CELL: THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE.

Awaluddin, M.Kes
 Cell Theory
1600’s- the invention
of the microscope, in
1665
Robert Hooke first
observed cork cells.
 Cell Theory
Paramecium
1675. Anton van
Lieuwenhoek first
observed living cells
in pond water.

Diatoms
 Cell Theory

1838: German
botanist Schleiden:
concluded that all
plants are made of
ONION CELLS
cells.

Schleiden
 Cell Theory

1839. German
biologist Theodor
Schwann stated that
all animals are made
of cells.

A. Gut B. brain C. bone marrow d. cartilage e. muscle

F. kidney
 Cell Theory
Cell is the smallest
unit of life.
Every living thing
is made up of one
or more cells.
Human Liver Cells

Human skin cell

 Cell Theory

1855. German physician

Rudolf Virchow concluded
that all cells come from
existing cells (omnis
cellula ex cellula)

Mitosis: Cell Division

 Cell Theory

Cells are the basic

unit of structure and
function in living
things
Cell Types
Eukaryote: Prokaryotes:
Cell Types

A.Prokaryotes:
bacteria, have no
nucleus or
membrane-bound
organelles.
Earth’s oldest
fossils.
Cell Types

2. Eukaryotes:
contains membrane
bound nucleus and
organelles. Two
types: plant and
animal
 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PROKARYOTES AND
EUKARYOTES

Organelle PROKARYOTES PROKARYOTES

Endomembrane - +

Nuclear membrane - +

Mitochondria - +

Golgi Apparatus - +

Endoplasmic Reticulum - +
Eukaryotic Cell Types :
Animal vs. Plant
Cell Types : Animal vs. Plant
1. Plant cells have chloroplasts
2. Plant cells have a cell wall
3. Plant cells have a large central vacuole
4. Animal cells have more lysosomes
Cell Organelles
Cell Organelles
 Organelle= “little
organ”
 Found only inside
eukaryotic cells
 All the stuff in
between the
organelles is cytosol
 Everything in a cell
except the nucleus is
cytoplasm
Cell Anatomy
 Cell membrane
 The outer layer of animal
cells, found inside cell
walls (if wall is present)
 Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
 outside boundary
 gives shape and flexibility
 semi-permeable
 made of lipids in
2 layers/ Phosoplipid
bilayer
 Protect cytoplasm &
nucleus
Cell Membrane
1. Integral membrane protein
to active transport.
2. Transmembrane protein/
peripheral protein

Phospolipid

Protein Transmembran

Transport zat
Nucleus
 Control center of the cell
 Contains DNA
 Surrounded by a double
membrane
 Usually the easiest
organelle to see under a
microscope
 Contains DNA
found on chromatin
strands
 Materials pass in and
out through the
nuclear membrane
  Rod-shaped
Mitochondria  Create energy
for the cell
from food
 converts the
chemical
energy stored
in food into
compounds
more
convenient for
the cell to use.
Endoplasmic Reticulum

 Carry proteins and other

materials through the cell
 Connected to nuclear
membrane
 Highway of the cell
 Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; it makes
proteins
 Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes lipids
 Ribosome  Ribosome
 Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol

 Site of protein synthesis

 Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the
nucleolus
 The ribosomes assemble the protein.
 The Golgi Apparatus packages and exports the protein.
Golgi
Apparatus
Golgi Body
 Flattened sacs
 Receive proteins
and other
material,
package them
and ship them
out
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

 Lysosome
 Contain enzymes that
function in digestion
of food and dead cell
parts (break down &
worn out organelles)
 Surrounded by a
membrane
 Small organelles filled
with enzymes,
Lysosomes
 Garbage disposal
of the cell
 Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down
wastes

Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?
Peroxisomes

 They are similar to lysosome but smaller.

 Peroxisomes contain the enzyme
catalase, which breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen.
 Found mainly in liver and kidney cells
 Main function is detoxification of toxic
materials.
Cytoskeleton
 Acts as skeleton and
muscle
 Provides shape and
structure
 Helps move
organelles around
the cell
 Made of three types
of filaments
Cytoskeleton
 Cell extensions
 Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the
plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike
processes
 There are three types of these processes; each has
specific functions:
 Microvilli—found in epithelial cells that line the intestines
and other areas where absorption is important; they help to
increase the surface area many-fold
 Cilia and flagella—cell processes that have cylinders made
of microtubules at their core; cilia are shorter and more
numerous than flagella; flagella are found only on human
sperm cells
Cilia and Flagella
 External appendages
from the cell
membrane that aid in
locomotion of the
cell.
 Cilia also help to
move substance past
the membrane.
Cell Wall
 Cell Wall
 rigid layer of nonliving
material
 Provide protection &
support
 Found in plant, some
bacteria, some
protists and some
fungi
Chloroplast
 ChloroplastContains the
green pigment chlorophyll
 Site of food (glucose)
production
 Turn the Sun’s energy into
food through
photosynthesis
 They do not make energy,
they convert it
 Vacuoles

 Large central
vacuole usually in
plant cells
 Many smaller
vacuoles in animal
cells
 Storage container
What type of microscope may have
for water, food, been used to take this picture?
enzymes, wastes,
pigments, etc.
Vacuoles
 Vacuole
 Store food water and
other materials
 Small in animal cell
 Large in plants
 Store H2O
 Help keep the plant
upright
PLANT CELL

Cell wall

Membrane Cell

Plastida

Endoplasmic R

Golgi Apparatus

Vakuola
Specialized Cells
 Red Blood Cell
 Has no nucleus so
that it can carry more
oxygen
Specialized Cells
 Muscle Cells
 Long, slippery and
elastic so that they
can slide past one
another upon
expansion and
contraction
Specialized Cells
 Nerve cells
 Can be several feet
long
 pass chemical and
electrical signals
throughout the body