Arki Division No. I Shimla Majra
Sarahan Subdivision Arki No. II Shimla Kafota
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Nankhari Subdivision Sabathu No. IV Shimla Giri Pattlian
Subdivision Subdivision Subdivision
Giri Majra
Subdivision
Solan Division
No. I Solan

South Zone (5 cir 18 div)
Rekong Peo Circle Rohru Circle Shimla Circle Project Nahan Circle
Management
Unit (PMU)
Circle
Subdivision
No. III Solan
Subdivision
Dharampur
Subdivision
Kandaghat
Subdivision
Nalagarh
Division
Nalagarh
Subdivision
T.W. Nalagarh
Subdivision
T.W. Baddi
Subdivision
Ramschar
Subdivision

2.2. Data Received and Converted in to digital form for IPH

Administrative Setup – Details
Zones Map Data

North Zone (4 circles and 15 Divisions) at Dharamshala (District Kangra, Chamba
and Una)
Nurpur Circle
Nurpur Hard Hard Hard Hard
Jawali Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard
Dehra Soft Hard Hard Hard
Indora All Divisions are Digitized Hard Hard Hard
as Kangra Distict
Dharamshala Circle
Dharamshala Hard Hard Hard
Palampur Hard Hard Hard
Thural Hard Hard Hard
Shahpur Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard Hard
Chamba Circle
Chamba Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Salooni Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Dalhousie Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Una Circle
Una – I Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Una – II Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Fathehpur
T/W
Central Zone (3 circles and 14 Divisions) – At Mandi (District Kullu and part of
Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Hamirpur and Bilaspur)
Kullu Circle
Kullu Soft Soft
Keylong
Ani

Zones Map Data

Sundernagar Circle
Sunder Nagar
Mandi
Sarkaghat
Padhar
Baggi
Karsog
Hamirpur Circle
Hamirpur
Bilaspur
Ghumarwin
Barsar
South Zone (5 circles and 18 Divisions) at Shimla (Shimla, Solan, Sirmour,
Kinnaur and Spiti sub division of District Lahaul & Spiti)
Rekong Peo Circle
Rekong Peo Hard Hard
Rampur Hard Hard Soft Soft Soft
Kaza Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Pooh Soft Soft Hard Hard
Rohru Circle
Rohru
Jubbal
Nerwa
Shimla Circle
Shimla
Suni Hard Hard
Arki Soft Soft Hard Hard
Project Management Unit (PMU) Circle
IPH Div. No. II
Sew.Net.W.con
Div
STP
WS&Sew.D
Nahan Circle

Zones Map Data

Nahan Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Paonta Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Solan Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft Soft
Nalagarh Soft Soft Soft Hard Hard Hard
Note: Soft under Map = Digitized Vector Map is available

Hard under Map = Map available in paper format, not digitized due to problem of
georeferencing
Soft under Data = Excel Sheets are available
Hard under Data = Available in paper format, not converted into electronic form

2.3. Maps Converted in to digital form for IPH Administrative

Setup
2.3.1. North Zone
2.3.1.1. Nurpur Circle – Nurpur Division Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-1 Water Supply Schemes of Kangra District falling in Nurpur Division
Irrigation Scheme

Figure 2-2 Irrigation Schemes of Kangra District falling in Nurpur Division

2.3.1.2. Chamba Circle - Chamba Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-3 Hand Pump Schemes of Chamba Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-4 Water Supply Schemes of Chamba Division

Irrigation Supply Scheme
Figure 2-5 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Chamba Division

2.3.1.3. Chamba Circle - Dalhousie Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-6 Hand Pump Schemes of Dalhousie Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-7 Water Supply Schemes of Dalhousie Division

Figure 2-8 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Dalhousie Division

2.3.1.4. Chamba Circle - Salooni Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-9 Hand Pump Schemes of Salooni Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-10 Water Supply Schemes of Salooni Division

Figure 2-11 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Salooni Division

2.3.1.5. Una Circle – Una I & Una II Divisions

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-12 Hand Pump Schemes of Una Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-13 Water Supply Schemes of Una Division

Figure 2-14 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Una Division

2.3.2. Central Zone
2.3.2.1. Kullu Circle – Kullu Division Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-15 Water Supply Schemes of Kullu Division

Figure 2-16 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Kullu Division

2.3.3. South Zone
2.3.3.1. Rekong Peo Circle – Kaza Division Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-17 Water Supply Schemes of Kaza Division

Figure 2-18 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Kaza Division

2.3.3.2. Rekong Peo Circle - Pooh Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-19 Water Supply Schemes of Pooh Division

Figure 2-20 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Pooh Division

2.3.3.3. Shimla Circle Arki Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-21 Water Supply Schemes of Arki Division

Figure 2-22 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Arki Division

2.3.3.4. Nahan Circle Nahan Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-23 Hand Pump Schemes of Nahan Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-24 Water Supply Schemes of Nahan Division

Figure 2-25 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Nahan Division

2.3.3.5. Nahan Circle Nalagarh Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-26 Hand Pump Schemes of Nalagarh Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-27 Water Supply Schemes of Nalagarh Division

Figure 2-28 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Nalagarh Division

2.3.3.6. Nahan Circle Paonta Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-29 Hand Pump Schemes of Paonta Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-30 Water Supply Schemes of Paonta Division

Figure 2-31 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Paonta Division

2.3.3.7. Nahan Circle Solan Division

Hand Pump Scheme
Figure 2-32 Hand Pump Schemes of Solan Division

Water Supply Scheme
Figure 2-33 Water Supply Schemes of Solan Division

Figure 2-34 Irrigation Supply Schemes of Solan Division

3. Appendix III
Towards Implementing Environmentally Sustainable Water

Policy for Himachal Pradesh
28th August 2004 – Shimla
Panel Discussion and Recommendations

The panel discussion, as planned, was attended by about 40 participants drawn from
various line departments and other allied organizations. The complete list of participants is
given in Appendix – II. Mr. S.C Gupta, Chief engineering Central Water Commission
(Chandigarh) chaired the session, and Prof. A.K. Goasin (Department of civil engineering,
IIT Delhi), Dr. R.K. Sood (State Council for Science and Technology), and Mr Jaime
Amezaga, (Senior researcher, CLUWRR, UK) were the facilitators.
The Chairman mentioned that although spatial inputs have been used intermittently in the
past for implementation of the water policies in Himachal Pradesh, yet the present exercise
is geared towards taking up a more holistic perspective plan.
Prof. Gosain informed the participants that one of the major requirements for integrated
water resource management is to establish linkages between the line departments which
shall in turn help in the development of a framework to incorporate all the aspects which
influence water. However, the main question is, how best to implement such framework
without changing the exiting administrative framework.
Dr. D.Dutta, Additional Director, DST, raised a question about what should be the target.
A bottom up approach to integrate the system of data needs to be developed. But how to
integrate all the various scaled data starting from cadastral to 250000 scale.
Standardization of scales was recommended for integration of various data layers.
Ms Aparna Negi (Reader, Department of Economics, Himachal University) pointed out
that similar kind of work for Himachal Pradesh is already being done by Census of India,
in which Census of India has started digitization of cadastral level maps of Himachal
Pradesh villages and attaching with it the census attribute data. Many other members were
aware of the effort but were concerned about the pace at which the work was progressing.
The major problem which most of the participants felt was the lack of dissemination of
data. It takes lot of efforts to get the data. Mr.Vinay Tondon, Winrock International India,
suggested that an agency should be made nodal for dissemination of all kind of data.
The representative of IPH was of the view that as far as water utilization in the State is
concerned, prioritizing the uses will be a step in the right direction (The national water
policy has already done it, IWP #5). May be the priority use of water can be – drinking,
irrigation, Hydro-power, ecology, industries, navigation etc. Ground water contamination,
pesticides and quality of water also need looking into. Prof. Gosain reiterated that in order

to keep vigil on the quality aspects of water the first step is to quantify water resource
availability.
Mr. R.C. Thakur, Director Research, Horticulture University, Palampur pointed out that
there was not much reliability of the available data on which policy making is usually
done. The panel felt that in earlier times data was inflated to get projects and grants but
now things have changed and with consistency checks put in position such anomalies can
be tackled.
After this brief general debate, it was decided to formulate the specific recommendations
of the workshop which can be submitted to the appropriate authorities in the State for
possible implementation.
Recommendations
• The implementation of State Water Policy in environmentally sustainable manner is
a collective responsibility of all the stake holders
All the participants were unanimous on this requirement. There were some
questions which will need elaboration such as which should be the lead agency?
Although there were some concerns put by various departments but ultimately
consensus was reached that IPH be the lead agency for water resource availability
with the involvement of other associated departments like Agriculture, horticulture
etc., and SCST&E should be the lead agency for keeping track of the health of the
environment in the State.
• Use watershed philosophy by making appropriate use of the hydrological boundaries
during the planning and management process
This requires standardization of watersheds and other base layers on the lines
recommended by NSDI (National Spatial Database Infrastructure). State council for
science, technology and environment has been identified to take lead in this, but
with help from agriculture, horticulture, irrigation, rural developments.
Place a common framework on the lines of the NSDI to collect data and collate
information required for integrated planning and management at the scales varying
from river to the watershed
• Identify the elements of data under the jurisdiction of each line department for
collection and updation
The general data requirement and availability was discussed with a view to identify
the line department who should be given the responsibility of the respective
elements for creation and updation. The following emerged.
• Data for river networks, drainage basins, watershed etc. (SCST&E).
• Hydometeorological data - The state has a reasonable network of rainfall data
which is further being strengthened through the World Bank funded Hydrology
Project (HP II) under operation with IPH department. The hydrological data
network shall also be strengthened under this project. The IPH shall take lead and

coordinate with other organizations collecting hydrometeorological data in the

State, such as HPSEB, Forest and Revenue department, HPKV Palampur and Dr.
YS Parmar Horticulture Universities, CWC (regional office), etc.
• Infrastructure data – It includes a large range of infrastructural projects connected
with water resources. Some of the salient ones have been identified with the
department responsible for its development and upkeep
o IPH Deptt. - Hydropower projects, Irrigation, water supply, sewerage, flood
control measures, ground water recharge structures
o Agriculture Deptt. – minor irrigation schemes, water storage structure, soil
conservation measures, individual irrigation schemes (individual farmers)
o Forest Deptt. - Soil conservation and water harvesting structure, traditional
water supply structures
o Revenue Deptt. – traditional water supply structures
o Rural Development Deptt. - Soil conservation and water harvesting
structures.
• Base Layer Information – SCSTE and IPH
• Hydrogeology – SCSTE, HPSEB and HIMURJA
• Water Quality – IPH, SEPPCB
• Landuse – State Landuse Board, Land Records Deptt., SCSTE
• Soil – Agriculture Deptt., State Universities
• Water user industries - SCSTE
• Wetland and Ecology – SCSTE, Forest
• Fisheries – Fisheries Deptt.
• Animal husbandry – Animal Husbandry Deptt.,
• Demography – Statistical deptt.,
• Through the common framework, develop linkages between all line departments
dealing with various aspects of water such as the rural and urban water supply,
minor irrigation, major and medium irrigation, the watershed development,
agriculture and horticulture, forests, hydropower, health, environment, etc.
The present 5 levels of flow of information prevalent in majority of the line
departments are:
• Junior Engineer (JE)
• Assistant Engineer (AE)
• Executive Engineer (EE)
• Superintending Engineer (SE)
• Chief Engineer (CE)
It was felt that this needs to be reexamined to bring workflow strategy for the state
line departments to a common level. Once this is achieved then the implementation
of cross-linkages at various levels and scales shall become comparatively easy.

• Take account of the inter-connectivity between watersheds and recognise that

interventions can have unintended impacts at a range of different scales
To be accomplished through analysis which should be taken up after all the
required information is in position – SCSTE/Environment Department
Make assessment of the interventions taken place in the past on biophysical and
socioeconomic– SCSTE, HP Universities.
• Take account of the physical characteristics of the watershed during the
participatory planning of interventions and, in particular, ensure that interventions
have the potential to benefit target groups
Create perspective action plan – This is a collective effort – Lead by SCSTE with
participation from implementing line departments.
• Use latest tools such as distributed hydrological simulation modeling to estimate flow
quantities at all the scales after standardizing the hydro-model in complaisance with
the international OGC (Open GIS Consortium) standards. Such framework shall
provide water balance of any unit of choice. It can also be used to generate scenarios
for possible interventions and to evaluate their impacts before implementation.
Moreover, the availability of the framework with updation strategy shall provide the
most up to date status of the hydrological system for any future intervention
IIT Delhi team has agreed to play the lead role with cooperation from all concerned
line departments.
• Establish systems of water governance that make effective decisions that take
account of societal, economic and environmental conditions that are characterised
by uncertainty, variability and change (including climate change).
Policy update with the feed back from the previous exercise –SCSTE, IPH,
Agriculture, Forest and many other departments.
• Technical Capacity Building
All levels to generate action plans at respective levels.

4. Appendix IV
Average Monthly Basin (5 years of simulation) Values for Giri Basin
Month Rain Snowfall Surface Lateral Water Actual Potential Sediment

Runoff Flow Yield ET ET Yield
(MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (MM) (T/HA)
Jan 67.83 6.64 1.15 12.98 15.63 32.21 52.66 0.01

Feb 78.15 9.55 5.69 19.22 24.36 45.55 67.05 0.29
Mar 76.58 0.00 3.77 20.73 26.00 59.76 106.72 0.01
Apr 42.41 0.00 0.30 9.09 10.63 65.99 145.66 0.00
May 40.87 0.00 0.01 7.86 8.78 79.78 188.93 0.00
Jun 167.42 0.00 5.94 38.62 43.80 86.06 164.42 0.12
Jul 342.80 0.00 44.03 95.24 123.71 98.54 138.40 10.41
Aug 330.73 0.00 44.54 100.46 131.38 94.01 123.23 1.10
Sep 183.56 0.00 56.16 49.91 106.49 77.78 109.01 14.99
Oct 21.97 0.00 0.49 6.72 18.87 57.07 97.02 0.02
Nov 13.42 0.00 0.06 3.40 10.51 38.60 68.80 0.00
Dec 23.63 3.03 0.01 3.83 8.30 17.48 55.78 0.00

Subbasin-wise (Ref figure) Average Annual Values

Subbasin AREA km2 Precipitation Surface Shallow GW ET (mm)
(mm) Runoff Recharge (mm)
(mm)
1 586.00 1221.15 104.42 414.83 710.93
2 159.00 1268.40 103.53 446.11 738.10
3 262.00 1301.94 129.04 270.95 756.23
4 400.00 1301.94 97.11 217.10 772.25
5 175.00 1301.94 132.54 238.24 759.70
6 61.70 1476.46 206.47 411.02 749.18
7 209.00 1476.46 195.34 592.46 706.45
8 178.00 1476.99 267.52 481.29 748.13
9 195.00 1476.46 178.16 572.40 745.80
10 150.00 1476.99 246.19 470.09 783.33
11 138.00 1983.69 378.78 753.69 868.41
12 54.50 2020.42 321.51 862.35 852.08

Monthly SWAT output for Five year simulation period for Giri Basin
Month Rain Surface Lateral Shallow Deep Actual Potential Water
Runoff Flow GW GW ET ET Yield
Recharge Recharge
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Jan 55.70 0.00 7.65 0.00 0.00 34.74 48.43 7.65
Feb 83.54 4.16 19.70 0.00 10.60 49.67 59.99 23.67
Mar 51.72 0.00 12.85 0.00 0.00 66.25 100.14 12.85
Apr 24.08 0.00 6.42 0.00 0.00 60.81 146.07 6.43
May 35.46 0.01 6.46 0.00 0.00 65.77 195.86 6.46
Jun 154.70 10.19 42.71 0.00 0.00 77.72 167.39 48.13
Jul 381.78 80.10 110.06 0.86 23.40 94.41 148.66 160.67
Aug 288.39 28.06 85.77 9.79 35.92 104.43 133.87 104.34
Sep 230.27 96.08 51.15 17.69 22.66 76.19 106.76 148.32
Oct 48.75 1.79 10.74 14.71 0.00 50.06 94.87 26.29
Nov 11.43 0.00 4.57 8.58 0.00 30.24 65.62 13.15
Dec 27.09 0.00 6.67 5.17 0.00 26.38 50.82 11.84
1975 1392.91 220.38 364.76 56.80 92.58 736.67 1318.49 569.80
Jan 98.32 0.69 18.90 2.96 0.00 40.24 52.94 22.36
Feb 67.06 3.42 16.77 1.61 8.73 52.49 69.91 21.79
Mar 69.08 0.37 20.61 1.01 0.00 70.10 110.88 21.73
Apr 38.23 0.01 9.06 0.57 0.00 77.22 143.62 9.64
May 46.95 0.01 8.53 0.34 0.00 95.71 184.57 8.87
Jun 139.57 0.74 34.16 0.19 0.00 100.61 164.87 34.75
Jul 377.35 65.80 87.10 0.30 22.74 110.01 140.12 134.97
Aug 349.23 38.16 99.92 4.27 66.59 102.53 117.80 123.17
Sep 52.59 4.64 22.99 6.57 5.35 91.14 118.99 31.24
Oct 37.08 0.52 11.79 5.25 0.51 64.95 94.82 17.06
Nov 2.27 0.05 0.79 3.36 0.00 48.06 71.25 4.17
Dec 7.93 0.03 1.51 2.19 0.02 12.54 56.94 3.70
1976 1285.67 114.44 332.15 28.60 103.94 865.59 1326.72 433.44
Jan 54.41 0.01 7.44 1.35 0.00 22.48 50.76 8.80
Feb 17.09 0.00 6.73 0.79 0.00 36.27 72.73 7.52
Mar 22.76 0.10 5.01 0.60 0.00 36.95 124.41 5.61


Recharge Recharge
Apr 90.68 1.32 13.81 0.42 0.00 57.98 135.64 15.55
May 80.53 0.02 15.32 0.33 0.00 72.72 165.40 15.67
Jun 147.71 0.16 39.12 0.27 0.00 89.36 165.81 39.42
Jul 322.58 19.74 86.95 0.25 16.06 89.10 138.43 98.84
Aug 341.08 41.87 109.79 2.29 47.94 87.44 120.65 135.49
Sep 259.76 52.18 75.80 8.12 59.14 71.51 95.99 123.86
Oct 16.03 0.03 6.99 10.08 0.00 58.23 98.92 17.10
Nov 12.98 0.02 3.95 5.91 0.00 39.70 71.86 9.85
Dec 41.34 0.01 5.49 3.70 0.00 16.54 53.17 9.19
1977 1406.94 115.47 376.39 34.10 123.14 678.27 1293.75 486.91
Jan 20.44 0.00 7.04 2.31 0.00 34.76 56.52 9.35
Feb 59.61 0.09 9.63 1.38 0.00 43.98 64.17 11.02
Mar 124.93 2.20 35.02 1.09 3.48 62.54 98.73 37.87
Apr 42.51 0.17 10.53 0.80 0.00 65.55 148.85 11.39
May 8.92 0.00 2.39 0.68 0.00 91.29 218.86 3.06
Jun 256.06 18.44 48.20 0.57 0.15 77.39 156.90 65.61
Jul 289.89 21.90 90.45 0.94 43.41 102.16 129.25 106.56
Aug 518.91 101.88 152.88 9.73 96.03 88.18 109.26 224.87
Sep 327.24 127.88 86.79 24.72 70.98 76.34 102.33 206.07
Oct 3.33 0.08 2.70 22.97 0.06 61.38 98.08 25.68
Nov 35.53 0.23 7.17 13.39 0.00 38.49 63.65 20.56
Dec 12.78 0.00 2.46 8.32 0.00 21.09 61.63 10.78
1978 1700.15 272.88 455.26 86.90 214.10 763.14 1308.21 732.83
Jan 110.29 5.05 23.88 5.07 0.00 28.84 54.64 29.96
Feb 152.66 20.00 40.61 3.31 30.49 39.06 59.17 54.42
Mar 114.41 16.18 30.18 5.60 30.60 62.95 99.45 51.92
Apr 16.55 0.00 5.63 4.50 0.00 68.39 154.13 10.14
May 32.48 0.00 6.60 3.21 0.00 73.41 179.96 9.82
Jun 139.05 0.18 28.89 2.19 0.00 85.23 167.14 31.11
Jul 342.38 32.61 101.66 2.71 28.07 97.02 135.52 117.54


Recharge Recharge
Aug 156.03 12.71 53.95 9.98 22.26 87.45 134.58 69.05
Sep 47.95 0.03 12.80 10.18 0.00 73.70 120.97 22.99
Oct 4.65 0.00 1.35 6.87 0.00 50.75 98.42 8.21
Nov 4.89 0.00 0.53 4.27 0.00 36.53 71.62 4.80
Dec 28.99 0.00 3.02 2.95 0.00 10.85 56.32 5.97
1979 1150.33 86.76 309.10 60.86 111.42 714.19 1331.92 415.94
Daily Sample SWAT output for one year for Giri Basin
Day Rain Surface Lateral Shallow Deep Actual Potential Water
Recharge Recharge
1 0.54 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.39 0.06
2 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.58 1.94 0.03
3 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.22 1.66 0.01
4 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.21 1.75 0.01
5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 1.87 0.00
6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.17 1.87 0.00
7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.16 2.02 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.06 1.92 0.00
9 5.47 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.78 1.12 0.11
10 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 1.33 1.75 0.07
11 3.39 0.00 0.54 0.00 0.00 1.12 1.27 0.54
12 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.62 0.17
13 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.66 0.08
14 4.28 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.31 0.76
15 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.60 1.99 0.22
16 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 1.24 1.77 0.09
17 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.99 1.48 0.05
18 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.08 1.71 0.03


Recharge Recharge
19 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.02 1.68 0.02
20 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.05 1.80 0.02
21 2.62 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 1.26 2.06 0.29
22 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 1.27 2.07 0.14
23 4.33 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.73 1.05 0.19
24 5.94 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.01 0.11
25 0.86 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.82 1.25 0.16
26 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.81 1.23 0.17
27 5.46 0.00 1.06 0.00 0.00 1.01 1.08 1.06
28 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 1.67 1.80 0.35
29 8.21 0.00 0.90 0.00 0.00 1.37 1.58 0.90
30 5.62 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.44 1.00
31 8.97 0.00 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.30 1.01
1 55.70 0.00 7.65 0.00 0.00 34.74 48.43 7.65
32 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.00 0.00 0.87 0.87 1.13
33 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 2.26 2.32 0.86
34 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 2.28 2.65 0.43
35 2.29 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 1.20 1.46 0.33
36 2.39 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 1.14 1.47 0.38
37 3.36 0.00 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.65 0.59
38 2.48 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.00 1.70 1.72 0.77
39 2.81 0.00 0.89 0.00 0.00 1.69 1.83 0.89
40 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 2.44 2.69 0.39
41 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 2.01 2.48 0.23
42 12.73 0.61 0.35 0.00 0.00 1.89 2.26 0.96
43 17.81 1.49 1.12 0.00 2.00 1.96 2.31 2.62
44 5.85 0.39 1.84 0.00 0.02 2.01 2.44 2.05
45 0.00 0.05 1.09 0.00 0.00 1.86 2.36 1.13
46 0.00 0.01 0.71 0.00 0.00 1.78 2.40 0.72
47 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.00 1.73 2.47 0.52


Recharge Recharge
48 3.78 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 1.21 1.48 0.97
49 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.55 0.50
50 7.47 0.06 0.49 0.00 1.10 1.31 1.70 0.55
51 15.73 1.37 1.09 0.00 7.43 0.63 0.63 2.46
52 5.31 0.16 1.68 0.00 0.05 1.49 1.49 1.84
53 0.00 0.02 0.83 0.00 0.00 2.46 2.50 0.85
54 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.00 2.34 2.59 0.58
55 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 2.69 3.28 0.47
56 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 2.24 3.09 0.41
57 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.00 2.36 3.49 0.36
58 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 2.01 3.18 0.33
59 1.53 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 1.28 1.61 0.34
2 83.54 4.16 19.70 0.00 10.60 49.67 59.99 23.67
60 0.04 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 1.96 2.71 0.30
61 5.68 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.68 1.31
62 0.34 0.00 0.48 0.00 0.00 2.10 2.90 0.48
63 1.83 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.49 0.49
64 7.35 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 1.93 2.20 0.72
65 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.00 0.00 3.24 3.98 0.44
66 9.50 0.00 2.11 0.00 0.00 1.76 1.92 2.11
67 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 3.07 3.47 0.67
68 0.07 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 2.22 2.91 0.34
69 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 2.32 3.30 0.24
70 4.06 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 1.60 2.29 0.23
71 4.24 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.00 1.84 2.64 0.27
72 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 2.24 3.18 0.24
73 0.05 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.92 0.22
74 0.34 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 2.28 3.37 0.20
75 4.30 0.00 0.98 0.00 0.00 2.22 3.03 0.98
76 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 2.97 4.65 0.35


Recharge Recharge
77 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 2.56 4.49 0.22
78 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 2.20 4.16 0.17
79 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 1.92 3.81 0.15
80 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 1.81 3.78 0.13
81 4.30 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.29 1.72 0.17
82 5.31 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 1.04 1.60 0.60
83 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 2.73 3.60 0.25
84 3.13 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 2.10 3.08 0.50
85 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 2.33 3.83 0.30
86 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.99 3.59 0.20
87 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 2.18 4.17 0.15
88 1.19 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 1.87 2.96 0.19
89 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 2.28 4.21 0.13
90 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 2.12 4.50 0.11
3 51.72 0.00 12.85 0.00 0.00 66.25 100.14 12.85
91 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 2.32 5.21 0.09
92 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 2.27 5.36 0.08
93 4.95 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 2.01 3.70 0.96
94 4.01 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 2.76 4.60 1.00
95 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.00 0.00 2.98 5.95 0.29
96 3.68 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 2.32 4.25 0.76
97 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 2.82 5.60 0.22
98 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 2.46 5.42 0.10
99 0.33 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 1.32 3.08 0.09
100 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 1.94 4.54 0.06
101 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.97 4.85 0.05
102 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.88 4.71 0.04
103 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 2.03 5.29 0.03
104 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.83 4.97 0.03
105 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.80 4.94 0.03


Recharge Recharge
106 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.78 4.89 0.03
107 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.81 5.17 0.02
108 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.73 0.02
109 0.29 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.77 4.80 0.02
110 0.42 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.98 4.57 0.02
111 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.95 5.63 0.02
112 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 1.63 4.78 0.02
113 4.19 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 1.83 4.23 0.75
114 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 2.11 5.61 0.18
115 1.41 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 2.10 4.68 0.24
116 4.68 0.00 0.93 0.00 0.00 1.77 4.07 0.93
117 0.04 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 1.42 3.92 0.23
118 0.04 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 1.76 4.41 0.08
119 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 2.08 5.27 0.04
120 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 2.11 5.81 0.02
4 24.08 0.00 6.42 0.00 0.00 60.81 146.07 6.43
121 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.48 7.26 0.01
122 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.15 6.53 0.01
123 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 2.02 6.55 0.01
124 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.84 5.59 0.01
125 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.88 6.00 0.01
126 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.94 6.04 0.01
127 4.27 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 2.09 5.21 0.71
128 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.97 5.98 0.17
129 3.51 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 2.05 5.28 0.61
130 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 2.31 6.75 0.16
131 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 2.04 6.69 0.06
132 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 2.05 7.05 0.03
133 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.84 6.80 0.01
134 2.98 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 1.72 5.09 0.45


Recharge Recharge
135 3.52 0.00 0.69 0.00 0.00 1.79 5.05 0.69
136 10.67 0.00 0.28 0.00 0.00 2.75 5.71 0.28
137 4.92 0.00 0.69 0.00 0.00 2.86 5.91 0.69
138 5.22 0.00 1.27 0.00 0.00 2.59 4.42 1.27
139 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.00 0.00 3.25 7.18 0.43
140 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 2.59 6.49 0.21
141 0.36 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 2.46 6.07 0.14
142 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 2.01 5.82 0.09
143 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 2.03 6.20 0.07
144 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 2.08 6.75 0.06
145 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 2.07 7.01 0.05
146 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.97 7.09 0.05
147 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.80 6.66 0.04
148 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.88 7.19 0.04
149 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.88 7.50 0.04
150 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.69 6.91 0.03
151 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.67 7.08 0.03
5 35.46 0.01 6.46 0.00 0.00 65.77 195.86 6.46
152 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.50 6.52 0.03
153 2.45 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.45 4.74 0.04
154 17.20 0.00 3.28 0.00 0.00 2.28 4.23 3.28
155 0.00 0.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 2.63 5.81 0.83
156 13.55 0.00 3.76 0.00 0.00 2.59 4.91 3.76
157 1.84 0.00 1.31 0.00 0.00 2.98 5.95 1.31
158 7.32 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.00 3.00 5.30 0.95
159 13.32 0.00 3.89 0.00 0.00 2.39 4.30 3.89
160 0.00 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.00 3.53 6.15 1.12
161 1.93 0.00 0.46 0.00 0.00 3.09 5.29 0.46
162 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.00 0.00 2.82 6.00 0.23
163 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 2.70 6.30 0.13


Recharge Recharge
164 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 2.53 6.60 0.09
165 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 2.42 6.77 0.07
166 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 2.16 6.86 0.06
167 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 2.05 6.97 0.05
168 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 2.01 7.19 0.04
169 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.88 7.16 0.04
170 18.51 0.00 2.79 0.00 0.00 2.30 2.70 2.79
171 0.36 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.00 3.14 5.44 0.82
172 0.36 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 2.71 5.55 0.35
173 4.89 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.00 2.70 5.60 0.71
174 32.37 8.94 4.56 0.00 0.00 1.96 3.85 9.60
175 0.18 1.08 2.20 0.00 0.00 2.37 5.42 2.43
176 11.96 0.13 3.77 0.00 0.00 2.83 4.98 3.90
177 2.61 0.02 1.18 0.00 0.00 3.68 5.36 1.20
178 18.97 0.02 6.04 0.00 0.00 3.02 4.94 6.05
179 3.62 0.00 2.01 0.00 0.00 3.51 5.65 2.02
180 2.90 0.00 1.29 0.00 0.00 2.79 5.35 1.29
181 0.36 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 2.67 5.48 0.62
6 154.70 10.19 42.71 0.00 0.00 77.72 167.39 48.13
182 2.68 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 2.85 4.87 0.33
183 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 2.77 6.24 0.18
184 0.69 0.00 0.11 0.00 0.00 2.39 5.12 0.11
185 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 2.48 6.39 0.08
186 6.28 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 1.49 3.39 0.86
187 6.17 0.07 1.72 0.00 0.00 2.04 4.49 1.72
188 16.78 0.07 2.05 0.00 0.00 2.63 4.16 2.05
189 57.18 7.60 15.96 0.00 0.00 3.69 4.91 21.69
190 0.00 0.77 4.11 0.00 0.00 4.39 6.65 4.88
191 1.70 0.08 1.49 0.00 0.00 3.40 5.26 1.57
192 0.36 0.01 0.69 0.00 0.00 3.23 5.66 0.70


Recharge Recharge
193 18.40 2.13 2.46 0.00 0.00 2.80 4.47 3.27
194 0.00 0.26 1.24 0.00 0.00 3.95 6.33 1.50
195 8.56 0.25 1.63 0.00 0.00 2.13 2.99 1.67
196 5.61 0.12 1.75 0.00 0.00 3.38 5.41 1.80
197 17.13 1.59 3.46 0.00 0.00 2.52 3.42 3.57
198 71.52 15.23 17.53 0.00 0.13 2.70 2.78 29.18
199 19.13 6.64 7.56 0.00 2.03 2.99 3.58 10.02
200 6.02 1.80 4.10 0.00 0.69 2.56 3.51 4.40
201 5.80 1.40 2.90 0.01 1.81 2.53 3.69 2.95
202 70.80 23.23 16.06 0.01 2.97 2.97 4.05 35.22
203 4.34 2.52 5.22 0.02 1.87 4.01 5.33 7.59
204 14.48 5.32 4.02 0.03 4.45 3.38 5.05 6.13
205 11.59 3.92 3.66 0.05 3.98 3.23 5.30 5.66
206 17.06 2.60 2.75 0.06 1.10 2.98 3.45 3.77
207 5.61 2.14 2.27 0.08 1.72 3.28 4.27 2.61
208 1.45 0.29 1.31 0.09 0.00 3.64 5.48 1.68
209 9.05 1.81 2.15 0.11 2.42 3.27 5.31 2.62
210 3.40 0.22 1.28 0.12 0.24 3.16 4.48 1.44
211 0.00 0.03 0.70 0.13 0.00 4.10 6.52 0.86
212 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.14 0.00 3.46 6.10 0.56
7 381.78 80.10 110.06 0.86 23.40 94.41 148.66 160.67
213 1.09 0.00 0.37 0.15 0.00 2.62 5.00 0.52
214 4.12 0.00 0.41 0.16 0.00 2.23 3.64 0.57
215 3.00 0.00 0.29 0.17 0.00 2.93 4.35 0.46
216 3.46 0.00 0.55 0.18 0.00 2.84 4.33 0.73
217 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.19 0.00 3.36 5.34 0.53
218 18.30 0.46 3.21 0.19 0.02 3.14 3.19 3.40
219 12.38 0.36 3.83 0.20 0.49 3.08 3.72 4.03
220 26.05 3.88 8.33 0.20 2.02 3.40 4.27 9.93
221 10.09 0.82 5.21 0.21 1.55 3.43 4.51 5.52


Recharge Recharge
222 25.77 4.35 8.84 0.22 3.88 3.34 4.61 11.58
223 7.77 2.54 3.38 0.24 1.74 4.14 4.65 4.72
224 15.82 2.57 3.29 0.25 2.31 3.26 3.59 3.84
225 7.47 1.84 2.87 0.27 2.68 3.50 4.51 3.49
226 3.26 0.25 1.43 0.28 0.00 4.12 4.88 1.96
227 7.17 0.05 1.34 0.30 0.71 3.46 4.28 1.67
228 4.53 0.23 1.63 0.31 1.98 3.50 4.83 1.98
229 0.00 0.03 0.86 0.32 0.00 3.80 5.62 1.21
230 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.34 0.00 3.40 5.46 0.83
231 20.15 0.82 3.95 0.35 1.08 3.08 4.01 4.42
232 3.30 0.10 1.43 0.36 0.00 4.01 4.12 1.85
233 22.76 2.19 4.81 0.37 3.03 3.16 3.20 5.30
234 12.71 3.45 3.51 0.39 3.87 3.70 3.80 5.78
235 2.99 0.42 2.10 0.40 0.93 3.24 3.62 2.60
236 4.34 0.25 1.97 0.42 2.02 3.67 4.55 2.43
237 5.07 0.39 2.03 0.43 2.25 3.41 4.81 2.51
238 0.00 0.05 1.04 0.45 0.00 3.59 5.29 1.53
239 12.25 0.25 2.96 0.46 0.00 3.15 4.17 3.43
240 21.22 0.96 5.38 0.47 1.22 3.39 3.62 5.99
241 1.81 0.12 1.82 0.49 0.00 4.38 4.91 2.43
242 12.15 1.05 3.53 0.50 1.43 3.17 3.90 4.05
243 19.34 0.63 4.56 0.51 2.70 2.93 3.08 5.08
8 288.39 28.06 85.77 9.79 35.92 104.43 133.87 104.34
244 6.74 1.31 2.35 0.52 1.53 1.73 1.94 3.01
245 0.75 0.18 1.12 0.53 0.00 3.06 3.36 1.83
246 11.42 0.09 0.82 0.54 0.00 2.53 2.97 1.45
247 1.41 0.01 0.59 0.55 0.00 2.21 2.62 1.16
248 2.90 0.00 0.51 0.56 0.00 2.71 3.43 1.07
249 0.07 0.00 0.44 0.56 0.00 2.77 3.65 1.00
250 2.32 0.00 0.41 0.57 0.00 2.84 3.89 0.98


Recharge Recharge
251 9.04 0.05 0.52 0.57 0.00 2.41 3.46 1.15
252 1.96 0.01 0.51 0.57 0.00 2.70 3.86 1.09
253 1.40 0.00 0.48 0.58 0.00 2.50 3.67 1.06
254 3.99 0.34 0.88 0.58 0.00 2.02 2.79 1.45
255 70.62 30.27 12.43 0.58 6.05 2.47 3.05 34.83
256 96.03 57.05 16.68 0.59 15.08 1.76 2.15 68.18
257 2.48 5.55 4.50 0.60 0.00 3.02 3.43 10.65
258 0.00 0.57 1.76 0.60 0.00 3.45 4.03 2.93
259 9.00 0.06 1.38 0.61 0.00 2.51 2.81 2.04
260 2.00 0.01 0.87 0.61 0.00 2.88 3.33 1.49
261 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.62 0.00 3.25 4.03 1.21
262 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.62 0.00 2.97 4.10 1.06
263 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.62 0.00 2.75 4.08 0.98
264 3.66 0.51 0.81 0.62 0.00 1.93 2.91 1.43
265 0.00 0.07 0.51 0.62 0.00 2.68 4.15 1.20
266 0.00 0.01 0.36 0.62 0.00 2.46 3.99 0.99
267 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.62 0.00 2.59 4.40 0.90
268 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.61 0.00 2.36 4.19 0.85
269 1.99 0.00 0.22 0.61 0.00 2.34 3.64 0.83
270 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.61 0.00 2.47 4.30 0.81
271 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.60 0.00 2.21 4.15 0.79
272 2.48 0.00 0.42 0.60 0.00 2.36 4.16 1.02
273 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.59 0.00 2.25 4.22 0.87
9 230.27 96.08 51.15 17.69 22.66 76.19 106.76 148.32
274 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.59 0.00 2.01 3.99 0.79
275 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.59 0.00 1.61 3.30 0.75
276 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.58 0.00 1.52 3.20 0.72
277 9.05 0.90 1.39 0.57 0.00 1.36 2.80 2.17
278 0.00 0.11 0.71 0.57 0.00 1.80 3.30 1.39
279 2.09 0.04 0.63 0.56 0.00 1.43 2.43 1.20


Recharge Recharge
280 0.00 0.01 0.34 0.56 0.00 1.77 3.25 0.90
281 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.55 0.00 1.62 3.11 0.76
282 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.54 0.00 1.59 3.21 0.67
283 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.51 0.00 1.51 3.13 0.61
284 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.50 0.00 1.40 2.99 0.58
285 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.49 0.00 1.41 3.07 0.56
286 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.49 0.00 1.20 2.68 0.55
287 6.86 0.06 1.20 0.48 0.00 1.23 2.12 1.68
288 4.86 0.01 1.34 0.47 0.00 1.18 2.11 1.81
289 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.47 0.00 2.05 3.29 0.86
290 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.46 0.00 1.65 3.01 0.63
291 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.45 0.00 1.70 3.31 0.54
292 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.44 0.00 1.71 3.53 0.50
293 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.44 0.00 1.63 3.46 0.48
294 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.43 0.00 1.44 3.15 0.47
295 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.42 0.00 1.62 3.65 0.45
296 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.42 0.00 1.66 3.85 0.44
297 19.80 0.59 0.97 0.41 0.00 1.46 2.26 1.80
298 6.10 0.07 0.64 0.41 0.00 1.63 2.42 1.12
299 0.00 0.01 0.42 0.40 0.00 1.98 2.77 0.83
300 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.39 0.00 1.75 2.68 0.70
301 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.39 0.00 2.06 3.39 0.63
302 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.38 0.00 1.81 3.21 0.59
303 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.38 0.00 1.73 3.22 0.56
304 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.37 0.00 1.54 2.98 0.53
10 48.75 1.79 10.74 14.71 0.00 50.06 94.87 26.29
305 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.36 0.00 1.26 2.52 0.51
306 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.36 0.00 1.10 2.25 0.49
307 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.35 0.00 1.33 2.78 0.48
308 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.35 0.00 1.17 2.51 0.46


Recharge Recharge
309 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.34 0.00 1.02 2.24 0.45
310 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.33 0.00 1.18 2.64 0.43
311 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.33 0.00 0.93 2.11 0.42
312 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.32 0.00 1.15 2.66 0.41
313 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.32 0.00 1.01 2.40 0.39
314 5.72 0.00 1.12 0.31 0.00 1.00 1.79 1.43
315 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.31 0.00 1.26 2.31 0.61
316 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.30 0.00 1.09 2.27 0.44
317 5.61 0.00 1.14 0.30 0.00 1.02 1.78 1.43
318 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.29 0.00 1.32 2.28 0.59
319 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.29 0.00 1.18 2.25 0.41
320 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.28 0.00 1.08 2.14 0.36
321 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.27 0.00 1.22 2.51 0.33
322 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.27 0.00 0.87 1.90 0.31
323 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.27 0.00 1.01 2.26 0.30
324 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.26 0.00 0.91 2.06 0.30
325 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.26 0.00 0.94 2.18 0.29
326 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.25 0.00 0.39 0.99 0.28
327 0.05 0.00 0.03 0.25 0.00 0.59 1.42 0.27
328 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.24 0.00 0.89 2.02 0.27
329 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.24 0.00 0.90 2.14 0.26
330 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.92 2.25 0.26
331 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.23 0.00 1.01 2.52 0.25
332 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.23 0.00 0.96 2.45 0.24
333 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.22 0.00 0.73 1.89 0.24
334 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.22 0.00 0.81 2.11 0.23
11 11.43 0.00 4.57 8.58 0.00 30.24 65.62 13.15
335 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.21 0.00 0.64 1.68 0.23
336 2.19 0.00 0.31 0.21 0.00 0.54 1.11 0.52
337 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.21 0.00 1.13 1.80 0.29


Recharge Recharge
338 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.20 0.00 0.87 1.71 0.24
339 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.20 0.00 0.87 1.83 0.22
340 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.20 0.00 0.91 1.89 0.21
341 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.75 1.72 0.20
342 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.85 1.93 0.20
343 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.19 0.00 0.66 1.59 0.19
344 0.72 0.00 0.03 0.18 0.00 0.80 1.56 0.21
345 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.86 1.73 0.19
346 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.00 0.82 1.77 0.18
347 3.49 0.00 0.53 0.17 0.00 0.55 1.08 0.70
348 3.04 0.00 0.65 0.17 0.00 0.77 1.36 0.83
349 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.17 0.00 0.89 1.61 0.38
350 3.00 0.00 0.54 0.17 0.00 0.55 1.12 0.71
351 2.57 0.00 0.68 0.16 0.00 0.70 1.35 0.84
352 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.16 0.00 1.41 2.13 0.35
353 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.16 0.00 1.11 1.92 0.22
354 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.15 0.00 1.00 1.81 0.18
355 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.00 1.01 1.68 0.17
356 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.00 0.98 1.96 0.16
357 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.88 1.82 0.15
358 0.72 0.00 0.07 0.14 0.00 0.52 1.21 0.22
359 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.14 0.00 1.02 2.04 0.18
360 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.14 0.00 0.99 1.89 0.16
361 3.30 0.00 0.52 0.13 0.00 0.61 1.20 0.65
362 2.09 0.00 0.57 0.13 0.00 0.80 1.50 0.71
363 3.46 0.00 0.90 0.13 0.00 0.57 1.10 1.03
364 2.52 0.00 0.80 0.13 0.00 0.70 1.30 0.93
365 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.13 0.00 1.62 2.42 0.40
12 27.09 0.00 6.67 5.17 0.00 26.38 50.82 11.84
1975 1392.91 220.38 364.76 56.80 92.58 736.67 1318.49 569.80

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Water Resources

INRM Consultants & Technology

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INRM Consultants & Technology House Consortium

List of Figures in Appendix

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium i

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium ii

1.1. Objectives of the Study

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 1

 Availability of reliable and up-to-date information

1.2. The Spatial Information System

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 2

 Collection of primary and secondary data on topography, climate, hydrology,

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 3

2. Concerned Departments and Their Activities

2.1. Irrigation and Public Health Department (IPH)

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 4

SE P & I-I EE (DD-II) EE ((D) SE Shimla EE (D) EE Suni EE Shimla EE Arki

Dir cum SE EE SNC EE STPC

JT Cont SE (D) SE Chamba EE (D) EE Chamba EE Salooni EE D.housie

EE FP Div EE T/W Div

Law Officer SE Nurpur EE (D) EE Nurpur EE Jawali

Figure 1: The organizational structure of IPH department.

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 5

2.2. Agriculture Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 6

Addl. Director(HQ) Jt. Director (Input) Jt. Director Addl.

Deputy Director Vegetable Specialist Deputy Controller

Deputy Director Agriculture in Divisional Engineer Mandi, Principal F.T.C.

SDSCO’s in 20 Soil SMS in All Non Tribal Blocks

Figure 2: The organizational structure of Agriculture Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 7

2.3. Rural Development Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 8

Director-cum- Additional Director-cum- Other Officers

Additional Deputy Project Officer, DRDA

Department Subordinate Staff Other Department Subordinate

Figure 3: The organizational structure of Rural Development Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 9

2.4. Horticulture Department

2.5. Forest Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 10

2.6. Industries Department

Spl.. Secretary Principal Secretary Deputy Secretary

Jt. Director of Addl. Director of Deputy Director

Jt. Director of Industries Deputy Director

Project Dy. Director of

Sr. Technical Industrial Advisor

Figure 4: The organizational structure of Industries Department

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 11

2.7. The State Electricity Board (HPSEB)

2.8. State Council for Science, Technology and Environment

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 12

Minister for S & T

Members (govt, NGO,

Joint Member Secretary

INRM Consultants – Tech-House Consortium 13

 To provide consultancy services in successfully demonstrated/developed

Availability of reliable and up-to-date information

Collection of primary and secondary data on topography, climate, hydrology,

To provide consultancy services in successfully demonstrated/developed

Minimizing duplication of work involved in maintaining/ generating similar

Land use (1:500,000)