K.C.S.

E BIOLOGY 1995
BIOLOGY 231/1
QUESTIONS
SECTION A (20 MKS)
Answer all questions in this section in spaces provided

1. Motor vehicles move, use energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. Similar
characteristics occur in living organisms yet motor vehicles are not classified as
living ( 3 mks)
2. Name the organelle that performs each of the following functions in a cell
( 2 mks)
Proteins synthesis
Transport of cell secretions
3. State two ways in which some fungi are harmful to man ( 2 mks)
4. Explain what would happen to red blood cells if they are placed in a concentrated
salt solution ( 2 mks)
5. State the role of light photosynthesis ( 2 mks)
6. The diagram below represents a fern

Name
(a) The parts labeled A and B ( 2 mks)
(b) The division to which the plant belongs ( 1 mk)

7. Complete the table below on mineral nutrition in plants ( 3 mks)

Mineral element Function Deficiency symptoms

Synthesis of proteins and Stunted growth and
protoplasm yellowing of leaves
Calcium
Forms part of chlorophyll Yellowing of leaves

8. Explain why Larmacks theory of evolution is not accepted by biologists today

( 2 mks)

9. name a is disorder of human blood that is caused by mutation ( 1 mk)

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 SECTION B (40 MARKS)
10. An experiment was carried out to investigate the rate of reaction shown below
Sucrose →Fructose + Glucose
For the products fructose and glucose to be formed, it was found that substance K
was to be added and the temperature maintained at 370C. When another substance
L was added, the reaction slowed down and eventually stopped.
(a) Suggest the identify of substances K and L ( 2 mks)
(b) Other than temperature state three ways by which the rate
of reaction could be increased ( 3 mks)
(c) Explain how substance L slowed down the reaction ( 2 mks)

11. The diagram below represents a transverse section of a young stem

(a) Name the parts labeled A and B ( 2 mks)

(b) State the functions of the parts labeled C, D and E ( 4 mks)
(c) List three differences between the section shown above and one that
would be obtained from the root of the same plant ( 3 mks)

12. The diagram below shows an experimental soil up to investigate an aspect of

germination

(a) Why are sodium hydroxide pellets used in this experiment? (1 mk)
(b) Why is moist cotton wool used in this experiment? (1 mk)
(c) (i) By means of an arrow, indicate on the diagram the direction in which red
dye would move during the experiment. (1 mk)
(ii) Give reasons for your answer in (c) (i) above (3 mks)

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13. The chart below shows a feeding relationship in a certain ecosystem

(a) Construct two food chains ending with a tertiary consumer in each case
( 2 mks)

(b) Which organism has the largest variety of predators in the food web?
(1 mk)
(c) Name secondary consumers in food web (2 mks)

(d) Suggest three ways in which the ecosystem would be affected in there was
a prolonged drought.

14. The diagram below represents growing seedlings which were subjected to
unilateral light at the beginning of an experiment

(a) (i) State the results of P,Q and R after 5 days? ( 5 mks)
(ii) Account for your answer in (a) (i) above ( 3 mks)

(b) If the tin foil were removed from the tip of the seedling R, what results
would be observed after 2 days? (1 mk)

(c) State the expected results after 3 days if the box were removed
( 1 mk)

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 SECTION C (40 Mks)
Answer questions 15 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and one question from this
section in the spaces provided after question 17

15. The graph below represents the increase in the number of yeast cells over a
period of 48 minute

(a) Name the type of curve shown ( 1 mk)

(b) Determine the number of yeast cells after 26 minutes ( 1 mk)
(c) Work out the rate of cell division between 24 and 28 minutes
( 2 mks)
(d) After how long was the population of yeast cells 128? 1 mk)
(e) Name the phase of the curve labeled
(i) A to B
(ii) B to C
(f) Give reasons for the shape of the graph between points C and D
( 3 mks)
(g) State five factors, which would cause human population
growth to assume the shape of the graph curve between points B and C
( 5 mks)
(h) Describe how the quadrat method can be used to estimate the
population of various species of plants in a given habitat ( 5 mks)

16. (a) Describe how insect pollinated flowers are adapted to pollination
(b) Describe the role or each of the following hormones in the human
menstrual cycle
(i) Oestrogen
(ii) Progesterone
(iii) Luteinising hormone ( 9 mks)
17. Describe how excretion takes place in
(i) Mammalian Kidneys
(ii) Green plants ( 5 mks)
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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 1995
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME

1. Confidential requirement: Specimen K – 5 Rastrineobolla argenti

(Omena in Luo)

You are provided with a specimen labelled K. With the help of a hand
lens examine the specimen.
a) (i) State the phylum to which the specimen belongs chordata;
(ii) Using the observable features only, name the class to which
the specimen belongs.
Pisces.
(iii) Give your answer in (a) (ii) above
Lateral line / operculum / gill cover / gills, fins
Acc. fish, osteichythes / bonny fish etc
b) Using the observable features, only state how the animal
is adapted to living in its habitat.
-Streamlined body for easy movement / minimize friction (owwte)
-Presence of fins for swimming / balance
-presence of gills for breathing in water/gaseous
Exchange / operculum / gills cover to allow water of pass out.
-Presence of lateral line helps vibration / movements in water
Waves / disturbance in water.
c) Cut three of specimen K into tiny pieces. Place the pieces into a boiling
tube. Add 5m if water. Boil for five minutes. Decant the extract into a
clean test tube.
Using the reagents provided, identity the food substances in the extract.
Record the food substances being tested for observations and conclusions
in the table below.

Food substance procedure observations Conclusion

Protein To the extract add dilute Violet/purple Protein present
Na0H solution and 1% colour appears
copper sulphate;
Reducing sugar To the extract add No colour change Reducing sugar
Benedict’s solution boil absent.
/ warm

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2. Confidential requirement: Specimen M- Freshly picked and intact mature
Flower obtained Solanum incanum or Lycopersicon.
You are provided with a specimen labeled M. Make a longitudinal
section through the flower.
a) (i) Draw and label the longitudinal section of the flower.

(ii) State the magnification of your drawing

X1 – X10 (with or without the x)
b) (i) Name the agent of pollination of the flower
Insects – (Reg – animal alone)
(ii) State two ways, which the flower is adapted for pollination by
the agent named in b(i) above.
Brightly coloured to attract insects.
Stigma is below another to avoid self – pollination
Smell/ scent to attract insects.
3. Confidential requirement: Specimen N Freshly killed soldier termite.
Specimen p –Freshly killed weevil, Specimen Q – Freshly killed
maggot of a housefly.

Animal Type of Reason

Environment
N Moist Soft skeleton/cuticle/body/outer covering
Thin
P Dry Hard wings / hard Exoskeleton

Q Moist Soft Exoskeleton/body/covering cuticle.

b) With a reason in each case, state the type of locomotion each animal exhibits.

Animal Type of locomotion Reason

N Walking Presence of legs
P Walking Presence of legs
Flying Presence of wings
Q Crawling / Wriggling Presence of prolegs / no
Legs / pseudo legs (false)
C) (i) Adult / imago;
(ii) Larva Rej; maggot

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/ 1 K.C.S.E 1996
QUESTIONS

1. State the function of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule ( 1mk)

2. State two ways by which acquired Immune deficiency syndrome (A.I.D.S)
Virus is transmitted. ( 2 mks)
3. When is glycogen which is stored in the liver converted into glucose and
released into the blood ( 1 mk)
4. Name the disease in humans that is caused by lack of vitamin C ( 1 mk)
5. An organ is with an exoskeleton, segmented body, two pairs of legs
per segment, a pair of eyes and a pair short antennae belongs to the phylum
( 1 mk)
6. What are two organisms considered to belong to the same species ( 2 mks)
7. (a) state the role of light in the process of photosynthesis ( 1 mk)
(b) Name one end product of dark reaction in photosynthesis ( 1 mk)
8. State two functions of cell sap ( 2 mks)
9. State three characteristics that ensure cross – pollination takes place in
flowering plants (3 mks)
10. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagrams below

The set up was at room temperature for a week

(a) What was the aim of the experiment? ( 1 mk)
(b) What would be the expected results at the end of the experiment ( 2 mks)

11. Give a reason why it is only mutation in genes of gametes that can influence
evolution ( 1 mk)
12. Give a reason why it is necessary for frogs to lay many eggs ( 1 mk)
13. The diagram below shows a set – up that was used to demonstrate
Fermentation

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 Glucose solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was
then allowed to cool before suspension.
(a) Why was the glucose solution boiled before adding the yeast
Suspension? ( 1 mk)

(b) What was the importance of cooling the glucose solution before
adding the yeast suspension? ( 1 mk)
(c) What was the use of oil in the experiment? ( 1 mk)
(d) What observation would be made in test tube B at the end of the
experiment? ( 1 mk)
(e) Suggest a control for this experiment ( 1mk)

14. (a) Describe the path taken by carbon dioxide released from the tissue
of an insect to the atmosphere ( 3 mks)
(b) Name two structures used for gaseous exchange implants ( 2 mks)

15. To estimate the population size of crabs in a certain lagoon, traps were laid at
random. 400 crabs were caught, marked and released back into the lagoon. Four
days later, traps were laid again and crabs were caught. Out of the 374 crabs, 80
were found to be marked.
(a) calculate the population size of the crabs in the lagoon using the formula
below
N= n x M
m
Where N = Total population of crabs in the lagoon
n = Total number of crabs in the second catch
M = Number of marked crabs during the first
m= Number of marked crabs in the second catch ( 2 mks)
(b) State two assumptions that were made during the investigation ( 2 mks)
(c) What is the name given to this method of estimating the
population size ( 1 mk)

16. A shoot of seedling exposed to light on one side bends towards the source of light
as it grows
(a) Name the response exhibited by the shoot of the seedling ( 1 mk)

(b) Explain how the bending towards the source of light occurs (3 mks)

17. (a) How may excessive bleeding results in death? ( 4 mks)

(b) Name the process by which the human body naturally stops
Bleeding? (1 mk)
(c) How can low blood volume be brought back to normal ( 3mks)

18. In an experiment black mice were crossed and the offspring were back and
brown. The gene for black colour is dominant over that of brown colour.
Using letter B to represent the gene for black colour and b to represent the gene
for brown colour
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 (a) Work out the genotypes of the F1 generation ( 4 mks)
(b) What is the phenotype ration of the spring ( 1 mk)

19. The diagram below represents then pathways of water from the soil into the plant.

(a) Name the structures labeled K and L. ( 2 mks)

(b) Explain how water from the soil reaches the structure labeled L. (5 mks)
(c) Name the process by which mineral salts enter into the plant ( 1 mk)

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20. A culture of bacteria was incubated in nutrient agar at 350C. Samples were taken
at intervals in order to estimate the number of bacteria in the population. The data
obtained is shown in the graph below.

(a) When was the pollution of bacteria 350 million

(b) Account for the shape of the graph between

(i) A and B
(ii) B and C
(iii) C and D
(c) Give three reasons for the shape of the curve between D and E
(d) (i) Suggest what would happen to the population of the bacteria if the temperature
was lowered to 00 after incubating for 12 hours.
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) above
(e) Give three reasons why it is important to control human population growth rate
in Kenya?

21. Explain how the mammalian skin is adapted to perform its functions ( 20 mks)

22. Describe how new plants arise by asexual reproduction ( 20 mks)

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 KCSE 1996
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME.

1. Confidential requirement: Specimen D – ‘sukuma wiki’ kale.

You are provided with a specimen labelled D, which is part of a plant.
a) (i) Using external features only, identify the part of plant leaf.
(ii) Give three reasons for your answer in a (i) above.
-Leaf blade / lamina
-Presence of petiole / mid – rib / leaf stalk.
-Presence of veins Rej; venation
b) Peel off the epidermis of the lower surface of the specimen. Mount a portion of
the epidermis in a drop of water on a microscope slide. Stain with methylene blue,
cover slip, observe the specimen under high power objective and count the
number of stomata in the field of view. Record the number of stomata in the table
below. Repeat the counting of stomata two times, each time moving the slide to
another field of view. Record the number of stomata for each field of view in the
table.

Field of view Number of stomata in Each field of view

Lower Upper epidermis
1. High power 28 13
2. High power 33 12
3. High power 30 13
Average number of A- A(Must be lower than that
stomata of upper epidermis)

Ref: Average if at least one count is wrong.

c) Repeat the procedure in (b) above using a peeling of the upper epidermis.
Record the number of stomata in the table.
d) Record the following from the microscope you used to count the stomata.
(i) Magnification of eyepiece lensx10/x15
(ii) Magnification of objective lens used x40 / x45
(iii) From the data in d(i) and (ii) above, calculate the total
Magnification. Show your working.
May = Eye x Objective
10x40 =400
15x45 = 675(Rej if working is not shown.)
e) Account for the average number of stomata on each side of the specimen.
Upper epidermis- fewer stomata / reduce transpiration / water loss / rate of
evaporation / exposed to direct sunlight.
Lower epidermis – more to increase rate of gaseous exchange // allow more
gaseous exchange / more stomata away from the sun to reduce rate of
transpiration.
2. You are provided with a specimen labeled H, which is a piece of mammalian
intestine. Squeeze the contents in the lumen into a test tube. Add 3ml of water and
shake the contents.
Reserve the piece of intestine for question (b)
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 a) (i) Use the reagents provided to test for the presence of
Starch, proteins and reducing sugars in the contents.
Record the procedures, observations and conclusions in
the table below.
Food substance procedure Observations Conclusion

Starch Iodine solution

added drop wise
Proteins Add NaOH to Violet / purple colour Reducing
solution then observed sugars
copper sulphate
(1%) /CuSO4
+NaOH
Reducing Sugars Colour changes from Reducing
Blue – green – yellow- sugars present
orange / Red ppt/Brick
red ppt.
Acc any of the colour.

(ii) Account for the results obtained in (a) (i) above

-No starch because it has been
Digested / converted / broken / changed to simple / reducing sugar.
-Reducing sugar present / incomplete digestion of protein
-Digestion / incomplete absorption.
No link / tied with table.
b) Cut specimen H along its length to expose the inner surface.
(i) Feel the inner and outer surfaces of the specimen. Record
your Observations.
Inner surface-
Slimmy / slippery / wavy / undulating / protrusion / projections/folds/s
wellings / lumps Rej: rough
Outer surface: Smooth
(ii) Account for your observations of the inner surface.
-Slimmy due to presence of mucus secreted by intestinal walls to protect
walls from enzyme digestion / lubricate the walls.
-Projections – presence of villi / finger like structure; for absorption of
food / folds to increase surface area for absorption.
3. Confidential requirement J: Fish /Tilapia
You are provided with a specimen labeled J.
a) Using observable features only, identify the class to which the
specimen belongs.
-Class Pisces (Rej Fish (es)
Use the observable features used to identify the class, which the
Specimen belongs.
(i) Presence of fins
(ii) Presence of scales / overlapping
(iii) Present gills/operculum
(iv) Presence of lateral line
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b) Stroke the specimen on the lateral side from the head end to the
tail end. Repeat the stroking from tail end to head end.
(i) Record your observations
Tail – head – Rough
Head – tail – Smooth
(ii) Observe the arrangement of the scales .Record your Observations
-Scales overlap
-Free ends point backwards (owwte)
(iii) State the significance of the arrangement of the scales.
- minimize / reduce friction ( during motion)
- Prevent water contact with body / skin
- Protection
(Rej (iii) if (ii) is wrong.

c) Cut and remove the operculum to expose the gills. Remove one complete
gill from the specimen and place it in a Petri dish containing enough water
to cover it. Examine the gill using a hand lens.

Gill filament -Closed a top

-Arranged closely
-Proportionality
-Origin, gill bar

Gill bar -Continuous lines

-Curved
-Closed both ends

Gill rakes -Serrated

-Close to one another
-Origin – gill bar
-No shading
(ii) How is the gill adapted to its function?
-Many/numerous gill filaments to increase surface area for gaseous
exchange.
-Extensive vascularisation / many capillaries /blood vessels; for gaseous
exchange.
-Presence of rakers to filter / trap solid particles, which might damage the
gill filaments.
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-Gill bar / arc / is bonny / cartilaginous / bony / hard / firm for support /
attachment gill filaments and / or strong rakers.
-Thin filaments; to facilitate diffusion of gases / to shorten distance for
diffusion of gases.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.S.E 1997
QUESTIONS
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. State the functions of the following cell organelles
(a) Golgi apparatus
(b) Ribosomes

2. A student caught an animal which had the following characteristics:

Body divide into two parts
Simple eyes
Eight legs
The animal belong to the class

3. What are the three end products of anaerobic respiration in plants

4. state two ways in which xylem vessels are adapted to their function

5. In an accident a victim suffered brain injury. Consequently he had loss of

memory. Which part of the brain was damaged?

6. Oil can be applied on the stagnant water to control the spread of malaria.
(a) How does this practice control the spread of malaria?
(b) Give a reason why this practice should be discouraged

7. State three structural differences between biceps muscles of the gut.

Biceps Gut Muscles
Striated Unstriated
Multinucleated Uninucleated
Long fibres Short fibres
Cylindrical Spindle shaped

8. A person was found to pass out large volumes of dilute urine frequently.
Name the
(a) Disease the person was suffering from
(b) Hormone that was deficient

9. state three pieces of evidence that support the theory of evolution

10. Name a disease caused by lack of each of the following in human diet.
Vitamin D
Iodine

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 SECTION B (40 MARKS)
11. The following below represents a feeding relationship in an ecosystem

(a) Write down the food chains in which the guinea fowls are secondary
consumers
(b) What would be the short term effects on the ecosystem if lions invaded the
area?
(c) Name the organism through which energy from the sun enters the
food web.

12. A person was able to read a book clearly at arm’s length but at normal reading
distance.
(a) State the detect the person suffered from?
(b) Why was he unable to read book clearly at normal distance
(c) How can the defect be corrected?

13. An experiment was carried out to determine the rate of transpiration in three
plants A, B and C. Plants, A and B belonged to different species while plants B
and C belonged to the same species. Plant C had all its leaves removed. The three
plants were of similar size and were exposed to the same environment conditions.
The results are as shown below in the graphs below

(a) Suggest possible environment conditions under which the experiment

was carried out between 30 and 60 minutes
(b) Account for the results obtained for plant C
(c) Suggest the habitat for plant A and B. Give reasons for your answer.
Habitat for plant A
Habitat for plant B

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14. The diagram below represents a simplified nitrogen cycle.

(a) Name the organisms that cause process E and J

(b) Name the process represented by F and H.
(c) Name the group of organism represented by G

15. The equation below represent a metabolic that occurs in the mammalian live
Amino acids →Organic compounds + urea
(a) Name the process.
(b) What is the importance of the process to the mammal?
(c) What is the source of amino acids in this process
(d) What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids?

16. In a breeding experiment, plants with red flowers were crossed. The produced 123
plants with red flowers and 41 with white flowers
(a) Identify the recessive character
Give a reason
(b) What was the genotype of the parent plants that gave rise to the plants with a
red and white flowers?

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17. Figures 1 and 2 below represent reproductive organ of plants and an animal
respectively.

(a) Which letters in figures 1 and 2 represents the organs that produce female
gametes?
Figure 1
Figure 2
(b) What is the function of the structure labeled S?
(c) Name the structure labeled W
(d) Which letters in figures 1 and 2 represents the structures where
fertilization takes place
(e) Which letter in figure 1 represents the structure where male gametes are
produced?

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 SECTION C (40 marks)

18. An experiment was carried out to determine the growth rates of bamboo and a
variety of maize plants in two adjacent plots. The average height and average dry
weight of plants from the two populations were determined over a period of
twenty weeks. The data is as shown in the table below.

Bamboo Maize
Age in weeks Average height Average Average height Average
(Metres) weight (Metres) weight
(Grams) (Grams)
2 1.3 52 0.3 20
4 4.0 182 0.5 29
6 8.2 445 0.8 57
8 12.1 682 1.2 78
10 13.9 801 1.7 172
12 14.1 957 1.9 420
14 14.3 1025 2.1 704
16 14.4 1062 2.1 895
18 14.6 1127 2.1 926
20 14.6 1229 2.1 908
(a) Between which two weeks did the greatest increase in weight occur in
(b) Bamboo plants
(ii) Maize plants
(b) (i) Which of the two types of plants had a higher productivity by the end
of the experiment
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (b) (i) above
(c) Between weeks 14 and 18, the average height of the maize plants
remained constant while average dry weight increased.
Explain this observation
(d) Suggest how the change in the average dry weight bamboo and maize
Plants would have been at week 22 if the experiment was continued.
(e) Why was it appropriate for this experiment to use
(i) Dry weight instead of fresh weight
(ii) Weight and height
(f) Describe how the average height and weight of the plants were determined
in this experiment.
Average height
Average dry Weight
(g) Give a reason why secondary thickening does not occur in bamboo and
maize plants

19. (a) What is parasitism?

(b) Describe how the tapeworm is adapted to a parasitic mode of life

20. (a) What is meant by the term digestion?

(b) Describe how the mammalian small intestine is adapted to its function

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 1997
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME

1. Confidential Requirement specimen Q- Ripe banana

You are provided with a specimen labeled Q. Make a transverse section of the
specimen.

(a) (i) Draw and label the section

(ii) Work out the magnification of your drawing

X ½ - X3
Mag = Size of diagram = X ½ - X3
Size of object
(b) What type of fruit is specimen Q?
Freshly/simple/berry/succulent
(c) Slice off about 2cm thick disc from the specimen. Peel it. Place piece into a
beaker and mash it into paste using a glass rod. Add 20ml of distilled water and
stir. Tie one end of the transparent tubing provided. Decant the extract into the
tubing and tie the other end tightly.
ENSURE THERE IS NO LEAKAGE AND BOTH ENDS OF THE TUBING
Rinse the outside of the tubing with water. Immerse the tubing with its content in
100ml beaker containing iodine solution. Allow standing for 20 minutes.
(i) Record your observations in the table below.

Extract inside tubing Iodine solution

Outside tubing
Before the experiment Cream/white/cream Colour of iodine
white/pale yellow/ light Yellow/brown
yellow Reddish brown/ orange
Rej. Yellow
After the experiment Blue + Black/ blue Black As above no colour
Rej purple change

(ii) Account for the results obtained in c (i) above

Iodine/ dissolved/ entered and reacted with starch concentration
Gradient
Reaction
Extra mole cannot come out- too large to diffuse out.

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2. Below is a photograph of a dissected mammal. Study the photograph and answer
the questions that follow

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(a) Name the structures labeled
S1 - Oesophagus/gullet/trachea
S3 - Lungs
S4 – Gal bladder/ liver
S7 – Kidney
S9- Ovary/uterus/womb
S10- Uterus/ womb
S12 – Caecum
S13- Colon/ large intestine/ileum/small intestine
S14- Stomach
S15- Liver
S16 – Heart
S20- Tongue/ mouth

(b) (i) state the functions of the structure labeled

F1 – Bladder; storage of urine/holding/ keeping
F2- Hepatic portal vein/bile duct; transport of digested food into the liver
- Transport of bile juice/ salts to duodenum

(ii) With reasons, state the sex of the dissected mammal

Sex- Female
Reasons – Ovaries/ pregnant/fallopian tubes/ uterus present.

(c) (i) Name the dissecting tool placed at the anterior end of the mammal
- Forceps
(ii) State the use of the tool during a dissection
Holding tissues during dissection/ lifting/ caching/ pulling parts in place/
removing parts.

(d) The actual length of the tool you have named in c(i) is 15cm. Measure the actual
length of the tool in the photograph and calculate the magnification of the
photograph.

Length of the tool in the photograph; 4.5 to 5 cm

= Length of the tool
Actual length of the object

4.5
15 = 0.3 = x 0.3
Magnification of the photograph
Length of diagram/ photo
Length of object
4.5 cm
15 cm = 0.3mag

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3. You are provided with specimens P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9 and P 10
Below is a dichotomous key, which can be used to identity specimen P1 – P9.
(a) Identify the specimens using the key. Indicate the steps followed to identify each
specimen.

1 a; Leaf simple go to 3
b; leaf compound go to 2
2 a; Leaf lobbed Oxalidaceae
b; Leaf with unlobbed leaflets go to 8
3 a; Leaf parallel veined or with a spine go to 4
b; leaf net- veined go to 6
4 a; leaf succulent go to 5
b; Leaf not succulent Graminae
5 a; Leaf with sheath Commelinaceae
b; leaf without sheath Agavaceae
6 a; leaf rough on the upper surface go to 9
b; leaf surface smooth or hairy go to 7
7 a; leaf surface smooth Anacardiaceae
b; Leaf surface hairy Solanaceae
8 a; leaflets margins serrated Compositae
b; leaflets margins smooth Mimosaceae
9 a; Leaf surface not spiny Verbanaceae
b; Leaf surface spiny Rosaceae

Specimen Identity Steps Followed

P1 Commelinaceae 1a, 3a, 4a, 5a
P2 Compositae 1 b. 2b, 5a
P3 Anacardoceae 1a, 3b, 6b, 7a
P4 Mimosaceae 1b, 2b, 8b
P5 Solanaceae 1a, 3b, 6b, 7b
P6 Oxalidaceae 1b, 2c
P7 Agavaceae 1a, 3a, 4a, 5b
P8 Verbanaceae 1a, 3b, 6a, 9a
P9 Graminae 1a, 3a 4b
Wrong steps, wrong identity no mark

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(b) Using a razor blade, make a thin section of the petiole of specimen P 10.
Stain the section methylene blue and mount on a microscope slide
Observe using the hand lens
(i) Make a labeled plan diagram of the section

(ii) From your observations of the section, to which class does the specimen
belong?

Class Dicotyledonous – rej. Dicot and cotyledon

Reason Vascular bundles arranged in a ring/ circle/ vascular bundles is on either
side of pith/distinct cortex.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 KC.S.E 1998
QUESTIONS
1. Why are people with blood group O universal donors?
2. State one effect of magnesium deficiency in green plants
3. Which organelle would be abundant in:
Skeletal muscle cell
Palisade cell
4. Why are gills in fish highly vascularized?
5. What is the relationship between leguminous plants and bacteria found in their root
modules?
6. In an experiment it was found that when maggots are exposed to light they move to
dark areas.
(a) Name the type of response exhibited by the maggots
(b) Name the advantages of the response to the maggots
7. The diagram below represents a mammalian bone

(a) Name the bone

(b) Name the type of the joint formed by the bone at its anterior end with the adjacent
bone
8. A flower was found to have the following characteristics:
Inconspicuous petals
Long feathery stigma
Small, light pollen grains
(a) What is the likely agent of pollination of the flower
(b) What is the significance of the long feathery stigma in the flower?
9. What makes young herbaceous plant remain upright?
10. Give two reasons why primary productivity in an aquatic ecosystem decreases with
depth.
11. State two ways by which the human immuno deficiency (H.I.V) is transmitted other
than through sexual intercourse?
12. In a family with four children, three were found to have normal skin pigmentation
while one was an albino.
Using letter A to represent gene for normal skin pigmentation and a to represent the
gene for albinism,

(a) What are the genotypes of the parents?

(b) Work out the genotype of
(i) Normal pigmentation
(ii) The albino child
Genotype of normal pigmented children
(c) What is the probability that the fifth child will be an albino?

13. (a) List four differences between meiosis and mitosis

(b) Which sex chromosomes are found in human?
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 Sperm cell?
Ova?
14. In an experiment to investigate a factor affecting photosynthesis, a leaf of a potted
plant which had been kept in the dark overnight was covered with aluminum foil as
shown in the diagram below

The set up was kept in sunlight for three hours after which a food test was carried out
on the leaf.
(a) Which factor was being investigated in the experiment?
(b) What food test was carried out?
(c) (i) State the results of the food test
(ii) Account for the results in c (i) above
(d) Why was it necessary to keep the plant in darkness; before the experiment?

15. The herbivorous mammalian species were introduced into an ecosystem at the same
time and in equal numbers. The graph below represents their populations during the
first seven years. Study the graph and answer the questions that follow.

(a) (i) Which species has a better competitive ability?

(ii) Give reason for your answer
(b) Account for the shape of the curve species A between
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 (i) One year and three years
(ii) Three years and seven years
(c) A natural predator for species A was introduced into the ecosystem.
With a reason state how the population of each species would be affected.
16. A student placed a drop of pond water in a cavity slide and observed it under the
microscope. The student observed many fast moving organisms, one of which is
represented in the diagram below.

(a) (i) Name the phylum to which the organism belongs

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above

(b) Name the structures labeled N, P and Q.

(c) State two observable features that enable the organism to move fast.

17. The diagram below represents a nerve cell.

(a) (i) Identify the nerve cell.

(ii) Give a reason your answer in (a) (i) above

(b) Name the structure labeled T

(c) Using an arrow indicate on the diagram the direction of movement of an impulse
in the cell.

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18. A hungry person had a meal, after which the concentration of glucose and amino
acids in the blood were determined. This was measured hourly as the blood passed
through the hepatic portal vein and the iliac vein in the leg. The results were as shown
in the table below.
Concentration of Concentration of
Time contents in hepatic contents in the
(Hrs) portal vein iliac vein of the
(mg/100ml) leg (mg/100ml)

Glucose Amino acids Glucose Amino Acids

0 85 1.0 85 1.0
1 85 1.0 85 1.0
2 140 1.0 125 1.0
3 130 1.5 110 1.5
4 110 1.5 90 3.0
5 90 3.0 90 2.0
6 90 2.0 90 1.0
7 90 1.0 90 1.0
1.0

(a) Using the same axes draw graphs of concentration of glucose in the heptic
portal vein and the iliac vein in the leg against time
(b) Account for the concentration of glucose in the hepatic vein from:
(i) 0/1 hour
(ii) 1-2 hour
(iii) 2- 4 hours
(iv) 5 – 7 hours
(c) Account for the difference in the concentration of glucose in hepatic portal
vein and the iliac vein between 2 and 4 hours.
(d) Using the data provided in the table explain why the concentration of amino
acids in the hepatic portal vein took longer to increase.

19. Discuss the various evidences, which show that evolution has taken place.

20. Explain how the mammalian intestines are adapted to perform their function.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 1998
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME
Confidential requirement: Specimen M- Solanum (Sodom apple), Specimen
N – Hibiscus rosanensis

1. You are provided with specimen labeled M and N. Examine them.

(a) Describe the arrangement of the stamens in specimens M and N.
M- Stamens; five in number arranged around/ arising from
free/separate/lease of ovary/corolla/anthers below stigma
N- Many numerous stamens; filaments/ fused; to form a (common) stigma
(tube) stamen below stigma.
(b) Carefully remove one stamen from specimen M. Examine it using a hand
lens. Draw and label it.

Conditions P- Filament shorter than anther ¼ of anther = filament

A- All parts to be drawn; continuous lines
(c) Remove another stamen from specimen M. Cut the anther transversely
into two equal parts. Tap the pollen grains from the lower half onto a
microscope slide. Add a drop of iodine. Place a cover slip and press on
the cover slip gently to spread out the pollen grains. Observe the pollen
grains under medium power.

Draw one pollen grain.

State the magnification

(d) Remove an anther from specimen N. Place it on a microscope slide. Add

a drop of iodine. Cover with a cover slip. Press gently on the cover slip to
spread out the pollen grains. Observe the pollen grains under medium
power.

Draw one pollen grain

State the magnification X 100

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 (e) State two observable differences between the corolla of specimen
N and M
M- Smooth and small/ smaller
N- Rough/ Spiked and larger/larger

(f) State four observable differences between the corolla of specimen

M and N
M- Petals fused – gamopetalous N- Free petals/ verlapping/corolla
Polypetalous
M- Small corolla N-Corolla large/ broad
M- Petals pointed tips N- Petals rounded tips
M- Nectar guides not easily N- Nectar guides noticed

2. Confidential requirement: Solution L- Diastase/amylase

You are provided with a solution labelled L, starch solution and sodium chloride in two
different concentration 0.1% and 1.4%. Place 3ml of starch solution in test tubes labelled
1,2 and 3. Add 3 drops of 0.1% sodium chloride to the test tube labelled 3.
Add 3 ml of solution L to each test tube labelled 2 and 3

(a) Place a drop of the contents from each test tube 1,2 and 3, on a white tile. To each
drop add iodine solution. Record your results in the table below.

Test tube Observation at start of Observation at end of experiment

experiment
Starch 1 Blue – black Blue- black/blue/black/dark blue
Blue/black/dark blue
Starch + 0.1% NaCI + Blue black as in TI Retained the colour of
L.2 odine/yellow/brown/reddish/orange
Acc. Traces of blue Rej. Red
Starch + 1.4% NaCI + Blue black as in TI Retained iodine colour as in T2
LI. 3

(b) Place the test tube in water bath maintained at 370C. Allow to stand for 30
minutes. Place a drop f the contents from each test on a white tile. To each drop
add iodine solution. Record your observations in the table.

(c) Add equal amounts of Benedict’s Solution in test tubes labelled 2 and 3 boil.
Record your observations
Test tube 2
Changed to green/ yellow
Test tube 3
Colour changed to orange/ brown/ red/reddish/brick red
(d) Why was the test tube labeled 1 included in the experiment?
Control experiment
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 (e) Account for the results in test tube 1,2 and 3 at the end of the experiment.
• Starch converted/ hydrated/digested/broken down;
sugars/reducing/glucose and maltose. In test tubes 2 and 3
• Starch was not converted into reducing sugars, in test tube 1; due to lack
of NaCI and enzyme ( sol-L)
• More reducing sugar in test tube 3 than H2; due to high concentration of
NaCL in H3
• NaCI accelerates digestion/ hydrolysis of starch.

(f) Suggest the Identity of solution L

Enzyme /diastase /amylase /ptyalin..

(g) Why were the test tubes placed in a water bath maintained at 370 C? Provide
optimum temp/best temp/for enzyme activity. (Ideal / most suitable.

3. Confidential requirements: Specimen R- Housefly, Specimen S- Bee.

You are provided with specimens labeled R and S. Examine them.

(a) (i) Name the phylum and the class to which the specimens belong
Phylum…………………Arthropoda
Class…………………… Insecta
(ii) State two distinguishing features found in the members of

Phylum ……………………. Presence of exoskeleton

Joined/appendage/limps
Class……………………….. 3 pairs of legs/ six legs
3 body parts/ namely hand, thorax, abdomen.
(b) State two differences between the wings of specimen R and S
S……………….. 2 pairs
Absence of halteres/ hind wings
R……………….1 pair of wings
Has halteres/ hind wings
Modified wing

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(c) Remove one whole hind legs from specimens R and S.
Draw and label them.

(d) Draw and label the front view of the head of specimen S.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.S.E 1999
QUESTIONS
SECTION A
1. Name two processes that bring about the translocation of manufactured food
2. Give two reasons why accumulation of lactic acid during vigorous exercise leads
to an increase in heartbeat.
3. Explain why sexual reproduction is important in organisms
4. State two advantages of natural selection to organisms
5. Suggest tree reasons why green plants are included in a fish aquararium.
6. State three ways by which plants compensate for lack of ability to move from one
place to another.
7. An investigation plants with red flowers were crossed with plants with white
flowers.
All the plants in the F1 generation had pink flowers.
a) Give a reason for the appearance of pink flowers in the F1 generation.
b) If the plants the F1 generation were selfed, state the phenotypic ratio of the
F2 generation.
8. State two disadvantages of self-pollination.

SECTION B (40 MKS)

9. The diagram below shows surface view of a human brain.

Name the parts labeled B and C.

b) State three functions of the part labelled A

c) State what would happen if the part labeled B was damaged.

10. Below is a list of organisms, which belong to classes Insecta, Myriapoda and
Archnida: Tick, centipede, praying mantis, tsetse fly, millipede and spider.
Place the organisms in their respective classes in the table below.
Give reason in each case.

Classes Organisms Reasons

Insecta

Myriapoda

Arachnida

11. Give reasons for each of the following:

a) Constant body temperature is maintained in mammals.
b) Low blood sugar level is harmful to the body.
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12. A student set up an experiment as shown in the diagram below.

a) i) What is being investigated in the experiment?

ii) On the diagram below indicate the expected results after three
days.

iii) Why was it necessary to have wet cotton wool in the containe?
b) What is the role of the following to a germinating seed/
i) Oxygen
ii) Cotyledons.
13. a) Distinguish between a community and population.
b) Describe how population of grasshoppers in a given area can be
estimated.
14. The photograph below represents a blood smear obtained from a person suffering
from a certain disease.

a) Name the structure labeled X.

b) i) Name the structure labeled L
ii) State the function of the source labeled M
c) What disease was the person suffering from?
d) List three ways by which micro-organisms enter the human body.
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 SECTION C (40 MARKS)

15. An experiment was carried out to investigate haemolysis of human red blood
cells. The red blood cells were placed in different concentrations of sodium
chloride solution. The percentage of haemolysed cells was determined. The
results were as shown in the table below.

Salt concentration 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.48

g/100cm3 (%)
Red blood cells 100 91 82 69 30 15 0
Haemolysed (%)

a) i) On the grid provided, plot a graph of harmolysed red blood cells

against salt concentration.
ii) at what concentration of salt solution was the proportion of haemolysed
cells equal to non-haemolysed cells?
iii) State the percentage of cells haemolysed at salt concentration of 0.45%

b) Account for the results obtained at:

i) 0.33 percent salt concentration.
ii) 0.48 percent salt concentration.

c) What would happen to the red blood cells if they were placed in 0.50 percent salt
solution?

d) Explain what would happen to onion epidermal cells if they were placed in
distilled water.

16. Describe the:

a) Process of inhalation in mammals.
b) Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata in plants.

17. Explain how the various activities of man have caused pollution of air.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 1999
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME
1. Confidential requirement: Specimen S- Mango fruit, mature but not ripe,
Specimen T- Leguminous pod (bean fruit) any legume.
You are provided with specimens labeled S and T. draw a plan diagram of the cut
surface of specimen S. label it.

(b) Open specimen T longitudinally. State three differences between specimen S and
T
S- One seed T – Several seeds/ many, two – ten
- Meso-carp/ epicarp and endocarp - Mesocarp fused with epicarp and
separated endocarp
- Placentation central Rej free central - Placentation marginal
- Fleshly succulent fruit - Dry fruit
- Absence of sutures/ lines of - Presence of sutures/ lines of
weaknesses weakness
- Pericarp thick - Pericarp thin
(c) With reasons in each case state the type of fruit and method of dispersal for
specimen S and T
Specimen S
Type of fruit – Drupe
Reason - One seed/ hard endocarp/ fibrous endocarp/owwte
Method of dispersal - Animal/ Man
Reason – Fleshy mesocarp/ scented/ juicy/succulent/ brightly
Coloured. Rej. Edible
Specimen T.
Type of fruit - legume pod/ leguminous fruit
Reason – two sutures/ lines of weakness
Method of dispersal- Mechanical ( self) explosive mechanism
Reason – lines of dehiscence(two) lines of weakness.

2. You are provided with specimen labeled X, Y and Z

(a) Identify the specimens
X – Ulna
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 Y- Humerus Rej. Humerous
Z- Radius
(b) Name the part of the mammalian body from which the specimens were
obtained.
• Forelimb/arm/legs/ humerus/ upper arm/ ulna and radius lower
arm
(c) Make a drawing to show how X, Y, and Z are articulated

State the magnification of your drawing X ¼ - X1

(d) With reasons name the type of joint formed at the proximal and distal ends of
Specimen Y
Proximal end- Ball and socket
Reason- Head shaped like a ball/ ball like/ rounded head/ round head/ allow
movement.
Distal end- Hinge joint
Reason – allow movement in only one plane/ presence of a groove/ presence of
condy/ troches which articulates with sigmoid notch.

(e) What is the significance of the part labelled W

Attachment of muscles/ tendons; formation of hinge joint; with adjacent bone)
Prevent overstretching of forearm backwards; allows movements in only plane/
180 degrees.

You are provided with a specimen labeled R. Examine it

(f) Name the observable features that adapt the specimen to:
Forward movement
- Trail/ tail fin/tail muscles/candal fin
Balancing
- Pectoral fins; pelvic fins
Staying upright
- Dorsal fins; anal fins/ventral fins
Fast movement
- Streamlined body
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 - backward facing scales,
- Slimy/ Mucoid surface

3. You are provided test for the food substances in the suspension in the table
below.
(a) Using reagents provided test for the food substances in the suspension. In
the table below, record the food tested, your procedures, observations and
conclusions.

Food Substance Procedure Observation Conclusion

Starch Add a drop of Brown colour/ retain Starch absent
iodine on M on a colour of iodine/
white tile yellow/ reddish
Acc. No colour change
Rej. Red/No change
alone
Reducing sugar Add a few drops of Blue colour of Reducing sugar
benedict’s solution benedict’s solution/ absent/
and warm/ heat/ colour change to monosachariaple
boil purple/ violet Rej. No sugar absent/ Rej
change alone specific names of
sugars e.g glucose
No reducing sugar Add a few drops of Fizzing/ Non- reducing
HCl and heat; effervescence/bubbling; sugar; presence of
(cool), add sodium Red precipitate/ colour reducing sugar after
bicarbonate; add changed from blue to hydrolysis.
benedict’s solution green, yellow orange/
and heat Note – brown/ red; order of
stop heating if step colour must be
is omitted. correct.
Acc. Final colour
change. E.g green,
yellow, orange brown
Protein Add 1% CuSO4; Colour change to Protein present
Sulphate and then purple/violet
sodium hydroxide
- If formula is used
must be correct.
Order does not
matter

- If food substance is omitted or wrong, procedure, observation and

conclusion wrong
- If cooling absent in non- reducing sugars stop marking
(b) Name two enzymes that may be required to digest suspension M in the
alimentary canal in human beings.
• Pepsin/ trysin/ erepsin /sucrose/ invertase

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(c) State the role of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate in the
experiment.
- HCl hydrolyze/breakdown/ digest/convert/ change; non- reducing
sugars/disaccharides/ complex sugars/(rej sucrose) for reducing sugars/simple
sugars/ monosaccharides

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.S.E 2000
QUESTIONS

1. What is the function of the following cells in the retina of human eye ? Cones
2. Give a reason why two species in ecosystems cannot occupy the same niche.
3. State two ways in which some fungi are beneficial to humans
4. State two ways in which some fungi are beneficial to humans.
5. State the importance of osmo-regulation in organisms
6. Give a reason why lumbar vertebrae have long and broad transverse process
7. Give reason why each of the following is important in the study of evolution:
a) Fossils records
b) Comparative anatomy.
8. Why is oxygen important in the process of active transport in cells?
9. State two advantages of metamorphosis to the life of insects.
10. Explain how birds of prey are adapted to obtaining their food.

SECTION B

11. The diagram below represents a section of a leaf.

(b) Name the parts labeled X, and Y

(c) Using arrows indicate on the diagram the direction of flow of water during
the transpiration stream
(d) State two ways in which the leaf is suited to gaseous exchange

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12. The chart below represents the result of successive crosses, staring with red-
flowered plants and white flowed plants and in which both plants are pure
breeding.
Parental genotypes: Red flowers x white flowers

First final generation

Selfed

Second final generation

3 red flowers: 1 white flower

3: 1
(a) What were parental genotype? Use letter R to represent the gene for red
colour and r for white colour
(b) (i) What was the colour of the flowers in the first filial generation?
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in b (i) above
(c) If 480 red flowered plants were obtained in the second filial generation,
how many F2 plants and white flowers? Show your working.
13. The temperature of a person was taken before, during and after taking a cold
bath. The results are shown in the graph below

(a) Explain why the temperature fell during bath

(b) What changes occurred in the skin that enabled the body temperature to return to
normal?

14. (a) Name the crop infested by phytophthora infestans and the disease it
causes
Crop / Disease
(b) State four control measures against the disease

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15. The concentration of the lactic acid in blood during and after an exercise was
determined. The results are shown in the graph below

(a) (i) By how much did the lactic acid increase at the end of 13 minutes?
(ii) After how many minutes was the lactic acid concentration 71mg/
100cm3?
(iii) What would be the concentration of lactic acid at the 60th minute?
(b) Give a reason for the high rate of production of lactic acid during the
Exercise
(c) Give a reason for the decrease in the concentration of lactic acid after the
exercise

16. (a) What is the significance of sexual reproduction?

(b) State three advantages of asexual reproduction

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 17. The numbers of different types of animals supported by a square kilometer
in two terrestrial ecosystems are shown in the table below

Type of ecosystem Type of animal Number of animals

supported per sq. km
Acacia savannah Domestic animals
Cattle 7
Goat 30
Sheep 10
Bush land Wild games
Thomsons’s gazelles 450
Eland 20
Wildebeest 60
Domestic animals
Cattle 2
Goats 15
Sheep 5
Wild game
Thomson’s gazelles 200
Eland 12
Wildebeest 10

(a) (i) Which domestic animal is better adapted to both ecosystems?

(ii) Give a reason why the animal named in (a) (i) above is better adapted to the
two ecosystems.

(b) Why are cattle and sheep fewer in the bush land than in the savannah?
(c) (i) Name suitable methods that were used to estimate the population of:
Domestic animals
Wild animals
(ii) Give a reason why the method named for wild animals in (c) (i) above is
suitable
(d) state three methods which could be used to determine the diet of wild animals
in an ecosystem
(e) Name four biotic factors that could have regulated the animal population in both
ecosystems
(f) State four human activities that affect population of animals in game parks
(g) What is the importance of national park to a nation?
18. describe the role of hormones in the human menstrual cycle
19. how are leaves of mesophytes suited to their functions

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2000
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME
1 (a) You are provided with a specimen labeled D
(i) Name the specimen to which the specimen belong Arthropoda
(ii) State three characteristics found in the members belonging to the phylum
- presence of exoskeleton/ Ectoskeleton
- Jointed limbs/ appendages/ legs
- Segmented body parts

(b) (i) Name the class to which the specimen belongs

Insecta
(ii) State four characteristics found in the members of class
• Body divided into three ( head, thorax, and abdomen)
• Three pairs ( six legs)
• One pair ( 2 antennae)
• Presence of spiracles/ breath through spiracles
• Compound eyes ( one pair)
(c) Remove, draw, and label the mouth parts used for:

(i) Biting and chewing food

(ii) Hold food

(iii) Feeling and tasting food

(d) Examine the wings of the specimen. State the differences between them.
Forewing/outer wing Hind wing/ Inner wing
- Hard - Soft/ Membranous
- Narrow/ small surface/ small - Wide/ broad/ large surface area
- Stiff/ rigid/ inflexible - Flexible/ can fold
- Opaque - Translucent

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2. Confidential requirements:
Specimens:
G- onion bulb (Sprouting) E- Taproot/Taproot tuber/ swollen tap root/main
root/Carrot root hairs/ F- stem tuber

You are provided with specimens labelled E, F and G.

(a) With reasons state which part of plant are specimens E, F and G.
E- carrot root hairs
Reasons
• Presence of lateral roots
• Short stem. Swollen worth food
F- Irish Potato
Reasons
F- Stem tuber
- Presence of lateral buds/ auxiliary/ auxiliary buds
- Presence of scale leaves
- Swollen with food

G- Bulb/ Onion bulb/ Onion plant bulb

Reasons
• Scale leaves / scaly leaves
• Short stem/ flattered stem
• Fleshy leaf bases/ leaves swollen with food.

Make a longitudinal section through G

(b) Draw and label the specimen

(c) (i) name the vitamin present in specimen E

Vitamin A retinal
(ii) What are two functions of the vitamin named in (c) (i) above.
• Protein of skin and cornea form dying
• Synthesis of Rhodopsin pigment
• Improves night vision/ vision in poor light

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(d) State three differences in specimen F and G

F G
- Food stored in stem - Food stored in leaves
- Swollen stem - small short/flattened stem
- Rudimentary/ not well
Developed scaly leaves - Dry papery/ well developed scale leaves
- Small/ inconspicuous scale leaves - Presence of adventitious roots
- Absence of adventitious roots
3. You are provided with a substance labelled H. Filter the substance and collect
filtrate. Filtration is expected to be complete after about 30 minutes. Using the
reagents provided, test for the food substances in the residue and the filtrate.
Record your procedures, observations and conclusions in the table below.

Residue
Food substance procedure Observations Conclusion
starch Add a drop of Colour of iodine/yellow/ Starch absent
iodine orange/ brown/ reddish
brown / no colour change
proteins Add NaOH then a Purple violet colour Presence of
drop of 1% CuSO4 proteins
and shake
Reducing Simple Add benedict’s Green colour/ Traces of reducing
sugars solution and heat in yellow/Orange/ sugar of colour
warm water bath red/brown/ colour change is greenish.
Reducing/ Simple
sugars present

Filtrate
Food Substance Procedure Observations Conclusion
Starch Add a drop of No colour change/colour No starch present
iodine of iodine/ yellow/ brown/
orange/ reddish brown
colour
Protein Add NaoH then Blue colour/ light blue/ Absence of proteins
CuSO4 and shake No colour change/ Colour or presence of
of copper sulphate proteins according
retained. Purple to observations
colouration
Reducing/ simple Add Benedict’s Green/ yellow/ orange / Greenish
sugars solution and heat/ red/ brick red ppt colouration
place in a warm Traces of reducing/
water bath simple sugars

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231 / 1 K.C.S.E 2001
QUESTIONS

1. Other than having many features in common, state the other characteristics of a
species
2. Why are green plants referred to as primary producers in an ecosystem?
3. A person whose blood groups is AB requires a blood transfusion. Name the blood
groups of the donors.
4. Name the parts of the flower that are responsible the production of gametes
5. State two functions of muscles found in the alimentary canal of mammals.
6. Adult elephants flap their ears twice as much as their calves in order to cool their
bodies when it is hot. Explain.
7. Name the organelle in which protein synthesis takes place
8. (a) The type of circulatory system found in members of the class insecta is
(b) Name the blood vessel that transports blood from:
(i) Small intestines to the liver
(ii) Lungs to the heart
9. Name three types of chromosomal mutations
10. Name three sites where gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial plants.

SECTION B

11. The diagram below represents a mammalian nephron

(a) Name the

(i) Structure labeled P
(ii) Portion of the nephron between point X and Y
(b) Name the process that takes place at point Q
(c) Name one substance present at point R but absent at point S in a healthy
mammal
(d) The appearance of the substance you have mentioned in (c) above is a
symptom of a certain disease caused by a hormone deficiency. Name the
(i) Disease
(ii) Hormone

(e) State the structural modifications of nephrons found in the desert mammals
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12. The graph below shows the effect of substance concentration of the rate of enzyme
reaction.

(a) (i) Account for the shape of the graph between A and B
(ii) B and C

(b) How can the rate of reaction be increased after point B?

(c) State two other factors that effect the rate of reaction of enzyme reaction
13. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle

Nitrifying
bacteria

(a) State the process labeled

A
D
(b) Name the compound represented by B
(c) Name the group of organisms labeled C
(d) (i) name the group of plants which promote process A
(ii) State the part of the plant where process A takes place
(e) How would excess pesticides in the soil interfere with process A

14. Tallness in pea plants is due to a dominant gene

Two tall pea plants were crossed and their F1 generation were in the ratio of 3 tall:
1 short. Using letter T to represents the gene for tallness and t for shortness give the
(a) (i) genotype of the parents
(ii) Gamete of the parents
(iii) Genotype ratio of the F1 generation
(b) What is meant by the term testcross in genetic studies?
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15. The diagram below represents a set up to investigate the conditions necessary for
seed germination.

The set up was left for 7 days

(a) What conditions were being investigated in the experiment?
(b) State three reasons for soaking seeds in set ups A and B
(c) What were the expected results after seven days?

SECTION C

16. An experiment was carried out to investigate the nutritional value of two dry
powder animals feeds X and Y over a period of six months. Twenty 5 month’s old
castrated goats were use. The goats were divided into two equal groups A and B.

The animal’s in group A were fed on feed X throughout the experiment while
those of group B were fed on feed Y.

The feeds were supplemented with dry hay and water. The average body weight of
each group of goats and the weight of the dry powder feeds were determined and
recorded each month. The faeces produced by each group was dried and weighed
and the average dry faecal output per month was also recorded. The results are as
shown below.

GROUP A GROUP B
Months since Average Average Average Average Average Average
commencement total weight monthly total weight of monthly
of the weight of of total dry faecal weight of total feed dry faecal
experiment goats ( kg) feed.(kg) output (kg) goats(kg) (kg) output ( kg)
0 20.4 26.7 10.5 20.5 35.4 16.5
1 22.5 27.5 10.7 19.5 34.3 17.7
2 24.5 25.8 10.3 19.0 35.2 17.2
3 26.3 18.5 8.8 18.5 36.1 17.5
4 28.0 16.6 7.2 17.1 36.0 16.9
5 29.4 16.3 6.0 16.3 35.8 16.8
6 29.5 16.1 5.6 15.6 35.5 16.6
(a) (i) What is the relationship between the amount of feed and the faecal

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 output
(ii) Work out the average increase in weight for the animal’s in group A
during
The first four months
The last two months

(iii) Account for the average increase weight in goats in group A during the
first four months
The last two months

(iv) Which of the two feeds is more nutritious?

Give reason for your answer

(b) State four uses of digested food in the bodies of animals

(c) State four uses of water in the bodies of animals

17. (a) State the functions of the following parts of the mammalian ear;
(i) Tympanic membrane
(ii) Eustachian tube
(iii) Ear ossicles

(b) Describe how semicircular canals perform their functions

18. (a) Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant

(b) State the change that take place in a flower after fertilization

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2001
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME

1. You are provided with a portion of the onion bulb. Remove one fleshy leaf from
the portion. Peel the epidermis from the inner surface of the leaf. Place it in a drop
of water on a slide. Place a cover slip on the epidermis. Place one drop of iodine
solution at one edge of the cover slip. Using a blotting paper drain of excess
iodine solution and water from the opposite edge of the cover slip. Observe the
epidermis under low power, then under medium power.
(a) Draw and label the two neighbouring cells

Accuracy:

Outline continuous

Cell elongated

Double line

Nucleus placed side

No shading

Mag x 20 x 25 x 40 x 50 x 60 x 75 x 100 x 150 x 225

(b) Why is the staining of the epidermis necessary?

To make different part of the cell distinct

(c) Work out the length and the width of one cell as seen under medium
power.

Diameter field of view = ( 1-2 mm)

= 1000(1-2) cm

Number of cells in the field of view = 10 – 20 across width

Width of one cell = 100 (1-2)

(10 – 20)

Length of one cell = 100(1-2)

(3-5)

Place a drop of liquid L at the edge of the cover slip. Drain the liquid form the opposite
edge to allow it flow across the epidermis. Leave the set up for about five minutes.
Observe under medium power.

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 (d) Draw and label two neighbouring cells

Account for the results in (d) above

Liquid is hypertonic (owwte) water is drawn out of the cell by osmosis
making the cytoplasm membrane shrink plasmolysed.

2. You are provided with specimen labelled M and N. examine them.

(a) Identify the specimens and state the organism from which they were
obtained
Specimen Part Organism
M Gills/fish gills Fish
N Piece of lung mammal

(b) Draw and label specimen M

Accuracy – continuous outline- three parts of gills drawn

No shading – Three parts gills drawn proportionality

(c) Using observable features only, explain how specimen M is adapted to its
function
- Many/ numerous/ several gill filaments to increase surface area of gaseous
exchange/ absorption of oxygen.
- Filament to reduce distance through which gas diffuse
- Gill bar to provide form of support or attachment of gill filament/ gill
rakers
- Gill rakers prevent particles from reaching gill filament
- Long filaments increases surface area for gaseous
(d) State three distinguishing features of specimen N
Presence of bronchioles/ alveolar ducts/ pleural/ membrane, spongy/ air
spaces
(e) State the functional relationship between specimens M and N
- Both for gaseous exchange
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3. You are provided with specimens labelled P1, P2, P3, P4, P5 and P6. A
dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify them.

1. (a) Leaves simple go to 2

(b) Leaves compound Cassia
2. (a) Leaves green go to 3
(b) Leaves purple Tradescantia
3. (a) Leaves parallel veined Zea
(b) Leaves net veined go to 4
4. (a) Leaf margin serrated go to 7
(b) Leaf margin smooth go to 5
5. (a) Leaves hairy Solanum
(b) Leaves not hairy go to 6
6. (a) Leaves ovate bouganviillea
(b) Leaves lanceolate Mangifera
7. (a) Leaves fleshy go to 8
(b) Leaves not fleshy Hibiscus
8. (a) Leaves with pointed tip Kalanchoe
(b) Leaves with rounded tip Bryophylum

(a) Use the dichotomous key to identify each of the plant specimens provided.
In each case show the sequence the steps. (e.g 1a, 2b, 5b etc)
In the key that have followed t arrive at the identity of each specimen.
Specimen Steps Followed Identity
P1 1a, 2a, 3b, 4a, 7a, 7b Bryophylum
P2 1a, 2b Tradescantia
P3 1a, 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6a Bougainvillea
P4 1a, 2a, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b Mangifera
P5 1a, 2a, 3b, 4b, 5a Solanum
P6 1a, 2a, 3a Zea
(b) (i) Name the likely habitat of specimen P1
Arid/ semi arid/ desert/ dry areas/ dry land
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (i) above
Fleshy/succulent/ (leaves) juicy/ thick cuticle

(c) State the significant of the shinny upper surface of specimen P4

- To reflect away sun rays
- To reduce transpiration/ water loss
(d) Observe the floral parts of specimen P3. What is the significance of the
brightly coloured structures onto which the flowers are attached?
- To attract insects (pollination)
(e) Name two features that make specimen P5 adapted to its environment.
- Hairy (to reduce water loss)
- Presence of thorn/ spines/ spikes
(f) Name a feature that is used to classify P6 as monocotyledonous plant
- Parallel veins/ veins/ arrangements of veins
- Presence of sheath/ leaf sheath.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.S.E 2002

1. Beside the abdomen, name the other body part of members of Arachnida,
2. a) Name the bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plant
b) State the association of the bacteria named in (a) above with the leguminous
plants.
3. a) State the function for co-factors in cell metabolism
b) Give one example of a metallic co – factor
4. During germination and early growth, the day weight of the endosperm
decreases while that of the embryo increases. Explain.
5. State two characters that researchers select in breeding programme.
6. In what form is oxygen transported from the lungs to the tissues?
7. Explain why the carrying of wild animals is higher than that for cattle in a given
piece of land.
8. Which type of joint is found at the articulations of
a) Pelvic girdle and femur
b) Humerus and ulna?
9. Name two gaseous exchange structures in higher plants.
10. What happens to excess fatty acids and glycerol in the body?
11. Give an example of a sex – linked trait in humans on:
Y CHROMOSOME.
X CHROMOSOME.

12. The chart below represents a simplified carbon cycle.

(a)Name the process labeled A, B, and C

A
B
C
b) Name the organisms X and Y
X Y
c) State the importance of carbon cycle in nature

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13. The chart below shows the number of chromosomes before and after cell
division and fertilization in a mammal.

a) What type of cell division takes place at Z

b) Where in the body of a female does process Z occur
c) On the chart, indicate the position of parents and gametes
d) Name the process that leads to addition or loss of one or more
chromosomes.
e) State three benefits of polyploidy in plants to a farmer
14. a) What is organic evolution
b) State two ways in which Home sapiens differs from Homo habilis
c) Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution giving
example in each case.
15. Ascaris lumbricoides in an example for an endo – parasite
a) The name Ascaris refers to
b) State the habitat of the organism
c) State three ways in which the organism is adapted to living in its habitat.
16. The diagram below represents part of phloem tissue.

a) Name the structures labeled R and S and the cell labeled T.

R-
S-
Cell labeled T
b) State the function of the structure labeled S
c) Explain why xylem is a mechanical tissue

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17. a) What structures are produced by sisal for vegetative propagation?
b) Give a reason for grafting in plants
c) State four advantages of vegetation propagation.

Time (minutes) Glucose level in blood (Mg / 100cm30

X Y
0 87 84
15 112 123
30 139 170
45 116 188
60 100 208
90 95 202
120 92 144
150 88 123

18. Two person X and Y drunk volumes of concentrated solution of glucose. The
amount of glucose in their food was determined at intervals. The results are
shown in the table below:
a) On the grid provided, plot graphs of glucose level in blood against time
on the same axes.
b) What was the concentration of glucose in the blood of X and Y at the 20th
minute?
X = 120 + -3)
Y = 140 +-3)
c) Suggest why the glucose level in person X stopped rising after 30 minutes
while it continued rising in person Y.
d) Account for the decrease in glucose level in person X after 30 minutes and
person Y after 60 minutes (3 minutes)
e) Name the compound that stores energy released during oxidation of
glucose.
f) Explain what happens to excess amino acids and development of plants.

19. Describe the role of hormones in the growth and development of plants.

20. a) Name three types of skeletons found in multicellular animals

b) Describe how the cervical, lumbar and sacral vertebrae are suited to their
functions.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2002
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME

1. You are provided with specimens labeled D1, D2, D3 and D4. Examine them
(a) Draw and label specimens D1 and D2

Magnification X3 – X7
(b) Giving reasons state the agent or method of dispersal of the specimens.

Specimen Agent or method of Reasons

dispersal
D1 Animal/ man Presence of hooks acc.
Hook like structures Rej.
Spikes, spines, thorns e.t.c
D2 Wind Presence, of pappus; light/
air like extensions
D3 Wind Presence of wings; light/
wing like structures
D4 Explosive Line of weakness along the
ovary wall.

(c) State the types of gynoeciums and placentation of specimen D4.

Type of (i) Gynoecium Monocarpus
(ii) Placentation Marginal

2. You are provided with olive oil, liquids labelled L1 and L2 and an Irish potato.
Label two test tubes A and B. Place 2 cm3 of water into each test tube. To test
tube labelled A, add 8 drops of liquid L1. Shake both test tubes. Allow to stand
for five minutes.

(a) (i) Record your observations

Test tube A
Oil is broken up into small droplets; which are dispersed/ spread/
throughout in liquid oil becomes emulsified/ debules/ tiny droplets; which
forms a suspension/ becomes cloudy/ turbid/Forms a white ppt.

Testy tube B
Oil floats on water / of mixing takes place/ Two separate/ immiscible
layers are seen.
(ii) Name the process that has taken place in test tube A.
Emulsification
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 (iii) State the significance of the process named in (a) (ii) above to increase
surface area.
(iv) Name the digestive juice in humans that has the same effect on oil as
liquid L1
I- Bile

Region of alimentary canal into which the juices is secreted

II- Duodenum
(b) Label two test tubes C and D. place 2cm3 of liquid L2 into each.
Add a drop of iodine into each test tube.
(i) Record your observation
Blue black/ black/ bluish/ blue/ grayish/ purple blue

(ii) Suggest the identity of L2

Starch
Cut out a tube whose sides are 1 cm from the Irish potato provided. Crush the cub
to obtain a paste. Place the paste into a test tube labelled C. Leave the set up for at
least 30 minutes.

(iii) Record your observation.

Contents of D remain unchanged/ blue black; blue black in C
Disappeared / fades light yellow/ brown/ orange
(iv) Account for the results in (b) (iii) above
Enzymes amylase; in potato breaks down starch; into sugars; that do not
give blue- black colours with iodine.

(c) (i) Cut another cube whose sides are 1 cm from the Irish potato.
Crush the cube. Place the crushed paste into test tube.
Carry out food test with the reagent provided.
Record the procedure and results
Procedure
Add equal amount of benedicts solution to the paste and boil; heat/ to boil/
warm.

Results
Grey/ yellow/ orange/ brown/ brick
(ii) Account for the results in (c) (i) above
Starch in potato is converted to maltose/ reducing sugar/ simple sugar; by enzyme
amylase/maltose (owwtte)

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3. You are provided with specimens labelled Q and R. examine them.
(a) Giving reasons state the phylum of the specimens
Phylum Arthropoda
Reasons Exoskeleton/ chitinous
(b) (i) Name the class to which the specimen belong
Insecta.
(ii) State the features common to both specimens that are
Characteristics of the class mentioned in (b) (i) above.
- 3 body parts
- 3 pairs of legs
- A pair of antennae

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.S.E 2003

SECTION A (20 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1. A process that occurs in plants is represented by the equation below.

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy
(Glucose) (Ethanol) (Carbon dioxide)
a) Name the process.
b) State the economic importance of the process named in (a) above
2. Name the phylum whose members possess notochord
3. How do the male gamete nuclei reach the ovule after pollen grains land
on the stigma?
4. a) Name the bacteria found in root nodules of leguminous plants.
b) What is the role of the bacteria named in (a) above?
5. A bone obtained from a mammal is represented by the diagram below.

a) Name the bone.

b) Which bones articulate with the bone shown in the diagram at the notch?
6. Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures.
Analogous structures –
Homologous structures –
7. The diagram below represents regions of a root tip.

a) Name the tow regions above X in ascending order

b) State the function of the part labeled X
8. State a function of the large intestine in humans
9. Name the:
a) Material that strengthens xylem tissue.
b) Tissue that is removed when the bark of a dicotyledonous plant is ringed.
10. How are leaves of submerged adapted plants for photosynthesis?
11. Name the causative agent of typhoid.

SECTION B (40 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

12. a) What is meant by the term sex – linkage?

b) Name two sex – linked traits in humans.

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 c) In Drosophila Melanogaster, the inheritance of eye colour is sex – linked.
The gene of red eye is dominant. A cross was made between a
homozygous red – eyed female and a white – eyed male. Work out the
phenotypic ration of F1 generation. (Use R to represent the gene for red
eyes).
13. The diagram below shows gaseous exchange in tissues.

a) Name the gas that diffuses:

i) To the body cells
ii) From the body cells
b) Which compound dissociates to release the gas named in (a) (i) above?
c) i) what is tissue fluid?
ii) What is the importance of tissue fluid?
d) Name the blood vessel with the highest concentration of:
i) Glucose
ii) Carbon dioxide
14. a) Explain how marine fish regulate their osmotic pressure.
b) Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone when there is excess water in the
human body.
15. A response exhibited by a certain plant tendril is illustrated below.

a) i) Name the type of response

ii) Explain how the response named in (a)(i) above occurs
b) What is the importance of tactic responses to microscopic plants?
c) State four applications of plant hormones in agriculture.
16. a) What is meant by:
i) Autecology
ii) Synecology?
b) The number and distribution of stomata on three different
leaves are shown in the table below:
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 Leaf Number of stomata
Upper epidermis Lower epidermis
A 300
B 150
C 02

Suggest the possible habitat of the plants from which the leaves were obtained
Leaf Habitat
A
B
C
(c) State the modifications found in the stomata of leaf C.

SECTION C (40 marks)

Answer question 17 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 18
or 19 in the spaces provided after question 19.
17. Some students used a model to demonstrate the effect of sweating on human body
temperature. Two boiling tubes A and B were filled with hot water. The
temperature of water in the tubes was taken at the start of the experiment and then
at 5 minutes interval. The surface of tube A was continuously wiped with a piece
of cotton wool soaked in methylated spirit. The results obtained are shown in the
table below.
Time (minutes) Temperature 0C in tubes
A B
0 80 80
5 54 67
10 40 59
15 29 52
20 21 47
25 18 46

a) On the same axes, plot graphs of temperature of water in the tubes against
time.
b) At what rate was the water – cooling in tube A?
c) Why was tube B included in the set up?
d) Account for the rate of cooling in tube A.
e) State two processes of heat loss in tube b.
f) What would be the expected results if tube A was insulated?
g) What would the insulation be comparable to in:
i) Bird
ii) Mammals?
h) Name the structures in the human body that detect:
i) External temperature changes
ii) Internal temperature changes
18. Describe the functions of the various parts of the human eye.
19. Describe how fruits and seeds are suited to their modes of dispersal.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 2003
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME
1. You are provided with specimens labelled C, D and a solution labelled L
(a) (i) State the habitat of specimen C
a. Aquatic/ water

(ii) Name the trophic level occupied by specimen C.

Producer/ first trophic level

(iii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (ii) above

It has chlorophyll for photosynthesis

(b) (i) Place 5cm3 of solution L into a 100ml beaker. Using a straw, blow
gently into the solution.
Colour changes to yellow / greenish yellow/orange
(ii) Give a reason for the observation in (b) (i) above.
Carbon dioxide in exhaled air / exhaled an contains carbon
dioxide or carbon dioxide /carbon dioxide in air;
(c) Place 5cm3 of a solution L into 100ml beaker. Put the forceps, submerge
specimen C into one of the 100ml beaker. Put the two beakers in the dark. Leave
the set up for at least one hour and observe.
(i) Record your observation.
Solution in the beaker with spirogyra turns yellow; while the other
remained blue or solution in the beaker containing specimen
C/spogyra turns yellow / green / greenish yellow;
(ii) Explain the observation in (c)(i) above.
Spirogyra respires, in the dark producing carbon dioxide; which
changes the colour of solution to yellow while the solution in other
beaker served as a control;
(d) Examine specimen D using a hand lens.
Giving a reason, state the division to which the specimen belongs.
Division: Micophyta / mycophyta;
Reason: Non – green / has hyphae / has no chlophyll.
(e) What role is played by specimen D in an ecosystem?
Decomposer / causes decay of dead organic matter;
(f) Draw and label specimen D.
Sporangium

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2. You are provided with a specimen labeled E, 0.01% DCPIP and 0.1
Ascorbic acid. Examine specimen E.
a) (i) What part of the plant is specimen E.
Fruit
(ii) Give a reason fro your answer in (a)(i) above.
b) Cut a transverse section through specimen E.
(i) Draw and label one of the cut surfaces.

State the magnification of your drawing?

Mag: range between X ½ to x 3(must be x not x)

(ii) State the type off placentation of specimen E.

Axial / Axile (accept axile for axial.)
c) Name the agent of dispersal of specimen E.
Animal; accept man alone as an agent.
d) State how specimen C is adapted to its mode of dispersal.
Seeds have hard / slimmy seed coats / with mucus which
prevent indigestion.
Scented to attract animal / dispersal animal;
Succulent to attract / so that it is edible /can be eaten;
e) i) To 1cm3 of DCPIP in a test tube, add 0.1% solution of ascorbic cid
drop by drop until the colour of DCPIP disappears. Shake the test tube
after addition of each drop. Record the number of droplets used.
2 drops; drops from 1 to 4 drops.
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 Squeeze out the juice from specimen E into a beaker. Filter and
discard the residue.
ii) To another 1cm3 of DCPIP in a test tube add the juice from
specimen E drop by drop. Shake the test tube after addition of each
drop until the colour of DCPIP disappears. Record the number
of drops used?
iii) From the results obtained in (e) (i) above, calculate the
percentage of ascorbic acid in the juice obtained from specimen E.
Show your working
2/8x0.1;025%
Calculation done only if the drops are within the stated rang above.
iv) State two factors that would influence the accuracy of the results.
Size of dropper / size of the drops.
Period of storage of specimen E/extent/degree of ripening.
Impurities.
(f) (i) Suggest the expected results if the juice from specimen E
was boiled for 30 minutes, cooled and added drop by
drop to DCPIP solution.
(ii) Explain the expected results in (f) (i) above.
Boiling/heat destroys Ascorbic acid;

3. You are provided with a specimen labeled B.

a) i) Name the class to which the specimen belongs
ii) Give two reasons from your answer in (a)(i) above.
b) What term is used to describe the shape of the specimen?
c) Stroke the specimen from the :
i) Head to tail. Record your observation
ii) Tail towards the head. Record your observation
iii) What is the significance of your observation in c (i) and (ii)
above?
d) Measure in millimeters the length of the :
i) Specimen from the tip of the mouth to the tip of the tail.
Length_______________ cm.
ii) Tail from the anus to the tip of the tail’
length __________________ cm
iii) Using the measurements in (d) (i) and (ii) above, calculate
the tail power.
e) Name and draw the fins on the specimen that:
i) Enable the specimen to balance, brake and change direction.
ii) Prevent the fish from rolling and yawing.

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 K.C.S.E 2004 BIOLOGY 231 /1
QUESTIONS

Section A (20 mks)

1.a) Name the cartilage found between the bones of the vertebral column(1mk)
b) State the function of the cartilage named in (a) above (1mk)
2. Distinguish between natural and acquired immunity (2mks)
3. How is aerechyma tissue adapted to its function (2mks)
4. Other than carbon dioxide, name other products of anaerobic respiration(2mks)
5. During which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur. (2mks)
6. The diagram below shows the position of an image formed in a defective eye.

a) Name the defect:

b) Explain how the defect named in (a) above can be corrected 2mks)
7. State the function of the organelles:
a) Lysosomes (1mks)
b) Golgi apparatus (2mks)

8. Name the class in the phylum arthropoda which has the largest number of
individuals? (1mks)
9. Name two mineral elements that are necessary in the synthesis of chlorophyll.
(2mks)
10. How are the xylem vessels adapted for support? (1mk)
11. Fruit formation without fertilization is called 91mk)

SECTION B ( 40 MKS)
12. Across between a red flowered plant and white flowered produced plants
with pink flowers.
Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour , and W for white colour

a) What were the parental genotypes (1mks)

b) Workout a cross between F1 plants (4mks)
c) Give the i) Phenotypic ratio of F2 plants (1mk)
ii) Genotypic ratio of F2 plants (1mk)
d) Name a characteristic in humans, which is controlled through a
mammalian heart?

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13. The diagram below shows a vertical section through a mammalian heart.

a) Name the parts labeled A,B,E and F (4mks)

b) Use arrows to show the direction in which blood flows in the heart.
(2mks)
c) Give a reason why the wall of chamber C is thicker than
chamber D (2mks)
14. a) What is the difference between Darwinian and Lamarckian theories
of evolution? (2mks)
b) What is meant by the following terms? Give an example in each case.
i) Homologous structures
ii) Example
iii) Vestigial structures
Example (6mks)
15. a) Give the differences between the following structures in wind and
insect pollinated flowers. (3mks)
i) Anther
ii) Pollen grains
iii) Stigma (1mk)
b) What is the importance of cross pollination? (1mk)
c) Explain how a seed is formed after an ovule is fertilized (4mks)
16. a) What is diffusion (2mks)
b) how do the following factors affect the rate of diffusion?
i) Diffusion gradient (1mk)
ii) Surface area volume ratio (1mk)
iii) Temperature (1mk)
c) Outliner three roles of active transport in the human body (3mks)

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 SECTION C (40 MKS)
Answer question 17. (Compulsory) in the space provided and either question 18 or 19
in the spaces provided after question 19.

17. During germination and growth of a cereal, the dry weight of endosperm, the
embryo and total dry weight were determined at two – day intervals.
The results are shown in the table below.

Time after planting Dry weight of Dry weight of Total dry weight
(days) endosperm embryo (mg ) (mg)

0 43 2 45
2 40 2 42
4 33 7 40
6 20 17 37
8 10 25 35
10 6 33 39

a) Using the same axes, draw graphs of dry weigh of endosperm, embryo and the
total dry weight against time (7mks)
b) What is the total dry weight on day 5?
c) Account for:
i) Decrease in dry weight of endosperm from day 0 to 10 (2mks)
ii) Increase in dry weight of embryo from day 0 day 10 (2mks)
iii) Decrease in total dry weight from day 0 to day 8 (2mks)
iv) Increase in total dry weight after day 8 (1mks)

Dormancy.
i) Within a seed
ii) Outside the seed
e) Give two characteristics of meristematic cells (2mks)

18. How is the mammalian skin adapted to its functions? (20mks)

19. Explain how a biotic factors affect plants (20mks)

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2004
PRACTICAL MARKING SCHEME.
1. You are provided with specimens labeled j1, j2, K1 and K2. Examine them
a) With a reason, name the order to which specimens J1 and 72 and K1
and K2 belong. (4mks)
J1 and J2 Rosales / Dicotyledonae
Reason Net veined / Net venation / two cotyledons / reticulate /
tap root system / petiole
K1 and K2 Parallel veined /parallel venation / one cotyledon / fibrous
Root system / sheath.
b) i) Name the curved part of specimen J1
Hypocotyl; (correct spelling) (1mk)
ii) What is the importance of the curvature? (1mk)
Protects plumule / shoot tip / first foliage leaves / opens
space through the soil for cotyledons to pass.
c) Explain how the curve part in J1 will straighten so that the stem
will look like that of J2 (4mks)
Exposure of curvature to light, auxius migrate to lower side/ opposite side;
Faster growth of cells on lower side/ opp. Side; hence stem straighten;
(Straightening tied to fasten growth)
d) Name the part that protects the plumule is specimen k1 and k2 (1mks)
Coleoptile ; rej cover or coat.
e) i) Which of the two types of seedlings may form swelling on the
roots later in its life?
ii) What is the name of the swelling? (1mks)
Nodules / roots nodules;
iii) Name the organisms that would be found in the swellings.(1mk)
Rhizobium / Renizobia / Rhizobium bacteria / nitrogen bring
bacteria; rej; bacterial nodules;
iv) Explain the relationship that exists between the named
organisms and the plant.
f) i) Name the structures found on the stem just below the leaves
of specimen J2 (1mk)
Cotyledons / seed leaves
ii) State two functions of the structures named in (f)(i) above (2mks)
Photosynthesis; stores food; rej; provides food alone acc. Provide for
germinating seedling / youth plants.
g) i) State the types of germination exhibited by specimen K1 and k2 (1mk)
Hypogeal;
ii) Give a reason for your answer in (g)(i) above (1mks)
remains of fruit / grain /cotyledon underground /remains of endosperms;
h) Name the root system found in specimens J1 and J2 (1mks)
Taproot (system)
K2 and K2
Fibrous root (system)
2. You are provided with specimen labeled M and N. Examine them
a) Identify the specimens and in each case give two reasons
for your answer. (6mks)
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 i) Specimen M Lumbar vertebra / vertebrae Rej; lumbar alone /bone
Reasons 1. Wide / large / broad centrum rej; Thick
2. Long/ broad to process; presence of metapophysis;
Anapophysis; broad / wide neural spine
ii) Specimen N cervical vertebral / cervical bone
Ref; Cervical alone or cervical bone
Reason 1. Point / short / small neural Spain;
2. Presence of vertebraterial canals;
Winged forked / branched / divided to. Processes;
Presences of cervical ribs.
b) State four ways in which specimen N is adapted to its functions (4mks)
- Presence of neural canal for passage of spinal cord;
- Neural spine for attachment of muscles;
- Transverse protest for attachment of muscles;
- Facets for articulation with other vertebrae;
-Vertebraterial canals for passage of blood vessels & (nerves)
and neural arch & centrum for protection of spinal cord
(Both indicated; first four.
c) State four differences between specimens M and N.

M N
Canals absent Veterbraterial canals present
Large / long / un F/B /D T. Processes
Processes small / short / transverse Neural spine small / narrow.
Presence of meta / anapophysis Absence of metapophysis
/ anapophysis.
Cervical ribs absent Cervical ribs present
Neural canal narrow nueral canal wide.

d) Draw and label the anterior view of specimen.

D1 Complete outline & proportionality – Centrum smaller than

Neural canal / No shading
D2 T processes should be forked / Veterbraterial columns
near centrum / fairly identical.
D3 Centrum & neural spine properly drawn.

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3. You are provided with a specimen labeled Q and hydrogen peroxide.
a) i) What part of plant is specimen Q? (1mk)
Stem tuber / stem;
ii) Presence of buds / presence of scale leave;
Acc. Lateral buds / Rej. Scaley leaves, swollen with food, lenticels.

b) State two roles played by specimen Q in the life cycle of plant from which it was
obtained. (2mks)
Food reserve / storage organ / provide food during sprouting.
Ref. Provide food alone / Reproduction organ / parenting organ used for
vegetative reproduction.(OWWTE)

c) Cut two equal cubes whose sides are about 1cm from specimen Q. Place one of
the cubes into a boiling tube labeled A. Crush the other using pestle and mortar.
place the crushed material in another boiling tube labeled B.
To each boiling tube add 4ml of hydrogen peroxide.
i) Record your observations. (2mks)
In A – Less / few bubbles / slow effervescence / fizzing / froth
In B – Rapid bubbling / effervescence / fizzing / froth / foam.

ii) Account for the results in (c)(i) above. (2mks)

Large surface area in B than in A, for enzymatic activity in T.T.B

iii) Write an equation for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. (1mk)

2H2O2 2H2O +O2(must be balanced)
With or without enzyme over water.
Bubbles because of enzymatic reaction.

d) Peel half of specimen Q and crush in a motar. Use the reagents provided to test
for the various food substances in the extract obtained from the crushed material.

Record the procedures, observations and conclusions in the table below.(9mks)

Food substance Procedure Observations Conclusion
Starch Add a drop of Blue black colour Starch present
iodine solution (brown to blue acc.
Reducing Sugars Add benedicts soln (i) Green (Colour) Traces / little
& boil/heat/warm. (ii) Yellow Orange reducing sugar
Acc. Hot water (colour) Rej. present.
bath. Brown Reducing sugar
present.
Protein Add NaOH, No colour change / Proteins present
followed by CuSO4 blue / colour Proteins present.
remain
Light purple/Violet
/ purple

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 BIOLOGY 231/1 K.C.S.E 2005
QUESTIONS
SECTION A (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. Apart from hearing, state another function of the human ear. (1mk)
2 The diagram below represents a cell.

(a) Name the parts labeled X and Y (2mk)

X ……………………………………..
Y ……………………………………..
(b) Suggest why the structures labelled X would be more on one side
than the other. (1mks)
3. What is the role of the vascular bundles in plant nutrition? (3mks)
4. What is meant by
a) Organic evolution (1mks)
b) Continental drift? (1mks)
5. To which class does an animal with two body parts and four
Pairs of legs belong? (1mk)
6. Name the substance which accumulates in muscles when respiration
occurs with insufficient oxygen. (1mks)
7. State the importance of osmosis in plants. (3mks)
8. Name three factors in seeds that cause dormancy. (3mks)
9. Why would carboxyhaemoglobin lead to death? (2mks)
10. Name the organism that causes amoebic dysentery. (1mks)
a) Name the process through which energy from the sun is
incorporated into the food web. (1mk)
b) State the mode of feeding of the birds in the food web (1mk)
c) Name two ecosystems in which the organisms in the food web live
(1mk)
d) From the information in the food web, construct a food chain
with the large bird as a quarternary consumer. (1mk)
e) What would happen to the organisms in the food web if bird N migrated?
(3mks)
f) Not all the energy from one trophic level is available to the
next level. Explain (3mks)
g) (i) Two organisms which play a role in the ecosystems are not
included in the food web. Name them. (2mks)
(ii) State the role played by the organisms named in g(i) above.
(1mk)
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 SECTION B (40 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
11. The diagram below represents a part of the rib cage.

a) Name the parts labeled W, Y and Z. (3mks)

W ……………………………………………………
Y …………………………………………………….
Z ……………………………………………………..
b) How does the part labeled Z facilitates breathing in? (3mks)
12. In a garden with plants of same species, 705 plants had red flowers
while 224 had white flowers.
a) Work out the ratio of red to white flowered plants (1mk)
b) (i) Using letter R to represent the dominant gene, work out
a cross between F1 offspring and a white flowered plant.(4mks)
(ii) What is the genotypic ratio from the cross in b(i) above?(1mk)
c) What is meant by the term allele? (1mk)
13. The diagram below shows a section through the mammalian skin.

a) Name the parts labeled E, F and G. (3mks)

E …………………………………………
F …………………………………………
G …………………………………………
b) State two functions in each case of substance secreted by
the structures labeled.
(i) H ………………………………… (2mks)
(ii) I …………………………………. (2mks)
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14. A set up that was used to investigate certain process in plants is
shown in the diagram below.

a) What process was being investigated? (1mk)

b) (i) State two precautions that should be taken when setting
up the experiment. (2mks)
(ii) Give a reason for each precaution stated in b(i) above.(2mks)
c) State three environmental factors that influence the process
Under investigation. (3mks)
15. a) What is meant by the terms
(i) Epigymous flower (1mk)
(ii) Staminate flower? (1mk)
b) How are the male parts of wild pollinated flowers adapted
to their function? (4mks)
16. a) Name two organisms that cause food spoilage (2mks)
b) Name two modern methods of food preservation and for each
state the biologic principle behind it. (4mks)

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 SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer question 17 (compulsory) and either question 18 or 19 in the spaces provided
after question 19.

17. After an ecological study of feeding relationships students

Constructed the food web below.

a) i) State three human activities that would affect

the ecosystems. (3mks)
ii) Explain how the activities stated in h(i) above would
affect the ecosystems. (3mks)
18. Describe how gaseous exchange takes place in terrestrial
Plants. (20mks)
19. How is the human eye adapted to its function? (20mks)

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 MARKING SCHEME BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (PRACTICAL)
KCSE 2005

Each candidate will require the following

A shoot of maize plant with some leaves labeled specimen X
A leafy shoot of Bidens pilosa labeled specimen Y
Iodine solution
Benedict’s solution
Means of heating / water bath
Means of cutting / scalpel
6 test tubes
Test tube rack
Test tube holder
Water in 50ml beaker
Dropper
Means of labeling
Pestle and mortar
A hand lens
Dissecting needle / pins
A leafy twig of hibiscus plant with regular flowers labelled specimen S1
A leafy twig of bougainvillea with some mature flowers labeled specimen S2
An onion bulb with growing roots and growing aerial leaves labelled specimen p.
A shoot of tradescantia with flowers labeled specimen Q

Note: onion bulbs can be made to develop roots and leaves by planting
them in saw dust / sand.
Fleshly picked growing onions with roots intact can be used.

1.
Specimen Steps followed Identity
S1 1a,2a,3b,4b,6b Malvaceae
S2 1a,2a,3b,4a,5b,8a Nyactaginaceae
Q 1a,2b, Commelinaceae
X 1a,2a,3a Graminae
Y 1b, Asteraceae

b) i) S1- Dicotyledonous
Q- Monocotyledonae
ii) S1 – Floral parts in threes (3, s0 multiples of 3/6 stamens / 6 anthers
/3 petals.

c) -Presence of large brightly coloured bracts / petals / perianth, to attract insects.

(Reject it is brightly coluored )
-Anthers and stigma enclosed in a tube, to be reached by insects
- Scented to attract insects.

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d)

D1 – Continuous outline
- No shading
D2 – Proportionality and accuracy
- Long stigma (feathering) stigma thinner than stigma and ovary
- Oblong ovary
Magnification = Length of drawing / image (units)
Length of actual specimen (units)
= x (2-10)
* No units = Ref. answer
Wrong computation = Ref. answer

2. (a) T1 – Molar tooth

Reasons
i) Presence of cusps / ridges
ii) Presence of three roots

T2 - Incisors
Reasons
i) Chisel shaped / wide (sharp) edge / wedge shaped
Ref. one root

b) Cusps /ridges any upper white part

Crown – Black part below cusps
Neck - Boundary between white and black parts
Root – white lower part divided into 3
Enamel – All over the part seen
Dentine – Upper part below the cusps

c) J – vegetation, grass, shrubs, herbs, plants / leaves

Ref. vegetative , pasture, greens, grass eaters, herbivore, herbivorous but mark
reason.
Reasons
-Presence of diastema
- Absence of teeth (incisors and canines) at the front part of the upper jaw
-Presence of horny pad
-Presence of( premolars)cusps(for grinding vegetation)
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 K- Flesh/meat
Rej; carnivores/carnivorous, flesh eater but mark reason
Reasons
Presence of (pronounced) long curved sharp pointed canines for gripping /
tearing, holding/grasping prey
Ref; large
-Presence of carnassial teeth, for cutting and crushing bone

Inset – last on both sided

Photo – 2nd to the inside

e) J – 2 (10/3Co/1pm3/3m 3/3 ) = 32
K – 2 (13/3C1/1pm4/4m 2/3 ) =42
*teeth types must be identified using letters
Rej; If missing
*Demacating lines must be present
f) J
g) Refer to diagram area below main white part.

3. P(onion bulb with leaves and roots)

a) i) Inner succulent/ juicy /flesh while outer is dry
- Inner is thicker while outer is thin / membranous / scally
NB: Comparison must be seen otherwise deny a marks
ii) Inner swollen with food for storage and outer for protection against
dessication /mechanical injury / excessive loss of water/ microorganisms /
invasion by fungi.
Rej: Storage of water alone, & prevent water loss.

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5.
Extract Procedure Observations Conclusion
Roots Add iodine No colour changed Starch absent
colour of iodine
Brown yellow
retained / persist
Add benedicts Blue to green to Reducing sugars
solution and boil/ orange/ brown (acc. present/simple
heat/warm/place in a brick red,ref.red sugars.
hot water bath
Bulbs Add iodine No colour change Starch absent
colour of iodine
Add benedict Green to yellow to Reducing sugars
solution and boil orange /brown present
Aerial leaves Add iodine No colour change Starch absent
Add benedicts Green to yellow to Reducing sugars
solution and boil orange to brown present
* Green end – conclusions must be traces of reducing sugars
* Wrong procedures, deny observation and conclusion marks

c) Roots
- Presence of reducing sugars translocated from the bulb/aerial
Leaves, for provision of energy/respiration for growth and
development/respiration for growth and development/metabolic activities.
- Absence of starch because roots are not a storage organ.

ii) Bulb
- Presence of reducing sugars translocated from aerial leaves, for storage
to be stored.
- Absence of starch because fleshy leaves of the bulb do not
store starch (Stores Volatile oils)

Aerial leaves
- Presence of reducing sugars due to photosynthesis
- Absence of starch because the reducing sugars had not been
converted into starch.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/1 K.C.SE 2006
QUESTIONS.

1. a) State the functions of cristae in mitochondria.

b) The diagram below represents a cell organelle.

(i) Name the part labeled Y. (1mk)

(ii) State the functions of the part labeled X. (1mk)
2. Name the part of the flower that develops into
a) Seed
b) Fruit ( 1mk)
3. a) Name two tissues in plants which are thickened with lignin. (2mks)
b) How is support attained herbaceous plants? (1mks)
4. a) Name the fluid that is produced by sebaceous glands. (1mk)
b) What is the role of sweat in human skin? (2mks)
5. State two ways in which floating leaves of aquatic plants are adapted
to gaseous exchange. (2mks)
6. a) State three characteristics of Monera that are not found in
other kingdoms. (3mks)
b) Name the class to which a termite belongs (1mk)
7. a) Name one defect of circulatory system in humans. (1mk)
b) state three functions of blood other than transport. (3mks)
8. State the role of vitamin C in humans. (2mks)
9. a) State two processes which occur during anaphase of mitosis. (2mks)
b) What is significance of meiosis? (2mks)
10. State the important of tactic response among some members
of kingdom protista. (1mks)
11. State the role of insulin in human body. (1mks)
12. An experiment was set up in the experiment as show below.

The set up was left for 30 minutes.

a) State the expected results. (1mk)
b) Explain your answer in (a) above (3mks)

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13. a) In what form is energy stored in muscles (1mk)
b) State the economic important of anaerobic respiration in plants.(2mks)
14. a) Distinguish between epigeal and hypogeal germination. (1,mk)
b) Why is oxygen necessary in the germination of seeds? (2mks)
15. Explain continental drift as an evidence of evolution. (3mks)
16. What is the importance of the following in an ecosystem? (2mks)
a) Decomposers
b) Predation
17. a) Distinguish between the terms homodont and heterodont. (1mk)
b) What is the function of carnassials teeth? (1mk)
c) A certain animal has no incisors, no canines, 6 premolars and 6
Molars in its upper jaw. In the lower jaw there are 6 incisors, 2 canines, 6
Premolars and six molars.
Write its dental formula.
18. a) State two functions of bile juice in the digestion of food. (2mks)
b) How does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzyme action?(1mk)
19 a) Explain how the following prevent self pollination. (1mk)
(i) Protoadry
(ii) Self – sterility.
b) Give three advantages of cross pollination. (3mks)
20 a) What name is given to response to contact with surface exhibited by tendrils
and climbing stems in plants?
b) State three biological importance of tropisms plants.
21. The diagram below represents a reflex are in human.

a) Name the parts labeled X and Y

b) Name the substance that is responsible for the transmission
of an impulse across the synapse. (1mks)
22. a) State the function of ciliary muscles in the human eye. (1mk)
b) State two functional differences between the rods and cones
in the human eye. (2mks)

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23. State the function of each of the following parts of human ear. (4mks)
a) Ear ossicles
b) Cochlea
c) Semi circular canals
d) Eustachian tube.
24. State four ways in which respiratory surfaces are suited to their function.
(4mks)
25. a)A dog weighing 15.2kg requires 216kj while a mouse weighing
50g requires 2736kj per day. Explain. (2mks)
26. The chart below represents a simplified nitrogen cycle.

What is represented by X,Y, and Z?

27. Name the end products of the light stage in photosynthesis.

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2006
QUESTIONS
1. The diagram below represents bones at a joint found in the hind limb of a
mammal.

a) Name the bones labeled XY and Z (3mks)

b) i) Name the substance found in the place labeled W. (1mk)
ii) State the function of the substance named in (b) (i) above.
(1mk)
c) Name the structure that joins the bones together at the joint.(1mk)
d) State the differences between ball and socket joint and the one
illustrated in the diagram above. (1mk)
e) Name the structure at the elbow that performs the same function
as the same function as the patella.(1mk)
2. a) Name two disorder in human caused by gene mutation. (2mks)
b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations. (2mks)
a. Inversion
b. Translocation.
c) In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur.
What percentage offspring would have brown fur form across between
heterozygous black mice? Show your working.
Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour. (4mks)
3. a) Distinguish between pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass.
(2mks)
b) Give three reasons for loss of energy from one trophic level to another in
the food chain. (3mks)
4. The diagram below represents a traverse section through a plant organ

A. From which plant organ was the section obtained? (1 mk)

B. Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above. (2mks)
C. Name the parts labeled J,K and L. (3mks)
D. State two functions of the part labeled M. (2mks)
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5. The diagram below represents human foetus in a uterus.

a) Name the part labeled S. (1mk)

b) i) Name the types of blood vessels found in the structure labeled Q. (2mks)
ii) State the differences in composition of blood found in the vessels
named in (b)(i) above. (2mks)
c) Name two features that enable the structure labeled P carry
out its function. (2mks)
d) State the role of the part labeled R (1mk)

SECTION B
Answer question 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question
7 or 8 in the spaces provided and either question 8.

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of hormones on growth of

lateral buds of three pea plants
The shoots were treated as follows:
Shoot A – Apical bud was removed.
Shoot B – Apical bud was removed and gibberellic acid placed on the cut shoot.
Shoot C – Apical bud was left intact.

The length of the branches developing from lateral buds were determined at regular
intervals.

The results obtained are as shown in the table below.

Time in days Length of branches in millimeters

Shoot A Shoot B Shoot C
0 3 3 3
2 10 12 3
4 28 48 8
6 50 9 14
8 80 120 20
10 118 152 26

a) Using the same axes, draw graphs to show the lengths of branches against time.
(8mks)

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b)i) What was the length of the branch in shoot B on the 7th day? (1mk)
ii) What would be the expected length of the branch developing from shoot A on the
11th day? (1mk)
c) Account for the results Obtained in the experiment (6mks)
d) Why was shoot C included in the Experiment? (1mk)
e) What is the importance of gibberellic acid in agriculture? (1mk)
f) State two physiological processes that are brought about by the application of
gibberellic acid on plants. (2mks)

7. Describe how human kidney functions (20mks)

8. Describe how water moves from the soil to the leaves in a tree. (20mks)

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 3 (231/3) 2006
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS

1. The photographs below are bones obtained from the same region of a mammalian
body. Photograph labeled K are different views but same bone while M and N are
views of different bones.

(a) Name the region from which the bones were obtained ( 1 mark)

(b) Identify the bones ( 3 marks)

K…………………………………………………………………..
M…………………………………………………………………
N………………………………………………………………….
(c) State three characteristics feature of the bone in photographs labeled K
( 3 marks)
(d) Name the structure that fit in the opening labeled P in the photograph of
bone K ( 2 marks)

(e) State the functions of the parts labeled S and T in photographs of bone K
( 2 marks)
(f) Name the structures that articulate with the parts labeled V in the
photographs of bone K ( 1 mark)
(g) Name the parts labeled U and Y in the photograph of bone M and R in the
photograph of bone N ( 3 marks)

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2. You are provided with two pieces of plant material labeled specimen D. Using a
scalpel cut a slit halfway through the middle of each piece shown in the diagram
below

Line of cut

Place one piece in the solution labeled L1 and the other in solution labeled L2 allow
the set up to stand for 30 minutes.

(a) After 30 minutes remove the pieces and press each gently between the fingers

(i) Record your observations

L1………………………………………………………. ( 1 mark)
L2………………………………………………………. ( 1 mark)

(b) Examine the pieces

i) Record other observations beside those made in (a) (i) above
(3 marks)
ii) Account for the observations in (a) (i) above (5 marks)
iii) Account for the observation in (b) (i) above (2 marks)

3. You are provided with three sets of seedlings labeled A, B and C. Examine
them
(a) State the conditions under which each set was grown (3 marks)

(b) State four different between the seedlings in set A and B (4 marks)

(c) (i) Name the phenomenon exhibited by seedling in set B (1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason why plants exhibit the phenomenon named in (c) (i) above
(1 mark)
(d) Name the response exhibited by the seedling in set C (1 mark)
(e) Explain how the response named in (d) above occurred (3 marks)

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 K.C.S.E 2007 BIOLOGY PAPER 1
QUESTIONS
1. (a) What is meant by the term binomial nomenclature ( 1 mark)
(b) Give two reasons why classification is important ( 2 marks)

2. (a) What is the formula for calculating linear magnification of a specimen

when using a hand lens? ( 1 mark)
(b) Give a reason why staining is necessary when preparing specimens for
observation under the microscope ( 1 mark)

3. Plant cells do not burst when immersed in distilled water. Explain ( 2 marks)

4. State three functions of Golgi apparatus ( 3 marks)

5. Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis ( 2 marks)

6. Describe what happens during the light stage of photosynthesis ( 3 marks)

7. The diagram below represents a section though a human tooth

(a) (i) Name the type of tooth shown ( 1 mark)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above ( 1 mark)

(b) State the functions of the structures found in part labeled J ( 2 marks)

8. (a) Name a fat soluble vitamin manufactured by the human body ( 1 mark)

(b) State two functions of potassium in the human body ( 2 marks)

9. State two ways in which the root hairs are adapted to their function ( 2 marks)

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10. The diagram below represents a plant tissue

(a) Name the tissue ( 1 mark)

(b) Name the cells labeled K and L. ( 2 marks)

K……………………………………………………………………….
L……………………………………………………………………….

(c) What is the function of the companion cell? ( 1 mark)

11. (a) What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards? ( 1 mark)

(b) State tow ways in which the blood cells are adapted to their function
( 2 marks)
12. (a) Name two structures for gaseous exchange in aquatic plants
( 2 marks)
(b) What is the effect of contraction of the diaphragm muscles during
breathing in mammals? ( 3 marks)

13. (a) Name the products of anaerobic respiration in

(i) Plants (1 mark)
(ii) Animals (1 mark)
(b) What is oxygen debt? (1 mark)

14 (a) What is the meaning of the terms

(i) Homeostatic ( 1 mark)
(ii) Osmoregulation? ( 1 mark)
(b) Name the hormones involved in regulating glucose level in blood
( 2 marks)
15 (a) Distinguish between population and community ( 2 marks)
(b) Name a method that could be used to estimate the population size of the
following organisms
(i) Fish in a pond ( 1 mark)

(ii) Black jack in a garden ( 1mark)

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16 State two ways in which schritosoma species is adapted to
parasitic mode of life ( 2 marks)

17 The diagram below represents a stage during cell division

(a) (i) Identify the stage of cell division ( 1 mark)

(ii) Give three reasons for your answer in (a) (i) above ( 2 marks)

(b) Name the structures labeled M ( 1 mark)

18. State two disadvantages of sexual reproduction in animals ( 2 marks)

19 (a) State two environmental conditions that can cause seed dormancy
( 2 marks)
(b) Name the part of a bean that elongates to bring about epigeal germination
( 1 mark)
20 (a) What is meant by the term allele? ( 1 mark)

(b) Explain how the following occur during gene mutation:

(i) Deletion ( 1 mark)
(ii) Inversion ( 1 mark)

(c) What is a test- cross? ( 1 mark)

21. (a) What is adaptive radiation ( 2 marks)

(b) Give a reason why organisms become resistant to drugs ( 1 mark)

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22. (a) Where in the human body are relay neurons found ( 1 mark)
(b) The diagram below represents a neurone ( 1 mark)

(i) Name the neurone ( 1 mark)

(ii) Name the parts labeled P and Q ( 2 marks)
P………………………………………………………………………..
Q……………………………………………………………………….

(c) State a function of myelin sheath ( 1 mark)

23 (a) Name the hormone that is responsible for apical dominance ( 1 mark)
(b) What is thigmotropism? ( 1 mark)

24. (a) state a characteristics that is common to all cervical vertebrae ( 1 mark)
(b) Name two tissues in plants that provide mechanical support ( 2 marks)

25. (a) The action of ptyalin stops at the stomach. Explain ( 1 mark)
(b) State a factor that denatures enzymes ( 1 mark)
(c) Name the features that increase the surface area
of small intestines ( 2 marks)

26. State one way by which HIV/AIDS is transmitted from mother to child (1 mark)

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 K.C.S.E 2007 BIOLOGY PAPER 2
SECTION A (40 marks)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. The diagram below represents some gaseous exchange structures in humans

(a) Name the structures labeled K, L, and M ( 3 marks)

K…………………………………………………………………………….
L…………………………………………………………………………….
M……………………………………………………………………………
(b) How is the structure labeled J suited to its function? ( 3 marks)

(c) Name the process by which inhaled air moves from the structure labeled L into
blood capillaries ( 1 mark)

(d ) Give the scientific name of the organism that causes tuberculosis in humans
( 1 mark)
2 (a) Explain what happens to excess amino- acids in the liver of humans
( 3 marks)
(b) Which portion of the human nephron are only found in the cortex?
( 3 marks)
(c) (i) What would happen if a person produced less antidiuretic
hormone? (1 mark)
(ii) What term is given to the condition described in (c) (i) above
( 1 mark)
3 ( a) What is meant by the following terms
(i) Protandry ( 1 mark)
(ii) Self sterility? ( 1 mark)

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 (b) The diagram below shows a stage during fertilization in a plant

(i) Name the parts labeled Q, R, and S ( 3 marks)

Q
R
S
(ii) State two functions of the pollen tube ( 2 marks)

(c) On the diagram label the micropyle ( 1 mark)

4 (a) Name the three type of muscles found in mammals and give an example of
where each of them is found ( 3 marks)
Type of muscle Where found
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) State the difference between ball and socket and hinge joint ( 1 mark)
(c) State the functions of synovial fluid ( 2 marks)
(d) State two advantages of having an exoskeleton ( 2 marks)

5. In maize the gene for purple colour is dominant to the gene for white colour. A
pure breeding maize plant with purple grains was crossed with a heterozygous
plant.
(a) (i) Using letter G to represent the gene for purple colour, work out the
genotype ratio of the offspring ( 5 marks)
(ii) State the phenotype of the offspring ( 1 mark)

(b) What is genetic engineering? ( 1 mark)

(c) What is meant by hybrid vigour? ( 1 mark)

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 SECTION B (40 MARKS)
Answer questions 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either questions 7 or 8 in
the spaces provided after questions 8

6. In the experiment to determine the effect of ringing on the concentration of sugar

in phloem a ring of bark from the stem of a tree was cut and removed. The
amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of bark above the ring was
measured over a 24 hour period. Sugar was also measured in the bark of a similar
stem of a tree which was not ringed. The results are shown in the table below.

Time of the day Amount of sugar in grammes per 16cm3 piece of bark
Normal stem Ringed stem
06 45 0.78 0.78
09.45 0.80 0.91
12.45 0.81 0.01
15 45 0.80 1.04
18.45 0.77 1.00
21 45 0.73 0.95
00 45 0.65 0.88

(a) Using the same axes, plot a graph of the amount of sugar against time
(6 marks)

(b) At what time was the amount of sugar highest in the

(i) Ringed stem (1 mark)
(ii) Normal stem? (1 mark)

(c) How much sugar would be in the ringed stem if it was measured at 0345
hours? (1 mark)

(d) Give reasons why there was sugar in the stems of both trees at 06 45 hours
( 2 marks)
(e) Account for the shape of the graph for the tree with ringed stem between:
(i) 06 45 hours and 15 45 hours ( 3 marks)
(ii) 15 45 hours and 00 45 hours ( 2 marks)

(f) Name the structures in phloem that are involved in the translocation of
sugars ( 2 marks)

(g) Other than sugars name two compounds that are translocated in phloem
( 2 marks)
7. Describe the structure and functions of the various parts of the human ear
( 20 marks)
8. Describe causes and methods of controlling water pollution ( 20 marks)

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 K.C.S.E 2007 BIOLOGY PAPER 3
PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
1. Below are photographs labeled P,Q,R,S,T,U and V of twigs obtained from plants
examine them.

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 (a) Using observable features in the photographs. Complete the dichotomous key
given below

1 a Simple leaves go to 2
b Compound leaves go to 5

2 a Leaves net veined go to 3

b leaves parallel- veined commerlinaceae

3 a……………………………….. go to 4
b leaves with smooth margin Nyctsginaceae

4 a Leaves alternate Malvaceae

b ……………………………… Verbenaceae

5 a………………………………. go to 6
b leaves bipinnate Bignoniaceae

6 a leaflet with serrated margin Compositae

b leaflets with smooth margin Papilioceae

(b) Use the completed dichotomous key to identify the family tow hich each plant
belongs
In each case show the steps you followed to arrive at the identity. ( 12 marks)

Identity Steps Followed

P
Q
R
S
T
U
V

2. You are provided with solutions labeled P,Q,S and a filter paper. The solution
labeled P will be used in parts (a), (b) and (c).
Solution Q is iodine solution.

(a) Use the iodine solution to test for the presence of food substance in solution P.
Food substance ( 1 mark)

Procedure ( 1 mark)

Observation ( 1 mark)

Conclusion ( 1 mark)

Solutions S is Benedict’s solution

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 (b) Use the benedict’s solution to test for the presence of the food substance is
solution P.
Food substance ( 1mark)

Procedure ( 2 marks)

Observation ( 1mark)

Conclusion ( 1 mark)

(c) Using the filter paper provided. Test for the presence of liquids in solutions
P.
Procedure ( 2 marks)

Observation ( 1mark)

Conclusion ( 1 mark)

3. Below are photographs labeled J and K of organs obtained from different

animals. The organs perform similar functions. Examine them.

(a) Identify the organs ( 2 marks)

J
K
(b) State the functions performed by the organs ( 1 mark)
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(c) Name the parts labeled X. Y and Z in photographs ( 3 marks)
X
Y
Z

(d) (i) Identify the parts labeled 1, 2 and 3 in photographs K ( 3 marks)

1.
2.
3.
(ii) Using observable features. State how the parts labeled 1 and 3 you
identified in (d)(i) above are adapted to their function ( 4 mark)
1
2.
3

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 KCSE 2008 BIOLOGY PAPER 1
QUESTIONS
1. Name the tissues in plants responsible for:
(a) Transport of water and mineral salts
(b) Transport of carbohydrates
(c) Primary growth ( 3 mks)

2. State the importance of the following processes that take place in the
nephrons of a human kidney
(a) Ultra filtration ( 1 mk)
(b) Selective reabsorption ( 1 mk)

3. (a) Name a disease of the liver whose symptom is jaundice ( 1 mk)

(b) State the causative agent of:
(i) Cholera ( 1 mk)
(ii) Candidiasis ( 1 mk)

4. The diagrams below show a red blood cell that was subjected to a certain
Treatment

At start At the end of experiment

(a) Account for shape of the cell at the end of the experiment ( 2 mks)
(b) Draw a diagram to illustrate how a plant cell would appear if subjected to
the same treatment ( 1 mk)

5. (a) State two factors that affect enzymatic activities ( 2 mks)

(b) Explain how one of the factors stated in (a) above affects enzymatic
Activities ( 1 mk)
6. (a) What is meant by non- disjunction? ( 1 mk)
(b) Give two examples of continuous variation in humans ( 2 mks)
7. (a) what is fossil ( 1 mk)
(b) How does convergent evolution occur ( 3 mks)

8. The diagram below shows a stage in mitosis in a plant cell

(a) Name the stage of mitosis ( 1mk)

(b) Give two reasons for your answer in (a) above ( 2 mks)
(c) Name the part of the plant from which the cell used in preparation was
Obtained ( 1 mk)
9. Give three factors that determine the amount of energy a human being
require in a day ( 3 mks)
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10. (a) Name the antigens that determine human blood groups ( 2 mks)

(b) State the adaptation that enables the red blood cells to move in blood
Capillaries ( 1 mk)

11. (a) What is homeostasis? ( 1 mk)

(b) Name three processes in the human body in which homeostasis is
Involved ( 3 mks)

12. State two functions of the endoplasmic reticulum ( 2 mks)

13. (a) Name the part of retina where image is formed ( 1mk)
(b) State two characteristics of the image formed on the retina ( 2 mks)

14. Describe the three characteristics of a population ( 3 mks)

15. Explain what happens when there is oxygen debt in human muscles( 2 mk)

16. The diagram below represents a set up that was used to investigate certain
process in a plant

(a) State the process that was being investigated ( 1 mk)

(b) State a factor that would affect the process ( 1 mk)

17. Account for the following phases of a sigmoid curve of a growth of an

organism
(a) Lag phase ( 1 mk)
(b) Plateau phase ( 1 mk)
18. How is the epidermis of a leaf of a green plant adapted to its function
( 2 mks)

19. The diagram below represents a tissue obtained from an animal

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 (a) Identify the tissue ( 1 mk)
(b) State the functions of the tissue named ( a) above ( 1mk)

20. (a) what is a single circulatory system ( 1 mk)

(b) Name an organism which has single circulatory system
( 1 mk)
(c) Name the opening to the chamber of the heart of an insect
( 1 mk)
21. (a) What is seed dormancy ( 1 mk)
(b) Name a growth inhibitor in seeds ( 1 mk)

22. State two characteristics of aerenchyma tissue ( 1 mk)

23. The diagram below shows a human tooth ( 2 mks)

(a) Identify the tooth ( 1 mk)

(b) How is the tooth adapted to its function ( 1 mk)

(c) State the role of the following vitamins in the human body
(i) C ( 1 mk)
(ii) K ( 1 mk)
24. Name the sites where light and dark reactions of photosynthesis take place
( 2 mks)
Light reaction
Dark reaction

25. Giving a reason in each case, name the class to w which each of the
following organisms ( 4 mks)
Bean plant
Reason
Bat
Reason
30. The diagram below shows two fused bones of a mammal

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(a) Identify the fused bone ( 1 mk)
(b) Name the
(i) Bone that articulates at the point labelled F ( 1 mk)

(ii) The hole labelled G ( 1 mk)

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KCSE 2008 PAPER 2
SECTION A (40 MKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. The figure shows changes that take place during menstrual cycle in human

(a) Name the hormone whose concentrations are represented by curves

F and G ( 2 mks)
(b) State the effects of the hormones named in (a) above on the lining
of the uterus ( 2 mks)
(c) (i) Name the hormone which is released by the pituitary gland
in high concentration on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle
( 1 mk)

(ii) State two functions of the hormone named in (c) (I ) above

( 2 mks)
(d) State the fertile period during the menstrual cycle ( 1 mk)

2 A pea plant with round seeds was crossed with a pea plant that had
Wrinkled seeds
the gene for round seeds is dominant over that for wrinkled seeds

Using letter R to represent the dominant gene state:

(a) The genotype of parents if plant with round seed was

heterozygous ( 2 mks)
(b) The gametes produced by the round and wrinkled seed parents
Round seed parent

Wrinkled seed parent

(c) The genotype and phenotype of F1 generation. Show your working

( 3 mks)
(d) What is a test – cross? ( 1 mk)
3. The equation below represents a process that takes place in plants
6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 602
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 (a) Name the process ( 1 mk)

(b) State two conditions necessary for the process to take place ( 2 mks)

(c) State what happens to the end- products of the process ( 5 mks)

4. (a) Give three reasons in each case why support is necessary in

(i) Plants ( 3 mks)
(ii) animals ( 3 mks)

(b) Why is movement necessary in animals ( 2 mks)

5. A freshly obtained dandelion stem measuring 5 cm long was split lengthwise to

obtain two similar pieces

The pieces were placed in solutions of different concentrations in Petri dishes for
20 minutes.

The appearance after 20 minutes is as shown

(a) Account for the appearance of the pieces in solutions L1 and L2( 6 mks)
(b) State the significance of the biological process involved in the
experiment ( 2 mks)

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 SECTION B (40 Marks)
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either questions 7 or 8 in the spaces provided
after questions 8
6. an experiment was carried out to investigate transpiration and absorption of
water in sunflower plants in their natural environment with adequate
supply of water. The account of water was determined in two hour intervals.
The results are as shown in the table below

Time of day Amounts of water in grammes

Transpiration Absorption
11 00 - 13 00 33 20
13 00 - 15 00 45 30
15 00 - 17 00 52 42
17 00 - 19 00 46 46
19 00 - 21 00 25 32
21 00 - 23 00 16 20
23 00 - 01 00 08 15
01 00 - 03 00 04 11

(a) Using the same axes, plot graphs to show transpiration and absorption of water in
grammes against time of the day ( 7 mks)
(b) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same for transpiration and
absorption? ( 1 mk)
(c) Account for the shape of graph of:
(i) Transpiration ( 3 mks)
(ii) Absorption ( 3 mks)
(d) What would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was
continued till 05 00 hours? ( 2 mks)
(e) Name two factors that may affect transpiration and absorption at any given time
(2 mks)
(f) Explain how the factors you named in (e) above affect transpiration
( 2 mks)
7. Describe the nitrogen cycle ( 20 mks)

8. (a) State four characteristics of gaseous exchange surfaces ( 4 mks)

(b) Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in a mammal ( 16 mks)

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 KCSE BIOLOGY 2008 PAPER 3 QUESTIONS
PRACTICAL
Below is a photograph of a dissected mammal. Examine the photograph

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C D and G ( 5 mks)

(b) State the function of the structures labeled E and F ( 1 mk)

(c) In the photograph label the structure where vitamin K is produced ( 1 mk)

(d) (i) Name the sex of the mammal in the photograph ( 1 mk)
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i) above ( 1 mk)

(e) (i) The actual length of the dissecting scissors in the photographs is 15 cm
Calculate the magnification of the photograph ( 2 mks)

(ii) Calculate the actual length of the mammal from the tip of the nose to
point X on the tail ( 2 mks)

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2. You are provided with substance labeled S,T,U X and Y. S, T and U are food
substance. While X is 10% sodium hydroxide solution and Y is 1% copper
sulphate solution. Carry out tests to determine the food substance (s) in S. T and
U. ( 9 mks)

Substance Food substance Procedure Observations Conclusion

being tested for
S
T
U

3. Below are photographs of specimens obtained from plants. Examine the

photographs

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In the table below name the mode of dispersal and the features that adapt the specimen (s)
to that mode of dispersal. ( 12 mks)

Specimen Mode of dispersal Adaptive features

K

(a) (i) Label any two parts on specimen L ( 2 mks)

(ii) State the type of placentaion in specimen L ( 1 mk)

(b) Name the structure labeled W on specimen P ( 1 mk)

BIOLOGY PAPER 1 YEAR 2009

1. (a) Name the external feature which is common in birds, fish and reptiles

( 1 mk)

(b) State two characteristics of fungi ( 2 mks)

2. Name two befits that a parasite derives from the host ( 2 mks)

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3. State the functions of the following parts of a light microscope ( 2 mks)

(a) Objective lens

(b) Diaphragm

4. (a) The state during which a seed cannot germinate even when conditions for

Germination are suitable is called ( 1 mk)

(b) The diagram below represents a stage during germination of a seed

(i) Name the type of germination illustrated in the diagram ( 1mk)

(ii) State the role of the part labeled x during germination of the seed ( 2 mks)

5. (a) What is meant by the following terms

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 (i) Hybrid vigour ( 1 mk)

(ii) Polyploidy? ( 1 mk)

(b) State two causes of chromosomal mutations ( 2 mks)

6. The diagram below shows a section through a plant organ

(a) (i) Name the class of the plant which the section was obtained ( 1 mk)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (a) (i) above

(b) State the functions of the part labeled F ( 1 mk)

7. State the function of the following cell organelles

(a) Ribosome ( 1 mk)

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 (b) Lysosomes ( 1 mk)

8. (a) Pregnancies continues if the ovary of an expectant mother is removed

after 4 months explain ( 2 mks)

(b) What is the role of the testes in the mammalian reproductive systems?

( 2 mks)

9. (a) Name the causative agents of the following diseases in humans ( 2 mks)

(i) Typhoid

(ii) Amoebic dysentery

(b) Name the disease in humans caused by plasmodium falciparum ( 1 mk)

10. (a) (i) What is meant by vestigial structures ? ( 1 mk)

(ii) Give an example of a vestigial structure in human ( 1 mk)

(b) Explain why certain drugs

become ineffective in curing a

disease after many years of

use.

( 2 mks)

11. In an experiment the shoot

tip of a young tomato

plant was decapitated as

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 shown in the diagram below

(a) State the expected results after 2 weeks ( 1 mk)

(b) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above ( 2 mks)

12. The diagram below represents a bone obtained from a mammal

(a) Name the bone ( 1 mk)

(b) Name the:

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 (i) Bone which articulate with the bone named in (a) above at the cavity labeled

K; ( 1 mk)

(ii) Joint formed by the two bones ( 1 mk)

(c) State the function of the part labeled J ( 1 mk)

13. (a) Distinguish between diffusion and active transport ( 2 mks)

(b) State one role that is played by osmosis in ( 1 mk)

(i) Plants

(ii) Animals

14. Name a support tissue in plants that is not thickened with lignin ( 1 mk)

15. Name the type of movement that occurs within a plant cell ( 1 mk)

16. (a) Name the gaseous exchange surface in insects ( 1 mk)

(b) How is the surface named in (a) above suited to its function ( 2 mks)

17. Explain why plants do not require specialized excretory organs ( 4 mks)

18. Explain how the following factors affect the rate of photosynthesis:

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 (a) Concentration of carbon (iv) oxide ( 1 mk)

(b) Light intensity ( 1mk)

19. (a) State three effects of dumping untreated sewage into a river ( 3 mks)

(b) Name one process that is responsible for loss of energy from one trophic level

to the next ( 1mk)

20. Other than using the quadratic, give two methods of estimating population of

grass (2 mks)

21. Explain what happens in humans when concentration of glucose in the blood

decreases below the normal level ( 4 mks)

22. Explain how the carnassials teeth of a dog are adapted to their function ( 2 mks)

23. state the function of iron in the human body ( 1 mk)

24. Explain how the following factors determine the daily energy requirement in

human:

(a) Age ( 1 mk)

(b) Occupation ( 1 mk)

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 (c) Sex ( 1 mk)

25. State two ways in which aerenchyma tissues in aquatic plants are adapted to

their function ( 2 mks)

26. How are the mitochondria adapted to their functions? ( 2 mks)

27. State two ways in which anaerobic respiration is applied in industries

( 2 mks)

28. (a) State three structural differences between arteries and veins in mammals

( 3 mks)

(b) Name a disease that causes thickening and hardening of arteries

( 1 mk)

29. Explain why the rate of transpiration is reduced when humidity is high

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 BIOLOGY PAPER 2

SECTION A (40 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided

1. When the offspring of purple and white flowered pea plants were crossed, they

produced purple and white flowered plants in the ratio of 3: 1

Using letter H to represent the gene for purple colour

(a) State the genotype of:

(i) Parents ( 2 mks)

(ii) F1 Generation ( 1 mk)

(b) Work out the cross between plants in the F1 generation ( 4 mks)

(c) Account for the colour the flowers in plants of the F1 generation

( 1 mk)

2. The diagram below represents the lower jaw of a mammal

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(a) Name the mode of nutrition of the mammal whose jaw is shown (1 mk)

(b) State one structural and one functional difference between the teeth labeled J and

Structural ( 1 mk)

Functional ( 1 mk)

(c) (i) name the toothless gap labeled K. (1 mk)

(d) Name the substance that is responsible for hardening of teeth (1 mk)

3. (a) what is meant by the term biological control ( 1 mk)

(i) Give an example of biological control ( 1 mk)

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 (b) (i) What is eutrophication? ( 3 mks)

(ii) What are the effects of eutrophication ( 3 mks)

(c) Name a substance that is responsible for acid rain ( 1 mk)

4. (a) (i) Explain the changes that take place in the pupil and iris of a human eye

when a person moves from a dark room to a room with bright light ( 3 mks)

(ii) What is the significance of the changes explained in (a) above (1 mk)

(b) How does the human eye obtain nutrients? ( 3 mks)

(c) Explain why images that form on the blind spot are not perceived ( 2 mks)

5. (a) what happens when a wilting young plants is well watered ( 3 mks)

(b) Name a support tissue in plants thickened with

(i) Cellulose ( 1 mk)

(ii) Lignin ( 1 mk)

(c) Give three functions of pectoral and pelvic fins in a fish (3 mks)

SECTION B (40 MARKS)

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 Answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces

provided after questions 8

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate

of reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. The results are shown in the table below

Temperature (0C) Rate of reaction in mg of products

per unit time

5 0.2

10 0.5

15 0.8

20 1.1

25 1.5

30 2.1

35 3.0

40 3.7

45 3.4

50 2.8

55 2.1

60 1.1

On the grid provided draw a graph of rate of reaction against temperature

( 6 mks)

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(b) When was the rate of reaction 2.6 mg of product per unit time? ( 2 mks)

(c) Account for the shape of the graph between

(i) 50 C and 400 C ( 2 mks)

(ii) 450 C and 600C ( 3 mks)

(d) Other than temperature name two ways in which the rate of reaction between 50C and

400C could be increased ( 2 mks)

(e) (i) Name one digestive enzymes in the human body which works best in acidic

condition ( 1 mk)

(ii) How is the acidic condition for the enzyme named in (e) (i) above attained?

( 2 mks)

(f) The acidic conditions in (e) (ii) above is later neutralized

(i) Where does the neutralization take place?

(ii) Name the substance responsible for neutralization ( 1 mk)

7. How are flowers adapted to wind and insect pollination? ( 20 mks)

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8. Describe the role of the liver in homeostasis in the human body ( 20 mks)

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BIOLOGY PAPER 3

The photographs labeled K L, M, N and P below are of bones obtained from a mammal

for each of the bones K, L and M two views are shown

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Identify the bones and name the part of the mammalian body from which each was

obtained

Body Identity of the bone where found

K …………………… …………………………………..

L …………………… …………………………………..

M …………………… …………………………………..

N …………………… …………………………………..

P …………………… …………………………………..

Name the parts labeled 1,2,3,4 and 5 ( 5 mks)

1. ………………………………………………………………………………….

2. ………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………………………………………….

4. ………………………………………………………………………………….

5. ………………………………………………………………………………….

Name the bones that form a joint with bone K at its anterior and posterior and in each

case name the type of joint they form ( 4 mks)

(i) Bone(s) ……………………………………………………………………

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(ii) Type of joint …………………………………………………………………...

Posterior end

(i) Bone (s) …………………………………………………………………..

(ii) Type of joint …………………………………………………………………..

State the function of the structure labeled 6 in bone P ( 1 mks)

2. You are provided with substances labeled P,Q,X,Y and Z. P and Q are food

substances, while X is dilute hydrochloric acid, Y is dilute sodium hydrogen

carbonate and Z is Benedict’s solution. Carry outs tests to determine the food

substance (s) in P and Q. ( 12 mks)

Substance Food Procedure Observations Conclusions

substances

being tested for

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Q

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3. The photographs labeled W, X, Y and Z show seedlings that were grown under

different conditions. Examine them

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Using observable features only state three differences between the seedling in

photographs W and X ( 3 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….

Seedlings in photographs Y and Z were planted at the same time but under different

conditions. Explain how the response exhibited by the seedlings in photographs Z

occurred. ( 2 mks)

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