0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes) 51 views14 pagesLecture 15 - Calculus Classroom Notes
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~ Signum function -
Soy) = iat = Aignurm Function
—> L } &>o
De fini tion— :
Signum functton FO > OF Xe
Lo-l; e Greatest integey function (AIF) =[ J
Definition :-— A function ushich retain te
Sonpert (greatest) integer less than
Ow equal to x.
t= f0C9 =) —> Gtr
Sox example i) find greatest a) ef eckoe
Dg-[5- 2S SHE 35 hore
nae >= 52
So- & ts not possible
~ Longest (greatest) Indeper. will be 5
(58 GvT of 5.29 bet Dex than 5.23) fo 0) find greatest Integy of % =Lo.
By = [1o] = lotro
Ge tale indger
So- Grectest intorer will 10. Av
Cie, Gt egual to Lo )
GN find Jreadest integey Of mechs
1-055
= -{[- eae
] = Et 5] Sy -2 tos
TL >-L5 so- (1 le ret posthle)
and, -2 2-155 je, -2 is less thon -E5
and tt is qseotest possible
Iwkener
So- Greatest integer Of -LS with be -2
ae
toL=FLol] = ~Lot
integer of 0 ea any op
qf MO. com be expressed ag gum of its
greatest Integer and fraction pant,
veokest = fraction
integer Port
fow example- 7.32 = [93Q)+ {3324
$32 = F+032
WY) Grveadest integer of
W) Greatest
> An Let's plot GLE, —
> Lets eck Limit for GIF :-
oot x=l, Lt Dg
RIL
LuLE- Lt i :
war PI = oie. [EHOFREL
RUL:- a (x) =t Limit doen't exist
o ot x= 3, ee
ee Pe Mes =2
et wg Dd jee [LHL # RHL
ie an [ay a2 Limit doesnt exist
e at x=-2, St, OY
Laut it OJ = -3 i, (cate ant)
Rhu de Ea Limit doesn't exit.
X>-2t Pak R=15, Lt Dd
X15,
PS oe) oa
MLS7 ~ fe (LHL =RHLsL
RHLi-
nests joa e Limit. extst
eat w= 32,1 BY
XIH7
ge Eg je, LHU=RHL=3]
RMLi- 1: [x] = 3 Umit exist.
R930% beet
> % Limit doesrtt exist for” inkegey Functions
Raving inkeger posnts “but exists
fox atk non-i es points,
So- except an integey, for alt values
Limit exist fox Greatest integer func”,
> Leds
= cS a Mit of function et
foe) = fim Od
x0
LHi: — RHEE
it Gd Sooo.
meme Xrot
|
\
|
Lt me = 7O00002 | Uk %® an ooeee?
O.00000
Lt Fo-000e2)] | . wees
XA -0-90002 | e
a =a Ov | a 0.000002,
—2.000
|
{RWL=O |
Mcae | (RRL=S] ~ (oa
So Limit doesnt exist
bd ak *X=00.
5 Letlg Reck the mit of function “= a
Le Cee BARRE pre ohIH
Fx) = eS ee I =
ft) = a Ray toy to convert fhe
mM x function in terms of £.
mp 5°
= fir 384" ie,
Foos We ft a] | 7 tit -so
og
$F is fractional port | :
ie, 0003 oy O.000f oF 0-23 OF ongng
Foo = it. fi. Sh]
ap Oe fa: ony fractional value
co
Soy sb-o => LfOFt
® No Need to check LHL ov RHL, when a function
G'IYA a constant vabere (defintke). act thot point.
', herve is no ambigui
\gquity .
Limit exist for function 2] at x00
x
Quss :- fo a! ee | Hind Ut f(x)
Yr
So-
14-2, x2
LHL Lt fo = uk (4-2)
MI2s x32 ‘
= 4-2) =4-4 =0
i, [LHL 0 RHL-
aaa Lt Coy = _ Lt G3)
x52" x2
2x2-3 =
is
(LHF RRL So, Limit doesn't exist
I ak KE Ava.
Ques +- if foo = | i.
burly Xe
UW) i$ Ut toy exists find the relationship
io blow a& b.
WTF 00 = FW, find a kb.
Selution- hj
Le 500)
xoL
LHL+- 1 RWUE
Lt £69
Le fo \ ay
x2)7 \
, = LX (ax+2)
= (pxrt) ; xo}
xk \ ee
= bret |
\ = Oe.
Sta ; SHEE
[aL = are]
for the Limit bo exist,
LWL =RAL
pe zest 4 | ii . OO
~ 7 Lt fey = lata) =tb*Y)
Xs)
: = f(1) =3
acerding to jusstion- os foo = FL)
Se- (a +2) = tbrh) =3
at2=3 \ btir3
f= ka
>? Fundamental theowers of Limit t-
Tf Le fy=h & a gory =m
XC
> Constant mubhiple we +
Lt kod = k [ut a) = Kxd
Ae xed
Lt Kee) = KL
[Liked = Fe]
t= Suramation] substsaction wule-
LE (foo #90]
LG tk 9¢
XC Fo) + soc e *)
Iw
= J iva
i- multiplication vule i
ex ik ~ Lt G(x
Lae (yoo: jo] a ee ae? )
= dem
lo Aim division we -
it FO) Fg
XSC gov yretgaealn = m
gx)
Xo
%& division wube ts valid ondy ushen~ Lt go) #0
je, [rm #0
> Stroteies to evaluate imits :-
* TF a function gives a finite value at
Any point je, there is no ambiguity then
there is no need to check for LHL ov REL.
Limit always extst fox these type of fund,
fox example- Lt (si
oa KAOMPIS ne) _ RE
x25 = Sin & ee
taere is no ombjjuity fee, Limit
always exist.
> Tndeterminate forms o- There one geven
Indeteymi nate formes —
G) Sox J form
Moe tel pete
co > 0% oo a=?
or Seo
co °
co = B® Indekesminde form
i) Oxco
[il (C200) oF (20 +00) > Thdeterminate fon
(algebraic laws ane not
applied for co. ) iv) ye ie
Qw) L > Indeterminate foom. for Simnits
for example (101)3° = 37-78 7 ™
(0-99)26% = 0.025 —°
je, 17% Change is making ver 2 differene
1 Change sm
« Tt meons, uhen the value of 1% is approaching
foom Left side, the value is decreasing too.
and athen approaching from right ‘Aide, the
value is Incveasin to oo.
je [TAL Lea 5 Indeterminate form
(Limit doesn't extst)
ae iM dexgtand afer
. will unders
Wi) 0° ae 7 studying degrade gancr, hy!
Wii) oo
2) en |-
> Gncept of differentiation - :
47 to
ve dy = Word,
dy = Fla) - FO)
& dx = %,-24
i £m
dx = a-®
So - dy -Thoo - fay] at fix) -{@) 1
an —(x-@) a xO = Fe)
*s we fave token Mat o.
So- it will be flea) 7
Let FO) & gtx) be two functions defined
Ovey some vegion
isk =yx=a be any point over the region .
when-
Hhen- it fe Lt fly - f@ = J frre
3a 9¢x) xa gic) gia yao
in [Fou _ fila) if £00 ~ © gy
ie L-Pospital vule is
applicable when the func’
fs in 2 ov ZS form.
fov_exomple:~ lef fx) & ged ane the
funch defined over some vegion
~[- FOO J,
fe xX=Q acee:
Let f(x) =Sinx & grax at & Point
X=0
ren- Lt {09 = Lt Sinx
x20 go X30 KR
es Indetermi
> Sing = 16 ( form
apply L-fospital -
pe Sine te ese
eo wo L
* if functions ane not in Lor 8 fom hen
Tey to convert them in th &
Tren apply Lhospited wile. at taae jouny Fox example Lt (Sine “Cot%)
x20
= Sin) x Cot) = Oxo?
t
Convert it fhto Q ore
So- ut (Sinn 4) = Sind —10.
x20 ton, Phang o
Now apply aaa ~
in = Cog
xSe (S aa) a. es 3
= At (este) = (C040)
=yset Aw
> Proof of [-Rospital yule - =
ke 09. _ fia)
mee ge) qa)
bet-. j4 Too fla) eS fla)= 0
XDA god J@) Ga) =
ao)
ie ee
bix5a gy xa GX)—0
Seedy
2% “Bx gla)
= | f'ca)
— ete
Je= i) g (a)
ig fit fo _ Fra) AAO
RIA GX) — g'(a), + Proved _ Note- % we fave considered while proving —
f(W=so . (a) _o
gtay=o, * qe) Ep Ute prove
His L-Rospital rule, Batts oshy it is
abic alid 2
thy ve ony for 2 oy 2. forms.
* L-hespital vule fave some _ alro—
a a funetion is too complex to differentiate,
s methode become very Le
Consuming. ‘d og ad
® There are also dome functions also, which wilt
vemain in 2 for after diffeventiation. then
apply L- Asset tad role again to get finite value,
® whenever a function fave modulus func’ oy
GLF functton, don't ary L-fospitol wale,
Just open up Limit & check for LHL & RHL.
for example- Lt 7% 9x420
x25 x OX] e ate
LHL - | RHL-
Le xtgxrzo | Lt 2Cegx420
x3 57 set I x57 Xf]
[
|
1
Le Gesrocay | te &-S)Or-4)
x57 A) x35* Gey
U
SoS oe { Gea ee
1
i [LHL RUHL
Limit will not exist for the function at *=5
Ans
— Exarmple-diy- Lt 2-9
corer \« -3] e— modulus func”
HLt- 1 RW
| “ | Le x39
t 29 ay
ais eal xs 13)
© Ue eats) Pe tk Gee
<2 TG O| st OD
= lt case I = 43) =6
ne SRO
= -(3+3) |
2 +6 '
LHL #RHLI
So - Limit widk not exist fon He funch
at ~x3 fa
Gusss tf Ue a. =i tren find a&b.
Fixsk check the value of function at x -
at x=0, A. Okes bb: 2, = vb-2
° a °
Let WB~2) fs a finite value Jet P.
Pen- Lo ite not deffned
° Gindey minake)
but tre func™ fas a finite value 30 -
+ (Vb-2) must be o
then, it become < fom —
40- apply L-fRospitel a * {p-2 =0
ip=2 > | bo4+
ee
me
x30
> Lt ara -2 2 » Jout -2 , Max+4+2)
x20 x Cea (axa +2)
= Gaea)= OF
x (Yaxre +2)
= Axe _
%(Vaxsa +2) Jaxad +2
Ue Joxe-2 _ te aw
ele ae XO Jaxag +2
ae aH ene
Yaxo+g +2 4
ov Le Jaxee —-2 L
ses OO EEE Rpeeeeeeee=eee
aa > a=4 |
So vals of ab will be 4d py
