SCIENCE REVIEWER

*BIOLOGY
CELL-the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living
things are composed
The cell theory-All living things are made of cells.
-Cells are the smallest unit of life.
-Cells come from other cells.

Principles of Cell Theory

-Cells are the smallest units of life
-Organelles within a cell are not capable of life processes on their own
-All living things are composed of cells
-Bacteria, plants, animals are all made up of cells
-Cells come from pre-existing cells
-Cell division leads to the formation of smaller cells

Evidence Supporting Cell Theory

-Principles of cell theory have never been observed to be untrue
-Organelles cannot perform life functions independently
-Tissues from various organisms show the presence of one or more cells
-Cell division and formation of cells from pre-existing cells have been observed

Development of Cell Theory

-In 1590, invention of the compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen
-In 1665, Robert Hooke used a light microscope to discover "cells" in cork tissue
-In 1674, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed microscopic organisms in pond water
-In 1838, Matthias Schleiden realized that all plants are made up of cells
*Co-credited with developing the first two principles of cell theory
-In 1839, Theodor Schwann realized that all animals are made up of cells
*Co-credited with developing the first two principles of cell theory
-In 1855, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from cells
*Credited for the third principle of cell theory

Evidence Against Cell Theory: The development of cell theory has been a gradual process, with contributions
from many scientists over the centuries

-Atypical cells such as striated muscle fibers challenge the idea of cells as autonomous units
-Formed by the fusion of multiple cells, containing multiple nuclei
-Aseptate fungal hyphae challenge the idea of cells as discrete units
-Long, with incomplete separation of cells and multiple nuclei
-Unicellular giant algae challenge the idea that larger organisms are made up of many smaller cells
-Can be a larger organism while still being a single cell

The Discovery of the Cell

-Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" to describe the tiny room-like features he saw in a thin slice of cork
under his microscope.
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to realize that cells were living things by observing pond water
and different types of sperm.
-Robert Brown coined the term "nucleus" in the cell, leading to the formation of the cell theory.

The Microscope
-The microscope is one of the most important inventions in cell biology.
-It helps scientists define life and its characteristics, such as organized parts, obtaining energy from the
environment, performing chemical reactions, and maintaining homeostasis.

Characteristics of Living Things

-Living things have organized parts, obtain energy from their environment, and perform chemical reactions.
-They change with time, respond to their environment, grow and reproduce, and maintain homeostasis.

Animal Cell:
 Cell Membrane: The outer boundary of the cell, responsible for controlling what enters and exits the
cell.
  Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance where organelles are suspended and where many cellular processes
occur.
 Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing the cell's DNA and governing its activities.
 Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular
respiration.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
 Golgi Apparatus: Packages and modifies proteins for transport within or outside the cell.
 Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
 Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
 Centrosome: Plays a role in cell division and contains centrioles.

Plant Cell:

 Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer that provides structural support and protection to the cell.
 Cell Membrane: Same as in animal cells, controls what enters and exits the cell.
 Cytoplasm: Same as in animal cells, where organelles are suspended and cellular processes occur.
 Nucleus: Same as in animal cells, contains the cell's DNA and regulates its activities.
 Mitochondria: Same as in animal cells, produces energy through cellular respiration.
 Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll that captures sunlight energy to convert
into chemical energy (glucose).
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Same as in animal cells, involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
 Golgi Apparatus: Same as in animal cells, packages and modifies proteins.
 Ribosomes: Same as in animal cells, sites of protein synthesis.
 Vacuole: Large, fluid-filled sacs that store water, nutrients, and waste materials.
 Plasmodesmata: Channels that connect adjacent plant cells, facilitating communication and transport
of molecules.

Similarities:

1. Cell Membrane: Both animal and plant cells have a cell membrane, which regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm: Both types of cells contain cytoplasm, a gel-like substance where organelles are suspended
and where many cellular processes occur.
3. Nucleus: Both animal and plant cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA and serves as the
control center for cellular activities.
4. Mitochondria: Both cell types contain mitochondria, which are responsible for generating energy (ATP)
through cellular respiration.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Both animal and plant cells have endoplasmic reticulum, which plays a
role in protein and lipid synthesis.
 6. Golgi Apparatus: Both types of cells have a Golgi apparatus, involved in packaging and modifying
proteins for transport.
7. Ribosomes: Ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis, are present in both animal and plant cells.

Differences:

1. Cell Wall: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, providing structural support and
protection, while animal cells lack a cell wall.
2. Chloroplasts: Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are responsible for photosynthesis and contain
chlorophyll, allowing plants to capture sunlight energy. Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts.
3. Vacuole: Plant cells typically have a large central vacuole, which stores water, nutrients, and waste
materials. Animal cells may have smaller vacuoles, but they are not as prominent or central as those in
plant cells.
4. Shape: Plant cells often have a fixed, rectangular shape due to the presence of the cell wall, while
animal cells are more varied in shape and can be round, irregular, or elongated.
5. Centrioles: Animal cells contain centrioles, which are absent in most plant cells. Centrioles play a role in
cell division by organizing the microtubules of the cytoskeleton.

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

Types of organelles No nucleus or other membrane-bound Nucleus and membrane bound

organelles organelles

DNA storage Nucleoid region with free-floating DNA DNA stored in nucleus

Unicellular vs. multicellular Always unicellular Can be unicellular or multicellular

Types of organisms Bacteria, archaea Plants, animals, fungi, protists

Cell size 0.2-2.0 µm in diameter 10-100µm in diameter

Type of cell division Binary fission Mitosis and meiosis

Type of reproduction Asexual Sexual

6. Plasmodesmata: Plant cells have plasmodesmata, channels that connect adjacent cells and allow for
communication and transport of molecules between them. Animal cells do not have plasmodesmata.

All cells on Earth can be divided into two types: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are always
unicellular organisms and may be bacteria or archaea. Eukaryotes may be unicellular or multicellular and
include plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all made up of eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells are much larger and more complex than prokaryotes and contain several cell structures and
organelles that are missing from prokaryotic cells.