UNICELLULAR

ORGANISMS
GRADE 8 SMP PAHOA
2023/2024
 OUR CONTENTS
The topics in this chapter are about:

The Black Death The disease caused the deaths

Unicellular or Multicellular One-celled organisms and Many cells organisms

Tackling Disease Microbiologist help in the treatment and prevention of diseases

Microscopic Fungi Fungi caused disease and used for baking

Bacteria Bacteria caused many diseases and making Yoghurt and Cheese

Protoctists Unicellular organisms which exist in many different shapes and sizes

Decomposers & Carbon Breakdown the dead organisms and animal wastes
 Table of contents
(MICROORGANISMS)

01 02
Fungi Bacteria

03 04
Protoctists Decomposers
 Whoa!
Unicellular: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIEqGZ001yY&t=3s
A. BLACK DEATH
● The biggest pandemic plague in the 14th
century
● This happened by Yersinia pestis bacterium
● It had spread too quickly for rats and fleas to be
responsible.
● The diseases caused the deaths of between
75-200 million people by fleas and rats
● So many people were dying that their bodies
were often hastily buried in mass graves.
● The doctor use the long cloak,boots,gloves and
mask were to stop bad air reaching the doctor's
body. The beak was filled with herbs to keep
bad air away
THE SYMPTOMS
- Bubonic Plague: Flu, tired, large
swellings in armpits and groin
(buboes), high temperature,
headaches
- Pneumonic Plague: affected lungs,
breathing problems, coughing
B. Unicellular or Multicellular Organisms
- An organism is a living thing who carry out
7 life processes: movement, reproduction,
sensitivity, growth, respiration, excretion
and nutrition
- Unicellular organisms are actually more
complex than multicellular organisms.
- "Unicellular" means single-celled organism
that is also known as a microorganism due
to its small size. You typically need a
microscope to see them.
- "Multicellular" refers to organisms that
have more than one cell, which work
together to form various tissues, organs,
and organ systems.
 DIFFUSION
- Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell, and
in getting energy is hard. So, they use a process
called diffusion to make energy.
- Diffusion happens when particles move from an
area with more particles to an area with fewer
particles.
- This process allows particles to diffuse into a cell.
It's important to note that diffusion can only
happen on the surface of a cell. But if a cell is too
large, it won't receive enough energy since its
volume will increase more than its surface area.
KINGDOMS
 VIRUS
- A virus is a type of microscopic
infectious agent that can replicate
only inside the cells of living
organisms. It much smaller than
bacteria.
- It can cause various diseases in
plants, animals, and humans by
hijacking the host's cellular
machinery to reproduce and spread.
- Viruses don't have any cell walls, no
mitochondria, no nucleus and they
cant live without being inside a living
cell.
Virus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkNxmTrrZSk
 C. TACKLING DISEASE
- Pathogen is an microorganism that can spread
and cause diseases which referred to an
infectious agent, or simply a germ.
- Pathogenic organisms have five main types:
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms.
- The example of pathogens are : Anthrax, HIV,
Epstein-Barr virus, and the Zika virus
- Microbiologists study them, often in hospitals,
using microscopes to examine patient fluids.
- Advanced scanning devices are being developed
to automate this process, aiding quicker
identification of pathogens. This will help
doctors plan effective treatments.
 TREATMENTS
- Antibiotics was made by Alexander Fleming
(1882 - 1995) in 1928, when he found a substance
(Mouldy Jelly fungus) that could kill Bacteria as it
wouldn't grow near them. Then, sparked the idea
of the first antibiotic (penicillin).
- After his invention, many microbiologists started
to innovate his inventions and created more, but
now more Bacteria is resistant to it due to
adaptation, many scientist propose doctors to
stop using it and create new way to solve
bacteria as it is getting harder and more
expensive.
- A vaccine is a substance introduced into the body
that activates specific white blood cells to
eliminate a particular virus or bacterium. It
grants immunity, ensuring you won't contract the
targeted disease.
 HYGIENE LIFE
● Cleaning your surrounding can make
Pathogens harmless, and soap could
keep microorganism away from our
skin while disinfectants kill it.
● Shower daily
● Wash your hands with soap after going
to the toilet
● Brush teeth daily
● Cover your mouth or nose with a tissue
when you sneeze or cough
● Clip your nails regularly
● Clean the surfaces of your house
regularly
 01
Microscopic
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include macro/
microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.
 What’s Ringworm?
- Ringworm is a common skin disease. It was thought to be caused by
worms until the 1840s because they just discovered that the cause of
ringworm is microorganism not worms when David Gruby used a
microscope to look up for the cause of ringworm..
- Unicellular yeasts were discovered and were seen to use budding
(asexual reproduction) to reproduces.
- In budding, the nucleus copies itself including all the DNA. Section of
the DNA contain the instructions for making proteins and for an
organism's inherited characteristic. That's why the new cell formed
in asexual reproduction has identical characteristic to the parent
cell
- Baking is the anaerobic respiration (respiration without oxygen
and releases less energy) that the CO2 gas make the dough rise.
Even the aerobic respiration produce more energy.
- Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 => Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
MICROSCOPIC FUNGI
● Growth curves is a curve in graph form that shows
the change in the number of cells (or single-celled
organisms) in an experimental culture at different
times.
● For yeast cells to grow and reproduce they need
resources. There are 3 resources : Moisture, sugar,
warmth
● Few yeast soon becomes a million but the
population of cells will not keep growing forever if a
resources runs out , the population stops growing
that slow down / stop a process is called a limiting
factor and sugar is most likely to be limiting factor.
 02
BACTERIA
Bacteria are small single-celled microorganisms. Bacteria are found almost
everywhere on Earth and are vital to the planet's ecosystems.
BACTERIA ●

●
Bacteria are prokaryotes, they don't have nuclei and to control a cell is
found in a circular chromosome which is made of DNA.
Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and
pressure. They do binary fission to reproduce itself
● The human body is full of bacteria, and in fact is estimated to contain
more bacterial cells than human cells. Some cheese have mold which is
blue cheese.
● The anatomy of bacterial cell:
a. flagellum (for movement)
b. slime capsule (stops the cell drying out).
c. cell wall (gives the cell its shape and provides protection)
d. cell surface membrane (controls what enters and leaves the cell)
e. cytoplasm (which does not contain mitochondria but does
contain plasmids (tiny loops of DNA), which control some of the
cell's characteristics).
f. circular chromosome made of DNA (found in an area of the cell
called the nucleoid)
● Bacteria are found in almost all environments, and can range from
microscopic to visible to the naked eye. Bacteria play important roles
in the cycle of life, including decomposing matter and releasing
nutrients for other organisms to use.
03 Prototiscts
Protoctists are mostly unicellular but exist in
many different shapes and sizes
PROTOCTISTS
● Amoeba feed by using their
pseudopods to engulf the food
whole.
● Paramecium feed using their cilia
to sweep smaller organisms into its
ʻmouthʼ.
● Algae using flagella to move
● Paramecium and amoebas both
need warmth, moisture, glucose/O2
and oxygen in their environments
to live.
PROTOCTISTS
● A biomass pyramid helps us to see
how energy flows through a food
chain.
● It does this by showing the total
weight of living things at each level
and energy is passed on as organisms
eat each other.
● Spanish mackerel habitat at 21-27°c
(warm water). It eats toxic algae small
plant
● Fisherman fish the Spanish Mackerel
and eat it then get the ciguareta
posioning one of the form of food
posioning that causes by toxic algae
small plant. After that the toxic algae
enter our body and make ill.
 Decomposers
04 & Carbon
Decomposer is a microorganism that breaks apart
the dead organism into a simpler inorganic and
prepare nutrients for other organisms.
DECOMPOSERS
● They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic
materials, making nutrients available to primary producers.
● Without decomposers, dead leaves, dead insects, and dead
animals would pile up everywhere.
● Microorganisms use digested molecules for respiration and
to produce new substances for growth. Decomposers decay
kitchen and garden waste to form compost. Most substances
in cells are organic compounds such as carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats
● Components contains carbon:
a. Soil Organic Matter e. denitrification
b. Methane f. Dissolved organic carbon
c. Biochar g. microorganism
d. Carbon Dioxide h. Nitrogen monoxide
THANK YOU