THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education I 231/2 BIOLOGY (Theory) Paper 2 Nov. 2023 — 2 hours : aaETESE Candidate's signature: Instructions to candidates (@) Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above. (b) Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above. gy (c) This paper consists of two sections; A and B. ae (d) Answer alll the questions in section A in the spaces provided. ° (c) __Insection B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8. (f) This paper consists of 12 printed pages. (g) Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing. (h) Candidates should answer the questions in English. For Examiner's Use Only g = 7 ] : section | Question! M&ximum. | Candidate's 5 | Score Score Z 1 8 3 2 8 | A 3 8 | 4 8 | 5 8 I 6 20 | B 20 Total Score, 80 © 2023 The Kenya National Examinations Council 317084 ae2 SECTION A (40 marks) Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. The following diagram represents a section of the mammalian respiratory system. a Lung) (a) Ider (i) the region of the mammalian skeleton where the represented section is found. (1 mark) the part labelled F. (1 mark) (>) Explain the function of the part labelled F. (2 marks) (c) Explain the structural adaptations of the parts labelled E and G to their functions. (2 marks) (4) Give similarities between the part labelled G and gill filaments. (2 marks) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 23/23 2. Iman investigation, data on students’ heights and blood groups were collected and presented in graphs H and J as shown. J Blood groups se HBS Heights of students 4 3 2 Be Hi 5s 2%) al Blo laa za > he Heights of students ‘bod gtouen (a) (State the type of variation illustrated by graph H (1 mark) (ii) Give a reason for your answer in 2a(i). (1 mark) (b) Explain the advantage of having the greatest proportion of students with blood group O as illustrated in graph J. (2 marks) Aa = (c) After the investigation, a student of blood group O reported that the father and mother ; are blood group A and B respectively. Use a genetic cross to illustrate this possibility. : (4 marks) & Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 2312 Turn over4 i 3, Iman experiment, students soaked maize seeds in water for'48 hours at room temperature and tested them for reducing sugars. (a) Name the reagent the students used to test for reducing sugars (1 mark (6) Explain the reasons for soaking the seeds. (2 marks, (1 mark (@)__ Explain the effect of soaking the seeds in hot water on the food test results. (2 mark (©) Assample of maize seeds were planted in soils with favourable conditions but germinate. Suggest possible causes of this failure Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 ain4 4. nan investigation, students placed dry cobalt (II) chloride paper on both sides of a mesophyte leaf and covered the strips with cellotape as shown in the following experimental setup. Cob) Chloride re paper (a) State the aim of the experiment. (1 mark) . > z sii _ 2 z ¥ (b) (i) _State the observation the students made on the cobalt (II) chloride paper. = x (1 mark) ue of a nnn (ii) Account for the difference in the time taken for the observations to be made on the two cobalt (II) chloride papers. G marks) > (©) Suggest two modifications students would make on the setup to have the observations fe within a shorter time. GB marks) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 212 Turn over5. 6 ‘The following diagram represents the structure of a human eye. (a) Name the part labelled M. (mark) f. (b) Explain the adaptations of the part labelled L. to its function. (2 marks) » E (©) __ Describe the events initiated in the part labelled K fo enable a distant object to be z clearly seen. (G marks) ‘ z ® ¢ (@ State the role of tears in the human eye. (2: marks) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 23127 SECTION B (40 marks) t Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8. 6. During an ecological study, students obtained the following data from a certain ecosystem. ‘Trophic level of organisms | Number of organisms a Producers 1000 Primary consumers 200 Secondary consumers 30 ‘Tertiary consumers 4 (a) Use the data in the table to draw a pyramid of numbers on the grid provided. im (S marks) ) AMA eee Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 2312 ‘Turn overase (b) Account for the shape of the pyramid. (3 marks) (c) Ifthe following organisms were found in the ecosystem represented by the data: Eagle Plant Snake Mouse (i) Drawa food chain to illustrate the feeding relationship in this ecosystem. (1 mark) (ii) Which of the organisms will have the least biomass? (1 mark) (iii) Explain the effect ofa severe drought on the population of organisms in the ecosystem. 3 marks) (iv) How would predation by snakes lead to the emergence of new species of mice in the ecosystem? (3 marks Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education, 2023 317084 21/2(a) Describe the method one would use to estimate the population of a particular plant species in the ecosystem. (4 marks) axe a —T. (a) Describe the various functions of lipids in the human body. (10 marks) (b) Describe how the process of photosynthesis occurs in green plants. (10 marks) 8. Describe how the section of the human digestive system from the mouth to the stomach is adapted to its functions. (20 marks) : : Pe ae sacaescacs 317084 23/2 ‘Turn over