Ahmadi, M.

Sc

Handout
Mathematics I

Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

2024
© Ahmadi, M.Sc, 2024

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Islam Indonesia

Disclamer. The contents of this handout are a summary of

all the references in the bibliography !.
All proof of the Theorem in this content, you can see in ref
[Purcel], [Anton]

All rights reserved.

Cover: .
Print production: .
Contents

Contents i

1 Derivative 1
1.1 Definition of Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Application of Theorem in derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Definition of Derivative for Trigonometric Function . . . . 8
1.4 Application of Theorem in derivative for trigonometric function 10
1.5 Higher Order Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Taylor Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Implicit Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.8 Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic . . . . . . . . . 18

2 Application of Derivative 21

3 Integral 29
3.1 Antiderivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Riemann Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 Application of Integral 43
4.1 Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Bibliography 51

i
Chapter 1

Derivative
In this chapter, we will explain about derivative. This topic is very interesting for
applied mathematics.
1. Definition of derivative
2. Application of Theorem in derivative
3. Definition of Derivative for Trigonometric Function
4. Application of Theorem in derivative for trigonometric function
5. Higher Order Derivative
6. Implicit Derivative
7. Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic
For the detail materials, we can explain below.

1.1 Definition of Derivative

The goal here is to express the slope of the line tangent to the graph of a
function. In the next section, we will see that this slope gives the (instantaneous)
rate of change of the function. Pictured below is the graph of a function f . We

would like to find the slope of the line tangent to the graph of f at the point
P (red line). However, in order to find the slope of a line, we need two points

1
1. Derivative

on the line (so that we can take the difference of the y-coordinates over the
difference of the x-coordinates). We could use P as one of the points, but there
is no obvious way to come up with a second point.
If we push to the side a small distance h, we get a second point Q on the graph.
The line through P and Q is called a secant line (green line). We can find the
slope of the secant line by using the two points P and Q

f (x + h) − f (x)
slope of secant =
h
We can think of the secant line as being an approximation to the tangent line.
This approximation becomes better and better the closer Q is to P , that is, the
smaller h is. Therefore, the slope of the tangent line, denoted f ′ (x), is the limit
of the slope of the secant line as h approaches 0:

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h

Since x can be any number (for which the limit exists), the formula above defines
a function f ′ (x), called the derivative of f .

Definition 1: Derivative

The derivative of a function f is another function (read “f prime”) whose

value at any number x is

f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h

If this limit does exist, we say that f is differentiable at x. Finding a derivative is

called differentiation; the part of calculus associated with the derivative is called
differential calculus.

Example 1

With definition of derivative, find the f ′ (x) for function

f (x) = 13x − 16

Solution:
Because

f (x) = 13x − 16

Then

f (x + h) = 13(x + h) − 16

2
 Definition of Derivative

Remember
f (x + h) − f (x)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
So, we have
(13(x + h) − 16) − (13x − 16)
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
13x + 13h − 16 − 13x + 16
= lim
h→0 h
13h
= lim = 13
h→0 h

In other word, derivative of f (x) is

f ′ (x) = 13

Example 2

With definition of derivative, find the f ′ (x) for function

f (x) = 3x2

Solution:
Because

f (x) = 3x2

Then

f (x + h) = 3(x + h)2
= 3(x + h)(x + h)
= 3(x(x + h) + h(x + h))
= 3(x2 + xh + xh + h2 )
= 3(x2 + 2xh + h2 )

So, we have
3(x2 + 2xh + h2 ) − 3x2
f ′ (x) = lim
h→0 h
3x + 6xh + 3h2 − 3x2
2
= lim
h→0 h
6xh + h2
= lim
h→0 h
h(6x + h)
= lim
h→0 h
6x + h
= lim
h→0 h

3
1. Derivative

Because h → 0, so

f ′ (x) = 6x

Exercise
Use the definition of derivative for determine first derivation below.
1. f (x) = 2
2. f (x) = 2x
3. f (x) = x2
4. f (x) = x2 + 7
5. f (x) = x2 − 2x
6. f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
7. f (x) = 3x2 − 2
√
8. f (x) = x
√
9. f (x) = x + 1
√
10. f (x) = x + 1 − 2
11. f (x) = x(x − 1)
12. f (x) = (x − 1)(x + 1)
1
13. f (x) = 2x
2x
14. f (x) = x−1
x+1
15. f (x) = x−3

4
 Application of Theorem in derivative

1.2 Application of Theorem in derivative

In this section, we explain some of the important theorem.

Theorem 1

1. If f (x) = k where k is a constant, then for any x we

have f ′ (x) = 0
2. If f (x) = x, then f (x) = 1
3. If f (x) = xn , then f ′ (x) = nxn−1
4. If F (x) = kf (x), then F ′ (x) = kf ′ (x)
5. If f and g are differentiable functions, then

(f + g)′ (x) = f ′ (x) + g ′ (x)

6. If f and g are differentiable functions, then

(f − g)′ (x) = f ′ (x) − g ′ (x)

7. If f and g are differentiable functions, then

(f × g)′ (x) = f ′ (x) × g(x) + f (x) × g ′ (x)

8. Let f and g be differentiable functions with g(x) ̸= 0

Then
!′
f f ′ (x)g(x) − f (x)g ′ (x)
(x) =
g (g(x))2

For strong memorize, you can take notice some example below.

5
1. Derivative

Example 3

1. If f (x) = 3, then f ′ (x) = 0

2. If f (x) = x, then f ′ (x) = 1
3. If f (x) = x5 , then f ′ (x) = 5x5−1 = 5x4
4. If f (x) = 5x7 , then f ′ (x) = 5 × 7x7−1 = 35x6

Example 4

Find f ′ (x) for function f (x) below

1. f (x) = 3x2 + 7x4
2. f (x) = 4x7 − 12 x4
3. f (x) = (2x − 1)(3x + 6)
4x−1
4. f (x) = 3x+8

Solution:

1.
f ′ (x) = 3 × 2x2−1 + 7 × 4x4−1 = 6x + 28x3

2.
1
f ′ (x) = 4 × 7x7−1 − × 4x4−1 = 28x6 − 2x3
2
3.
f ′ (x) = 2(3x + 6) + 3(2x − 1)
= 6x + 12 + 6x − 3
= 6x + 6x + 12 − 3 = 12x + 9

4.
4(3x + 8) − 3(4x − 1)
f ′ (x) =
(3x + 8)2
6
 Application of Theorem in derivative

12x + 32 − 12x + 3
=
(3x + 8)2
12x − 12x + 32 + 3
=
(3x + 8)2
32 + 3 35
= =
(3x + 8)2 (3x + 8)2

Exercise

Part 1. Determine f ′ (x) with the formulas.

1. f (x) = 2
2. f (x) = 2x
3. f (x) = x2
4. f (x) = x2 − 2x
5. f (x) = x2 − 2x + 3
1
6. f (x) = x
2
7. f (x) = x3
2x−1
8. f (x) = x
√
9. f (x) = x
x2 −3x+1
10. f (x) = √
x
√ 2√
x x−x √ x+1
11. f (x) = x
√ √
x2 −x √x− x−8
12. f (x) = x
13. f (x) = (x − 1)(x + 3)
14. f (x) = (2x − 1)(3x + 2)
x−1
15. f (x) = x+1
x+1
16. f (x) = x−1
x2 +1
17. f (x) = x−1
x+1
18. f (x) = x2 −1
x2 −1
19. f (x) = x2 +3x+2
x2 −3x+1
20. f (x) = x2 +6x−1

7
1. Derivative

Part 2.
1. Consider f and g are differentiable functions in all point and
f (0) = 4, f ′ (0) = −1, g(0) = 2, g ′ (0) = −3. Find
a) (f + g)′ (0)
b) (f − g)′ (0)
c) (f g)′ (0)
d) ( fg )′ (0)
e) ( fg )′ (0)
2. If 3xf ′ (2x + 5) = x ′ 2
3
g (x + 6x − 11) and f ′ (7) = 3, then
g ′ (−4) = ....

1.3 Definition of Derivative for Trigonometric Function

Figure 1 reminds us of the definition of the sine and cosine

functions. In what follows, t should be thought of as a number

measuring the length of an arc on the unit circle or, equivalently,

as the number of radians in the corresponding angle. Thus,
f (t) = sin t and g(t) = cos t are functions for which both domain
and range are sets of real numbers. We may consider the problem
of finding their derivatives.
We choose to use x rather than t as our basic variable. To find

8
 Definition of Derivative for Trigonometric Function

Dx (sin x) we appeal to the definition of derivative and use the

Addition Identity for sin(x + h).
sin(x + h) − sin(x)
Dx (sin x) = lim
h→0 h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin(x)
= lim
h→0 h ! !!
1 − cos h sin h
= lim − sin x + cos x
h→0 h h
! !
1 − cos h sin h
= (− sin x) lim + (cos x) lim
h→0 h h→0 h
Notice that the two limits in this last expression are exactly the
limits, so
1 − cos h sin h
lim =0 and lim =1
h→0 h h→0 h
Then
Dx (sin x) = (− sin x) (0) + (cos x) (1) = cos x
Similarly,
cos(x + h) − cos(x)
Dx (cos x) = lim
h→0 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos(x)
= lim
h→0 h ! !!
1 − cos h sin h
= lim − cos x − sin x
h→0 h h
! !
1 − cos h sin h
= (− cos x) lim − (sin x) lim
h→0 h h→0 h
= (− cos x) (0) − (sin x) (1) = − sin x
Exercise
Use the definition of derivative for determine f ′ (x).
1. f (x) = sin(2x)
2. f (x) = sin(3x)
3. f (x) = sin( x2 )
4. f (x) = cos(2x)
5. f (x) = cos(3x)

9
1. Derivative

1.4 Application of Theorem in derivative for trigonometric

function

From definition of derivative, we summarize these results in an

important theorem

Theorem 2

The functions f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cos x are both

differentiable and

f ′ (x) = cos x and g ′ (x) = sin x

Example 5

If f (x) = (2 sin x + cos x)(cos x − sin x), then f ′ (x) = ...

Solution :

f ′ (x) = (2 sin x + cos x)(cos x − sin x) + (2 cos x − sin x)(cos x − sin x)

= 2 sin x cos x − 2 sin2 x + cos2 x − sin x cos x
+ 2 cos2 x − 2 sin x cos x − sin x cos x + sin2 x
= −2 sin2 x + sin2 x + cos2 x + 2 cos2 x
− 2 sin x cos x − sin x cos x
= − sin2 x + 3 cos2 x − 3 sin x cos x

Example 6

If f (x) = 4 sin x + 7 cos x, then f ′ (x) = ...

Solution :

f ′ (x) = 4(cos x) + 7(− sin x) = 4 cos x − 7 sin x

Furthermore, we can develop derivative of basic trigonometry, then

we get

10
 Application of Theorem in derivative for trigonometric function

Theorem 3

1. If f (x) = tan x, then f ′ (x) = sec2 x

2. If f (x) = cot x, then f ′ (x) = − csc2 x
3. If f (x) = sec x, then f ′ (x) = sec x tan x
4. If f (x) = csc x, then f ′ (x) = − csc x cot x

In the next topic, we will discuss about Chain rule.

Theorem 4: Chain Rule

Let y = f (u) and u = g(x). If g is differentiable at x and f

is differentiable at u = g(x) then the composite f og function
defined by (f og)(x) = f (g(x)) is differentiable at x and

(f og)′ (x) = (f (g(x)))′ = f ′ (g(x))g ′ (x)

or
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx

Example 7

dy
Find dx
of the function below
1. y = (2x + 3)6
√ 1
2. y = 3x − 7 = (3x − 7) 2
3. y = sin(4x + 9)
4. y = cos(sin(4x))

Solution

1. We make a substitution and let u = 2x + 3 so that y = u6 . The

11
1. Derivative

chain rule states

dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 6u6−5 (2)
= 12u5 = 12(2x + 3)5

2. Take u = 3x − 7, so we get
dy 1 1 −1
= u 2 (3)
dx 2
3 −1
= u 2
2
3 1
=
2 u 12
3 1
= √
2 u
3
= √
2 3x − 7
3. Take u = 4x + 9, then
dy
= (cos u)(4)
dx
= 4 cos(4x + 9)

4. Exercise !

Exercise
Determine f ′ (x) with formulas.
1. f (x) = (x − 1)4
2. f (x) = (3x + 2)2 (x + 2)
(x−1)
3. f (x) = (2x−1)2
√
4. f (x) = 3x − 7
√ 1
5. f (2x) = 2x + 1 + 2x
− 4x
6. f (x) = cos(3x)
7. f (x) = sin(2x)
8. f (x) = sin( x2 )

12
 Application of Theorem in derivative for trigonometric function

9. f (x) = sin(2x) − cos(3x)

10. f (x) = sin( x4 ) − cos( x2 )
11. f (x) = 23 sin( x4 ) + 45 cos( x2 )
12. f (x) = 3 cos( x4 ) − 54 sin( x5 )
13. f (x) = x2 − 1 + 9
11
sin( x3 )
14. f (x) = sin(x2 − 2x + 5)
15. f (x) = 2 cos(x3 − x2 + 3)
16. f (x) = 52 cos(2x3 − x2 + 1)
17. f (x) = sin4 (3x − 2)
18. f (x) = cos7 (x2 − 2x + 3)
19. f (x) = cos(1 − 2x)6
20. f (x) = 2 sin5 (x2 − 8)
21. f (x) = 23 cos10 (x3 − 2x + 9)
22. f (x) = sin(sin(x))
23. f (x) = sin(cos(x))
24. f (x) = 3 cos(sin(x))
25. f (x) = cos3 (cos(x))
26. f (x) = sin(cos(3x))
27. f (x) = 5 sin(cos(x2 − 3x + 1))
28. f (x) = cos(sin(x2 + 4))
29. f (x) = sin(sin2 (cos(2x))
30. f (x) = sin(cos(sin(cos(x2 − 3)))

13
1. Derivative

1.5 Higher Order Derivative

The operation of differentiation takes a function f and produces a

new function f ′ .If we now differentiate f ′ we produce still another
function, denoted by f ′′ (read “f double prime”) and called the
second derivative of f . It in turn, may be differentiated, thereby
producing f ′′′ which is called the third derivative of f , and so
on. The fourth derivative is denoted f (4) the fifth derivative is
denoted f (5) and so on.
Leibniz’s notation for the second derivative is read the second
derivative of y with respect to x.

Example 8

d4 y
Find dx4
for y = 2x5 + x3 − 7x + 8.

Solution:
dy
= 2 × 5x5−1 + 3x3−1 − 7 + 0 = 10x4 + 3x2 − 7
dx
d2 y
= 40x3 + 6x
dx2
14
 Taylor Expansion

d3 y
3
= 120x2 + 6
dx
d4 y
= 40x
dx4

1.6 Taylor Expansion

Theorem 5

Let be a function with derivatives of all orders in some interval

(a − r, a + r). The Taylor series
1 ′′
f (x) ≈ f (a) + f ′ (a)(x − a) + f (a)(x − a)2
2!
1 ′′′
+ f (a)(x − a)3 + ...
3!
represents the function f on the interval (a − r, a + r) if and
only if

lim Rn (x) = 0
n→∞

where Rn (x) is the remainder in Taylor’s Formula,

1
Rn (x) = f n+1 (x − a)n+1s
(n + 1)!
and c is some point in (a − r, a + r).

Example 9

Determine Taylor expansion of f (x) = sin x neighborhood

x = 0.

For Approximate solution as a exercise !. . Here, we will show

you for interpretation geometry of Taylor Expansion f (x) = sin x
neighborhood x = 0.
Now, you can determine Taylor expansion of f (x) = cos x
neighborhood x = 0.

15
1. Derivative

Exercise
Determine f ′′′ (x) for the function below.
1. f (x) = 22023
2. f (x) = x2 − 8x + 10
3. f (x) = 21 x2 − x3 − 5x + 2
4. f (x) = √1
x
3
5. f (x) = √
x x

6. f (x) = (3x − 7)5

7. f (x) = √1
x−1

8. f (x) = (3x − 2)(5x − 1)

9. f (x) = (3x + 1)2 (x + 2)
x−1
10. f (x) = x+2
11. f (x) = cos(2x)
12. f (x) = 12 cos(3x)
13. f (x) = sin(x)
14. f (x) = 3 sin(4x)
15. f (x) = 47 sin( x2 )

16
 Implicit Derivative

1.7 Implicit Derivative

Consider an expression such as

x2 y − 2xy 2 − 1 = x

It would be quite difficult to re-arrange this so y was given explicitly

as a function of x. We could perhaps, given values of x, use the
expression to work out the values of y and thereby draw a graph.
In general even if this is possible, it will be difficult.
A function given in this way is said to be defined implicitly. In this
unit we study how to differentiate a function given in this form.

Example 10

Suppose we want to differentiate the implicit function

x3 − y 5 + x2 + 3x − 7y + 2 = 0 (1.1)

with respect x.

Solution.
We differentiate each term with respect to x:

d(x3 ) d(y 5 ) d(x2 ) d(3x) d(7y) d(2) d(0)

− + + − + =
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
Differentiating functions of x with respect to x is straightforward.
But when differentiating a function of y with respect to x we must
remember the rule given in the previous keypoint. We find
dy dy
3x2 − 5y 4 + 2x + 3 − 7 +0 = 0
dx dx
dy dy
3x2 + 2x + 3 − 5y 4 −7 = 0
dx dx
dy
3x2 + 2x + 3 − (5y 4 + 7) = 0
dx
dy
3x2 + 2x + 3 = (5y 4 + 7)
dx
2
dy 3x + 2x + 3
=
dx 5y 4 + 7
17
1. Derivative

Lets, we will determine (1.1) derivative respect to y.

d(x3 ) d(y 5 ) d(x2 ) d(3x) d(7y) d(2) d(0)

− + + − + =
dy dy dy dy dy dy dy
dx dx dx
3x2 − 5y 4 + 2x +3 −7+0 = 0
dy dy dy
dx dx dx
−5y 4 − 7 + 3x2 + 2x +3 = 0
dy dy dy
dx
(3x2 + 2x + 3) = 5y 4 + 7
dy
dx 5y 4 + 7
=
dy 3x2 + 2x + 3
Exercise
dy dx
Determine dx
and dy
for the function below.
1. x2 = y
2. y 3 = x2
√ √
3. y = x − 3
4. √3 = y2
x3
1 4
5. 3
x − y3 = 0
6. x + y 2 = 2
2

7. x2 y + xy 2 = y
8. xy 2 + 2x3 y = x
9. y 4 − 2xy 2 + 12 xy 5 = 4y
10. cos(xy 3 − 1) + xy 2 − xy 3 = 1

1.8 Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic

Armed with Theorems, we are now ready to find formulas for the
derivatives of the logarithmic and exponential functions. We begin
with the natural logarithmic function f (x) = ln(x) = log(x) and then
address its inverse, the natural exponential function g(x) = ex .
Since these are inverses of one another, we need only find the
derivative of one; then use the result, along with Theorem, to find
the derivative of the other. These results are given in Theorem.

18
 Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic

Theorem 6

1. If f (x) = ln(x), then f ′ (x) = 1

x

2. If f (x) = ex , then f ′ (x) = ex

Example 11

1. If f (x) = ln(2x), then f ′ (x) = 2

x

2. If f (x) = 2ex , then f ′ (x) = 2ex

3. If f (x) = 4e3x , then f ′ (x) = 4 × 3e3x = 12e3x

Exercise
dy
Determine dx
of the function below.
1. y = 4x
2 −1
2. y = 5x
3. y = e3x
4. y = 2e3x
5. y = 12 e3x
2 −3x+1
6. y = 2ex + 6x
7. y = 3 ln(x)
8. y = log(3x − 1)
9. y = log(x2 − 1)
10. y = 2 log( 12 x3 − 2x + 3) + sin(2x)
11. y = e3x + log(x2 − 3x + 1) + x2 − 1
12. y = 3xx + ex + ln(x2 − 1)
13. y = (x2 − 3)cos x
14. y = ln(sin(2x))
15. y = sin(ln(sin(2x)))

19
Chapter 2

Application of Derivative
Based on the examples and the theory developed, we suggest the
following step-by-step method that can be applied to many practical
optimization problems. Do not follow it slavishly; common sense
may sometimes suggest an alternative approach or omission of
some steps.
1. Draw a picture for the problem and assign appropriate
variables to the important quantities.
2. Write a formula for the objective function Q to be maximized
or minimized in terms of the variables from step 1.
3. Use the conditions of the problem to eliminate all but one of
these variables, and thereby express Q as a function of a
single variable.
4. Find the critical points (end points, stationary points, singular
points).
5. Either substitute the critical values into the objective function or
use the theory from the last section (i.e., the First and Second
Derivative Tests) to determine the maximum or minimum.
In this below, we will explain some of the theorem which use to
solve application of derivative

Theorem 7: Critical Point Theorem

thm:fermat
Let f be defined on an interval I containing the point c. If
f (c) is an extreme value, then c must be a critical point; that
is, either c is
1. an end point of I;
2. a stationary point of f that is, a point where f ′ (c) = 0 or
3. a singular point of f that is, a point where f ′ (c) does not
exist.

21
2. Application of Derivative

There is another test for local maxima and minima that is

sometimes easier to apply than the First Derivative Test. It involves
evaluating the second derivative at the stationary points. It does
not apply to singular points

Theorem 8: Second Derivative Test

thm:fermat
Let f be a function such that f ′ and f ′′ exist at every point
in an open interval (a, b) containing c, and suppose that
f ′ (c) = 0
1. If f ′′ (c) < 0 then f (c) is a local maximum value of f .
2. If f ′′ (c) > 0 then f (c) is a local minimum value of f .

Example 12

For f (x) = 13 x3 − x2 − 3x + 4 use the Second Derivative Test

to identify local extrema.

Solution
Stationery point
f ′ (x) = 0
x2 − 2x − 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x − 3) = 0
x = −1 or x=3
To determine the maximum or minimum value, we will use the
second derivative test
f ′ (x) = x2 − 2x − 3
f ′′ (x) = 2x − 2
So, we have
f ′′ (−1) = 2(−1) − 2 = −2 − 2 = −4 < 0 (maximum)
f ′′ (3) = 2(3) − 2 = 4 > 0 (minimum)
In other words, we get maximum value
1
f (−1) = (−1)3 − (−1)2 − 3(−1) + 4
3
22
 1 2
= − +6=5
3 3

and the minimum value of f is

1 3
f (3) = (3) − (3)2 − 3(3) + 4
3
= 9 − 9 − 9 + 4 = −5

So, the maximum value of f is 5 23 and minimum value of f is −5.

Example 13

Show that a closed right circular cylinder of given surface

has maximum volume if its height equals the diameter of its
base.

Solution
Let S and V denote the surface area and the volume of the closed

right circular cylinder of height h and base radius r then we get

S − 2πr2 h
S = 2πrh + 2πr2 → h =
2πr
23
2. Application of Derivative

and
V = πr2 h !
2 S − 2πr2 h
= πr
2πr
Sr
V (r) = − πr3
2
Stationery point
V ′ (r) = 0
S
− 3πr2 = 0
2
S = 6πr2
So, we have
S = 2πrh + 2πr2
6πr2 = 2πrh + 2πr2
h = 2r
Hence the volume of the right circular cylinder is maximum(second
derivative test) when its height is equal to twice its radius i.e. when
h = 2r.
Example 14

The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of

3 cm/minute and the width y is increasing at the rate of
2 cm/minute. When x = 10 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rates
of change of
1. the perimeter
2. the area of the rectangle.

Solution
Since the length x is decreasing and the width y is increasing with
respect to time, we have
dx dy
= −3 cm/min and = 2 cm/min
dt dt
24
1. The perimeter P of a rectangle is given by

P = 2(x + y)

Therefore
!
dP dx dy
= 2 +
dx dt dt
= 2(−3 + 2) = −2 cm/min

2. The area A of the rectangle is given by

A = xy

Therefore
! !
dA dx dy
= (y) + (x)
dx dt dt
= (−3)(6) + (10)(2) (as x = 10 cm and y = 6 cm)
2
= 2 cm /min

25
2. Application of Derivative

Exercise. Answer the question below !

1. Find the maximum or minimum values, if any, of the following
functions given by
a) f (x) = (2x − 1)2 + 3
b) f (x) = x3 + 1
2. Find the maximum and minimum values of a function

2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 1

3. Find both the maximum value and the minimum value of

3x4 − 8x3 + 12x2 − 48x + 25

4. The sum of two natural numbers x and y is 300. If the product

of x2 y is maximum value, the value of x is ....
5. The shortest distance from the point (4, 1) to the curve y = 12 x2
is ....
6. A function of the relationship between quantities workers with
company profits expressed by f (x) = −2x2 + 240x + 900 with
x the number of workers and f (x) company profits in millions
of rupiah. The company’s maximum profit is achieved when
the number of workers ....
7. A company produces x products at a total cost of (9000 +
1000x + 10x2 ) rupiah. If all of the company’s products are sold
at a price of Rp. 5,000.00 for one product, the maximum profit
that the company can earn ....
8. To produce a unit of goods per day it costs x3 − 450x2 + 37500x
rupiah. Production costs will be minimum if produced per day
....
9. A company produces x units of a good at a cost of 5x2 −10x+30
in thousands of rupiah for each unit. If the goods are sold out
at a price of Rp. 50,000.00 per unit, then the maximum profit
obtained by the company is ....
10. A job can be completed in x days at a cost of (4x − 160 + 2000
x
)
thousand rupiah per day. The minimum cost per day to
complete the work is ....

26
11. Icha will blow up a ball-shaped rubber balloon. It uses a
pump to introduce air at a rate of increase in air volume of 40
cm3 /second. If the speed of increase in the radius of the ball
is 20 cm/sec, then the radius after being blown is ....
12. A box without a lid shown in the figure has a volume of 108
cm3 . For the maximum surface area of the box, the value is ....

27
2. Application of Derivative

13. One rectangular sheet of cardboard measuring 40 cm × 25

cm will be made into a cardboard block without a lid by cutting
each corner x cm (see picture). For maximum block volume,
the height of the cardboard is ....

14. A water container is made of steel plate in the shape of a

half tube (as shown in the picture). The top is open and the
capacity is 125π liters. So that the manufacturing materials are
as economical as possible, the value of h = ... meters.

15. An aquarium has a rectangular base and sides and does not
have a lid. The volume of the aquarium is 4 m3 . The width of
the aquarium base is 1 m. To make the base of the aquarium
it costs IDR 10,000.00 per m2 , while for the sides it costs IDR
5,000.00 per m2 . The minimum cost required to create an
aquarium is ....

28
Chapter 3

Integral
3.1 Antiderivatives

Most of the mathematical operations that we work with come in

inverse pairs: addition and subtraction, multiplication and division,
and exponentiation and root taking. In each case, the second
operation undoes the first, and vice versa. One reason for
our interest in inverse operations is their usefulness in solving
equations. For example, solving involves taking roots. We have
been studying differentiation in this chapter and the previous one.
If we want to solve equations involving derivatives we will need its
inverse, called antidifferentiation or integration.

Definition 2

We call F an antiderivative of f on the interval I if Dx F (x) =

f (x) on I, that is, if F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in I.

We said an antiderivative rather than the antiderivative in our

definition. You will soon see why.

Example 15

Find an antiderivative of the function f (x) = 4x3 on

(−∞, +∞).

Solution:
We seek a function F satisfying F ′ (x) = 4x3 for all real x. From
our experience with differentiation, we know that F (x) = x4 is one
such function.
A moment’s thought will suggest other solutions to Example. The
function F (x) = x4 + 6 also satisfies F ′ (x) = 4x3 it too is an
antiderivative of f (x) = 4x3 . In fact, F (x) = x4 + C where C is
any constant, is an antiderivative of f (x) = 4x3 on (−∞, +∞)(see
Figure 1).

29
3. Integral

Now we pose an important question. Is every antiderivative of

f (x) = 4x3 of the form F (x) = x4 + C ?.
The answer is yes. This follows from Theorem which says that
if two functions have the same derivative, they must differ by a
constant. Our conclusion is this. If a function f has an antideriva-

tive, it will have a whole family of them, and each member of this
family can be obtained from one of them by the addition of an
appropriate constant. We call this family of functions the general
antiderivative of f . After we get used to this notion, we will often
omit the adjective general.

Notation for Antiderivatives. Since we used the symbol Dx

for the operation of taking a derivative, it would be natural to use
Ax for the operation of finding the antiderivative. Thus
1
Ax (x2 ) = x3 + C
3
This is the notation used by several authors and it was, in fact, used
in earlier editions of this book. However, Leibniz’s original notation
continues to enjoy overwhelming popularity, and we therefore
choose
R
to follow him. Rather than Ax , Leibniz used the symbol
... dx He wrote
Z
1
x2 dx = x3 + C
3
30
 Antiderivatives

and

Z
4x3 dx = x4 + C

R
Leibniz chose to use the elongated s, and the dx for reasons that
will not becomeR apparent until the next chapter. For the moment,
simply think of ... dx as indicating the antiderivative with respect
to x, just as Dx indicates the derivative with respect to x. Note that

Z Z
Dx f (x)dx = f (x) and Dx f (x)dx = f (x) + C

Theorem 9: Power Rule of Integral

If r is any real number except (−1) then

Z
1 r+1
xr dx = x +C
r+1

Example 16
4
Find the general antiderivative of f (x) = x 3 .

Solution :

Z
4 1 4 3 7 3 √
x 3 dx = 4 x 3 +1 = x 3 = x2 3 x + C
3
+1 7 7

Other Antiderivative Formulas. At the end of Section 3.10, we

presented a table of derivative formulas. For every derivative
formula, there is a corresponding antiderivative formula. Theorem
B gives a number of the important results. The proofs are easy;
simply differentiate the right side to get the integrand.

31
3. Integral

Theorem 10: Antidifferentiation Formulas

sin x dx = − cos x + C
R
1.
R
2. cos x dx = sin x + C
R 1
3. dx
x
= ln(x) + C
R x
4. e dx = ex + C

Theorem 11: Indefinite Integral a Linear Operator

Let f and g have antiderivatives (indefinite integrals) and let

k be a constant. Then
R R
1. kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx
2. (f (x) ± g(x))dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx
R R R

Example 17

Find the value below

1. (3x2 + 4x)dx
R

2. (x − 1)(2x + 3)dx
R

Solution:
1.
Z Z Z
(3x2 + 4x)dx = (3x2 )dx + 4xdx = x3 + 2x2 + C

2. Simplify form (x − 1)(2x + 3), so we get

Z Z
(x − 1)(2x + 3)dx = (x(2x + 3) − 1(2x + 3))dx
Z
= (2x2 + 3x − 2x − 3)dx
Z Z Z Z
= (2x2 + x − 3)dx = 2x2 dx + xdx − 3dx
2 3 1 2
= x + x − 3x + C
3 2
32
 Riemann Sums

Exercise
1. Evaluate the integral below.
a) x3 dx
R

b) (x2 − 1) dx
R

c) (x3 + 12 x2 − x32 ) dx
R
R
d) x(x + 2) dx
e) x−2 (1 − x) dx
R

f) (x − 1)(x + 1) dx
R
R√
g) x dx
R 3√
h) x x dx
i) √1x dx
R
R 3
j) √
x x
dx
√1 dx
R
k) x
√
R x √x−1
l) x
dx
R 2
x −1
m) x+1
dx
R 2
x +5x+6
n) x+2
dx
R 2x2 −7x+3
o) x−3
dx
2. Evaluate the integrals
a) (π − x)(2 − x2 ) dx
R
R √
b) (x x + 3x − 1) dx
R √
c) ( x + x)(x − 1) dx
R 1

d) x + x7 − x−2 dx
4
(x2 − x 3 − sin x + cos x) dx
R
e)
(e + x−2 − x4 ) dx
R x
f)
R 2 √
g) ( x−5 + x3 x − cos x) dx
R −9
h) (x − 32 x4 + e2x − sin(−2x)) dx
3
i) (x + x− 2 − 1 + sin x csc x) dx
R
R  cos x 5

j) 2
sin x
− 2x + 6 dx

3.2 Riemann Sums

All the preparations have been made; we are ready to define

the definite integral. Both Newton and Leibniz introduced early

33
3. Integral

versions of this concept. However, it was Georg Friedrich Bernhard

Riemann (1826–1866) who gave us the modern definition. In for-
mulating this definition, we are guided by the ideas we discussed
in the previous section. The first notion is that of a Riemann sum.

Riemann Sums. Consider a function f defined on a closed

interval [a, b]. It may have both positive and negative values on
the interval, and it does not even need to be continuous. Its graph
might look something like the one in Figure 1.
Consider a partition P of the interval [a, b] into n subintervals (not

necessarily of equal length) by means of points

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < x3 < ... < xn−1 < xn = b

and let
∆x = xi − xi−1
On each subinterval [xi − xi−1 ] pick an arbitrary point (which may
be an end point); we call it a sample point for the i th subinterval.
An example of these constructions is shown in Figure 2 for n = 6.
We call the sum
n
X
RP = f (x̄1 ) ∆xi
i=1

a Riemann sum for f corresponding to the partition P . Its

geometric interpretation is shown in Figure 3.

34
 Riemann Sums

Example 18

Evaluate the Riemann sum for f (x) = x2 + 1 on the interval

[−1, 2] using the equally spaced partition points −1 < −0.5 <
0 < 0.5 < 1 < 1.5 < 2 with the sample point x̄1 being the
midpoint of the ith subinterval.

Solution

Note the picture in Figure 4. So, we get

35
3. Integral

6
X
RP = f (x̄1 ) ∆xi
i=1
= (f (−0.75) + f (−0.25) + f (0.25) + f (0.75) + f (1.25) + f (1.75)) (0.5)
= [1.5625 + 1.0625 + 1.0625 + 1.5625 + 2.5625 + 4.0625]()10.52)
= 5.9375

From the explanation, so we get the theorem below

Theorem 12

Let f be a function that is defined on the closed interval [a, b].

If
n
X
lim f (x̄i )∆xi
∥P ∥→0
i=1

exists, we say f that is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover

Z b
f (x)dx
a

called the definite integral (or Riemann integral) of f from

a to b, is then given by
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (x̄i )∆xi
a ∥P ∥→0
i=1

36
 Riemann Sums

The properties of integral. If is integrable on an interval

containing the points a, b, and c, then
Ra
1. a f (x)dx = 0
Rb Ra
2. a f (x)dx = − b f (x)dx
Rb Rc Rc
3. a f (x)dx + b f (x)dx = a f (x)dx
with a < b < c.

Theorem 13: First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Let f be continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and let x be

a (variable) point in (a, b). Then
Z x
d

f (t)dt = f (x)
dx a

The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, gives the inverse

relationship between definite integrals and derivatives. Although
it is not yet apparent, this relationship gives us a powerful tool
for evaluating definite integrals. This tool is called the Second
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, and we will apply it much more
often than the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Theorem 14: Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Let f be continuous (hence integrable) on [a, b], and let F be

any antiderivative of on [a, b]. Then
Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
a

37
3. Integral

Exercise

1. Find G′ (x)
a) G(x) = 1x 2t dt
R

b) G(x) = 1x (t2 − t − 6) dt
R

2. Find the result of integral below.

a) 01 (x2 − 1) dx
R

b) 12 (1 − 5x + x2 ) dx
R
R 1 1 2 
c) −1 3 x − x + 9 dx
R2
d) (x − 1)(2x + 7) dx
R1−3
e) (2 − 3x)(x2 − 4) dx
R−2
16 √
f) 1 x dx
R1 √ √
g) 0 ( x − 1)( x + 1) dx
R4√ √ √
h) 0 x( x − 1)( x + 1) dx
R9 3
i) 4
√
2x
dx
R 0 3−√x
j) 1 √x− 3 dx
√
R 10 R3
3. If f (x)dx = 9 and
1 10 f (x)dx = −5, then the value of
R 1
3 f (x)dx = ....

38
 Riemann Sums

In the next topic, we introduced the method of substitution for the

power rule. This rule can be extended to a more general case as
the following theorem shows. An astute reader will see that the
substitution rule is nothing more than the Chain Rule in reverse

Theorem 15: Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals

Let g be a differentiable function and suppose that F is an

antiderivative of f . Then
Z
f (g(x))g ′ (x)dx = F (g(x)) + C

For the next section, we will explain about partial integral. Consider

y = u(x)v(x)

Derivative
dy du(x) dv(x)
= v(x) + u(x)
dx dx dx
On the next step, we can integral on the other side respect to x,
then we get
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

So, the last equation, namely is partial integral.

39
3. Integral

Exercise
Use the substitution method for determine Integrals below.
7x6 (x7 − 1)2 dx
R
1.
10x4 (x5 − 8)7 dx
R
2.
x6 (2x7 − 11)4 dx
R
3.
R 2 3
4. 5
x (2x4 − 11)9 dx
5. (14x − 1)(2x7 − x)2 dx
R

6. (12x2 − 10)(2x3 − 5x)3 dx

R
R1 2
7. 0 (2x − 1)(x − x + 2)2 dx
R2 2x+3
8. 1 (x2 +3x−10)9 dx
R4 2x+3
9. 1 (x2 +3x−10)−10 dx
R1√
10. 2x + 9 dx
0
R9 √
11. 4 2x x2 − 3 dx
√
12. 01 (3x2 − 9) x3 − 9x + 3 dx
R

sin x cos6 x dx
R
13.
sin8 x cos x dx
R
14.
sin x cos−7 x dx
R
15.
sin 2x cos9 2x dx
R
16.
sin 6x cos−8 3x dx
R
17.
Rπ √
18. −2 π cos x sin7 x dx
2
Rπ
19. 0 x sin(x2 − 5) dx
Rπ 2 q
20. x sin(x3
0 − 4) cos9 (x3 − 4) dx

40
 Riemann Sums

Exercise
Find the result of partial integral below.
x(x − 1)3 dx
R
1.
x(2x − 1)4 dx
R
2.
2x(1 − 3x)3 dx
R
3.
4x(1 − 3x)−5 dx
R
4.
√
5. x 3 − 5x dx
R
√
6. 3x 6x − 1 dx
R
R
7. x sin x dx
R
8. 2x cos x dx
R 1
9. 2
x sin 3x dx
R 2
10. x sin 2x dx
x3 sin x dx
R
11.
R x
12. e sin x dx
2
R
13. xe x dx
x2 ex dx
R
14.
x3 ex dx
R
15.

41
Chapter 4

Application of Integral
4.1 Area

We consider the following extension of the area problem.

Theorem 16

Suppose that f and g are continuous functions on an interval

[a, b] and
f (x) ≥ g(x) for a≤x≤b
[This means that the curve y = f (x) lies above the curve
y = g(x) and that the two can touch but not cross].
Find the area A of the region bounded above by y = f (x),
below by y = g(x), and on the sides by the lines x = a and
x = b (Figure 6.1.3a).

The consequence of the theorem above is area formula below

43
4. Application of Integral

Theorem 17

If f and g are continuous functions on the interval [a, b], and

if f (x) ≥ g(x) for all x in [a, b], then the area of the region
bounded above by y = f (x), below by y = g(x), on the left
by the line x = a, and on the right by the line x = b is
Z b
A= (f (x) − g(x))dx
a

Example 19

Find the area of the region bounded above by y = x + 6,

bounded below by y = x2 , and bounded on the sides by the
lines x = 0 and x = 2.

Solution as Exercise !.

Theorem 18

If w and v are continuous functions and if w(y) ≥ v(y) for

all y in [c, d], then the area of the region bounded on the left
by x = v(y), on the right by x = w(y), below by y = c, and
above by y = d is
Z d
A= (w(y) − v(y))dy
c

44
 Area

Example 20

Find the area of the region enclosed by x = y 2 and y = x2,

integrating with respect to y.

Solution as Exercise !.

Exercise
1. Find the area of the shaded region

2. Sketch the region bounded by the graphs of the given

equations, show a typical slice, set up an integral, and
calculate the area of the region.
a) y = x between x = 0 and x = 2
b) y = x + 1 between x = −1 and x = 2
c) y = x − 1 between x = −2 and x = 2
d) y = 2x − 3 between x = 0 and x = 3
e) y = x2 between x = 0 and x = 3
f) y = x2 − 1 between x = −2 and x = 5
g) y = x2 + 3 between x = 0 and x = 6
h) y = (x − 1)(x − 3) and y = x
i) y = x + 1 and y = x2 − 3
√
j) y = x and y = x2

45
4. Application of Integral

√
k) y = x and y = −x + 6
l) x = y 2 − 1 and x + y − 2 = 0
1
3. Consider the curve y = x2
for 1 ≤ x ≤ 6
a) Calculate the area under this curve.
b) Determine c so that the line x = c bisects the area of part
(a).
c) Determine d so that the line y = d bisects the area of part
(a).

4.2 Volume

Let S be a solid that extends along the x-axis and is bounded on the
left and right, respectively, by the planes that are perpendicular to
the x-axis at x = a and x = b (Figure 6.2.5). Find the volume
V of the solid, assuming that its cross-sectional area A(x) is
known at each x in the interval [a, b]. To solve this problem we

begin by dividing the interval [a, b] into n subintervals, thereby

dividing the solid into n slabs as shown in the left part of Figure
6.2.6. If we assume that the width of the k th subinterval is ∆xk ,
then the volume of the k th slab can be approximated by the
volume A(xk )∆xk of a right cylinder of width (height) ∆xk and cross-
sectional area A(xk ) , where x∗k is a point in the kth subinterval (see
the right part of Figure 6.2.6). Adding these approximations yields

46
 Volume

the following Riemann sum that approximates the volume V :

n
A(x∗k )∆xk
X
V ≈
k=1

Taking the limit as n increases and the widths of all the subintervals
approach zero yields the definite integral
n Z b
A(x∗k )∆xk
X
V ≈ lim = A(x)dx
max ∆xk →0 a
k=1

VOLUMES BY DISKS PERPENDICULAR TO THE x-AXIS.

Let f be continuous and nonnegative on [a, b], and let R be the
region that is bounded above by y = f (x), below by the x-axis, and
on the sides by the lines x = a and x = b (Figure 6.2.9a). Find the
volume of the solid of revolution that is generated by revolving the
region R about the x-axis. We can solve this problem by slicing.
For this purpose, observe that the cross section of the solid taken
perpendicular to the x-axis at the point x is a circular disk of radius
f (x) (Figure 6.2.9b). The area of this region is
A(x) = π(f (x))2
So, we get volume
Z b
V = π(f (x))2 dx
a

47
4. Application of Integral

Futhermore, if we have f (x) ≥ g(x), then the volume of solid is

Z b
V = π((f (x))2 − (g(x))2 )dx
a

Example 21

Find the volume of the√solid that is obtained when the region

under the curve y = x over the interval [1, 4] is revolved
about the x-axis.

Solution as Exercise !.

Example 22

Find the volume of the solid generated when the region

between the graphs of the equations f (x) = 12 + x2 and
g(x) = x over the interval [0, 2] is revolved about the x-axis.

Solution as Exercise !.
The same method for determine volume of one and two function if
rotated y-axis, so we get
Z d
π(u(y))2 dy
c

48
 Volume

and
Z d
V = π((w(y))2 − (v(y))2 )dy
c

Exercise
Use the slicing method to find the volume of the solid of revolution
bounded by the graphs.
1. y = x − 1, x = −2 and x = 3 and rotated about the x-axis
2. y = x + 2, x = −1 and x = 3 and rotated about the y-axis
3. 2y = x − 1, x = 0 and x = 2 and rotated about the x-axis
4. 3y = 3x + 5, x = −1 and x = 3 and rotated about the y-axis
5. f (x) = x2 − 3, x = 0, and x = 4, and rotated about the x -axis.
6. f (x) = (x − 2)2 , x = 0, and x = 4, and rotated about the x
-axis.
7. f (x) = (x + 1)2 − 3, x = 0, and x = 4, and rotated about the y
-axis.
8. f (x) = x2 − 5x, x = −1, and x = 4, and rotated about the y
-axis.
9. f (x) = x2 − 5x + 6, x = 1, and x = 4, and rotated about the y
-axis.
√
10. y = x − 2, x = 1, and x = 4, and rotated about the y -axis.

49
Bibliography
[1] Dale Varberg, Edwin J. Purcell and Steve E. Rigdon. 2006.
Calculus, ninth Ed.Pearson Education Limited.
[2] Anton, Divens and Davis . 2012. Calculus, 10th Edition.JOHN
WILEY SONS, INC.
[3] https://web.auburn.edu/holmerr/1617/Textbook/defnofderiv-
screen.pdf
[4] https://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/uploaded/mc-ty-
implicit-2009-1.pdf
[5] https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lemh106.pdf
[6] https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SrSec311NEW/311_
Maths_Eng/311_Maths_Eng_Lesson29.pdf

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