Limit Laws

If tim f Cx and I im gcx exist

x a x a

then
I Iim
x a
fix tgcxD fjmafcxitlixnfag.cn sum law

2
finfacfcx gcx fafCX Fa9C difference law
3 I im Cfc x Climfcx constant multiple law
x a x a
4 finnafax product law
x'infacfcx g x finfagcx
5 Iim fcx
quotient law
finna fax if lim to
x a
guy nfagcx agcx

a tim
x 2
fox SgcxD 4 b lim fax
x I gcx
f Cx lim fox t lim Sgcx lim fox
firngex
of X z x z x l
l l l l l l l l l 2 C DNE
o I t 5C I i 5 4
94
C tim fox DNE
X 2 gc

6
nfa fox fixingfax where n is positiveinteger

7 Iim c C II
x a fifaTEE T
fafCXT where n is a positiveinteger
if n is even we assume that li m
8 him X a afcx
o
x a

9 Iim xn an where n is a positive integer

x a

10 I im Vx where n is a positive integer

x a nfa
if n is even we assume that a o
ex
a Iim 2 2 3 4 39 b Iim I li m X 31 2 2
I
X 5 X3gt z
X 2
21532 3 5 1 4 lim s 3
x z
2C25 15 4
c 233 4 232 1 8 8 I I
s 3C 2 s 16 11

limafcx fca if f is a polynomial or a rational function and a is

in the domain off then

ex
a lim X2 CXt Xtc 1 1 2
X i ex 1

If fCX gcx when X a then yighafcx provided limits exist

liffagcx
ex
1 if X I lim Xt 1
1
Ying gcx 2 o
it if 1 x i
fc IT

ex
Iim 13th 2 9 C3th C3th T96hth2 h th
h O h h h 6hh 6th y

ex Iim ta 3 Ttt 3 9 91
C o Ta 2 9 3 Citta 3 3 3 3 I

limafCX L if and only if L gingafCx

nafcx

ex Iim 1 1 0 1 1 if XZO
11 y 1 1
x o
if xco

Since 1 1 x for o we have

him 1 1 rim 0 0
x ot x 0
for xco we have 1 1 x and so Iim 1 1 Iim C X 0
X o o
therefore by theorem 1 Iim 1 1 O
X o
a Prove that lim 1 1 ONE
X o I
1 1 x when x o and 1 1 x when Xco o
we have
 Iot Tot Iot 1 1 if x so

I
I
1 x
if x co

limoC
meso 1
limo i

Eismo.tt x4moti l 1 x I

1im it Lim l I
XD o X xD

greatest integer function

y ExD
Iim xD 2
o X 3 lyingCLxD ONE
o
o l im 3
x 3t
o
i z s 4
o
o
o

Theorem 2
I
if fax e gCx When is near a c except possibly at a and the limits of
f and both exist as x approaches a then
g
Iim fCx lim gCX
x a x a

squeeze theorem 7
if fax e gCx E hCX when is near a c except at a
possibly
and

Tafe Jah
then I im gCX L
o 1 s
x a a

phone cant use b c

XZ sin 0 CANNOT USE in To sin
 needed
thus we a function smaller than gcx fax
and bigger than gcx hex

l E sin f E l and 21220 So multiply whole thing

L S
XZ XZ sin EXZ
L L since Xlimit
o
O and lime x2
X o
O
Fox e g Cx Eh Cx
smaller bigger the limit lies b w these values as one
c xD e 2
x'since E 20 is
bigger and smaller
0 E Y fX2sinC 0
Professor notes
ex tim Fth TX fxth Tx Iim Wth
h o h O h CTxth tix
Xm Tx
lim he 1
lim
Ohcfxth tix h o Ith a r t
ex tim I xEh n'info cx mx
info XCxth
h
h o nn h
lim
no x Lingo x Iy nimoxxn
cxth 3
ex thingy lgjm 2 x h3t2xh2 x3

Iim 3X2ht3Xh2t I im h C3 2 t 3 X h t h2
h O h h 90

thing 3
2 3 4 th2 3

ex Iim x2tx
_6 Iim CXt3 2 Cxingz Xt3
X 2 X Z X 2
Xyz
2 3 g y xt3
g 6
X z
l
l z
2
removable
 squeeze theorem
y
lim x2sinC
x o
cant use b c
XZ sin 0 CANNOT USE in To sin t 2
Yo L ONE
thus we need a function smaller than gcx fox
and bigger than gcx hex

l E sin f E l and X 220 So multiply whole thing

L S
XZ xzs.in EX2
L L since Xlimit
o
O and lime x2
X o
O
Fox e g Cx Eh Cx
smaller bigger the limit lies b w these values as one
ngoc xD
a Lingox'since E Fox is
bigger and smaller
0 E Hsinchu o

Lim f Cx L
x c

Given E 0 there is 8 0

Such that IX c l c 8 so there

is Oc Ifcx L l C E

352 4 213 y 2
lim 2 243
22 a HG
x 8 X 8 b L
X 23
Cx 2 Cx t2
a b 1b Ca b

as b3 b Cartab by
6 4 4 24
312 8 2
Lim X_
asthis b 62 abtbh x138 43 215 22 8 28 t
22
4 et 5
3