C 05 Further Differentiation and Applications

5 Further differentiation and
applications
5.1 Overview
Differential calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis concerned with determining how a change in one
variable will affect another related variable. Calculus is the study of change, the slopes of curves, and the
rate of change between two variables. It is generally thought that Sir Isaac Newton, in England, and
Gottfried Leibniz, in Germany, independently discovered calculus in the mid 17th century. Both of them
were building on earlier studies of motion and areas: Newton was investigating the laws of motion and
gravity as well as geometry, whereas Leibniz was focused on understanding tangents to curves. Although
Leibniz was the first to publish his results, controversy remained between the two as to who invented the
notation which is still used today.
Although early study of differential calculus involved ratios and geometry, during the 18th century it
became more algebraic in nature. Today, calculus is used in many different areas. In economics and
commerce, examples of rates of change include marginal costs, the increase or decrease in production costs
if another unit is produced, and predictions on the stock market. In science, the rate of growth of bacteria or
the rate of decay of a substance can be expressed as a differential equation. In engineering, optimisation —
determining the value of one variable that would either maximise or minimise a related variable — is used
extensively along with graphing curves.
Sir Isaac Newton Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

(1643–1727) (1646–1716)
LEARNING SEQUENCE
5.1 Overview
5.2 The chain rule
5.3 The product rule
5.4 The quotient rule
5.5 Applications of differentiation
5.6 Review: exam practice
Fully worked solutions for this chapter are available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at
www.jacplus.com.au.
156 Jacaranda Maths Quest 12 Mathematical Methods Units 3 & 4 for Queensland
5.2 The chain rule
5.2.1 Composite functions
A composite function, also known as a function of a function, consists of two or more functions nested
Consider g(x) = x4 and h(x) = 2x + 1. If f (x) = g(h(x)), then:

within each other.
f (x) = g(2x + 1)
= (2x + 1)4
The function f (x) can be differentiated if it is expanded.
f (x) = 16x4 + 32x3 + 24x2 + 8x + 1

f ′ (x) = 64x3 + 96x2 + 48x + 8
= 8(8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1)
= 8(2x + 1)3
The chain rule allows us to reach this same outcome without having to expand. The chain rule also allows
us to differentiate composite functions that we cannot expand.
In complex functions, the chain rule may need to be applied more than once. For an example of this, see
Worked example 3.
5.2.2 The chain rule
If y = f (g(x)),
The chain rule
= f ′ (g(x)) × g′ (x)
dy
Alternatively, if y = f (u) and u = g(x),

dx
= ×
dy dy du
dx du dx
5.2.3 Proof of the chain rule

If f (x) = m(n(x)),
The proof of the chain rule is as follows.
then f (x + h) = m(n(x + h)).

f (x + h) − f (x) m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x))
Therefore, = .
Multiply the numerator and the denominator by n(x + h) − n(x), as it is expected that at some stage n′ (x)
h h
will appear somewhere in the rule.
CHAPTER 5 Further differentiation and applications 157

f (x + h) − f (x) n(x + h) − n(x) m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x))
= ×
h h n(x + h) − n(x)
m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x)) n(x + h) − n(x)
f (x) = lim
′
×
n(x + h) − n(x)
[ ]
h
m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x)) n(x + h) − n(x)
h→0
= lim × lim
n(x + h) − n(x)
[ ] [ ]
h→0 h→0 h
n(x + h) − n(x)
By definition, n′ (x) = lim . Also, if we let n(x) = A and n(x + h) = A + B, then
n(x + h) − n(x) = A + B − A, so that
h→0 h
m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x)) m(A + B) − n(A)

=
n(x + h) − n(x)
.
B
Also, as h → 0, B → 0.
m(A + B) − m(A)
Consequently, lim = m′ (A).
m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x))

B→0 B
= m′ (n(x)).
n(x + h) − n(x)
[ ]
Therefore, lim
h→0
Bringing this all together, we can see that
The derivative of f(x) = m(n(x))

If f (x) = m (n (x)),
f ′ (x) = m′ (n (x)) × n′ (x).
Using Leibnitz notation, this becomes
= × , where y = f (u) and u is a function of x.

dy dy du
Consider again y = f (x) = (2x + 1)4 . The chain rule can be used to find the derivative of this function.
dx du dx
Let u = 2x + 1. ∴ =2
du
dx
Also let y = u4 . ∴ = 4u3 .
dy
du
= ×
dy dy du
= 4u3 × 2
dx du dx
By the chain rule,
= 8u3
Since u = 2x + 1, = 8(2x + 1)3 .

dy
dx
WORKED EXAMPLE 1
Use the chain rule to determine the derivative of y = (x2 + 3x + 5)7 .
y = (x2 + 3x + 5)7
THINK WRITE
y = u7 and u = x2 + 3x + 5
1. Write the function to be derived.
2. Let u equal the inner function and rewrite.
= 7u6 and = 2x + 3
dy du dy du
3. Differentiate to determine and .
du dx du dx
= ×
dy dy du
4. Apply the chain rule.
dx du dx
= 7u6 × (2x + 3)
dy
dx
= 7(2x + 3)(x2 + 3x + 5)6
dy
5. Substitute for u and simplify.
dx
WORKED EXAMPLE 2
for the function y = (4x − 7) 3 .

dy 2
Determine
dx
y = (4x − 7) 3
THINK WRITE
2
Write the function to be derived.
y = u 3 and u = 4x − 7
1.
2
2. Let u equal the inner function and rewrite.
2 −1
= u 3 and =4
dy du dy du
3. Differentiate to determine and .
du dx du 3 dx
= ×
dy dy du
dx du dx
dy 2 −1
= u3 ×4
dx 3
= √
dy
dx 3 4x − 7
8
5. Substitute for u and simplify. 3
WORKED EXAMPLE 3
Determine the derivative of y = cos2 (e2x ).

b. Evaluate the derivative when x = 0, giving your answer correct to 4 decimal places.
a.
y = cos2 (e2x )
THINK WRITE
y = [cos(e2x )] 2
a. 1. Write the function to be derived.
2. Let u equal the inner function. y = u2 and u = cos(e2x )

= − sin(e2x ) × 2e2x
du
3. Use the chain rule to differentiate this inner
dx
= −2e2x sin(e2x )
function.
du
y = u2
dx
4. Consider the outer function.
= 2u
dy
5. Differentiate.
du
= ×
dy dy du
dx du dx
= 2u(−2e2x sin(e2x ))
dy
dx
= −4e2x cos(e2x ) sin(e2x )
dy
7. Substitute for u and simplify
dx
Substitute x = 0 into = −4e0 cos(e0 ) sin(e0 )

dy dy
b. 1. .
dx dx
= −4 cos(1) sin(1)
dy
dx
= −1.81859485
dy
dx
= −1.8186 to 4 decimal places.
dy
2. Answer the question.
dx
Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 4 Concept 1 The chain rule Summary screen and practice questions
Exercise 5.2 The chain rule

Technology free
Differentiate each of the following functions.
a. y = (5x − 4)3 b. y = 3x + 1 y=
1. WE1
(2x + 3)4
√ 1
c.
y= y = (5x + 3)−6 y = (4 − 3x) 3

7 − 4x
1 4
d. e. f.
dy
2. WE2 Determine for each of the following functions.
y = (3x + 2)2 y = (7 − x)3 y=

dx
2x − 5
1
a. b. c.
y= e. y = 5x + 2 f. y = √
(4 − 2x)4 3x − 2
1 √ 3
d.
3. Determine the derivatives of the following functions.
a. f (x) = (4 − 3x)5 b. y = 3x2 − 4 f (x) = (x2 − 4x) 3

√ 1
c.
d. g(x) = (2x + x) −2
e. g(x) = x − y = (x2 − 3x)−1
)6
1
(
3
f.
x
y = sin2 (x) b. y = ecos(3x)
4. WE3 Use the chain rule to determine the derivatives of the following.
𝜋
a.
5. If y = sin (x), determine the exact value of when x = .

3 dy
dx 3
g(x) = 3(x2 + 1)−1 b. g(x) = ecos(x) c. g(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2

6. Determine the derivatives of the following functions.
√
a.
d. g(x) = e. f (x) = x2 − 4x + 5
1 √
sin2 (x)
Simplify each of the following functions and use the chain rule to determine g′ (x).
6x − 5 x +2
7.
a. g (x) = b. g (x) = √
)3
6x − 5
√ ( 2
x2 + 2
For each of the following functions, use the chain rule to determine f ′ (x).
)−2
8.
a. f (x) = 3 cos(x − 1) b. f (x) = 5e 3x −1

c. f (x) = x −
2
(
2
2 3
2−x
x2
d. f (x) = e. f (x) = cos3 (2x + 1)

2−x
√
𝜋
If f (x) = e ′
( )
2
sin (x)
9. , determine f .
4
10. Differentiate the following functions and hence determine the gradients at the given x-values.
a. f (x) = (2 − x) ; determine f
−2 ′ 1
b. f (x) = e2x ; determine f ′ (−1).
( )
2
.
𝜋
2
c. f (x) = (3x − 2) ; determine f (1). ′
d. f (x) = (cos(3x) − 1) ; determine f ′
( )
3 5
√
2 4 .
If f (x) = sin2 (2x), determine the points where f ′ (x) = 0 for x ∈ [0, 𝜋].
2
11.
MC If y = e
3 cos(5x) dy
12. , then is:
B. −15 sin(5x)e3 cos(5x)
dx
D. −15 cos(5x)e−3 sin(5x)

A. 15 sin(5x)e3 cos(5x)
C. e−15 sin(5x)
MC If y = sin (5x), then

2 dy
is:
B. −2 sin(5x) cos(5x)
13.
dx
C. −10 sin(5x) cos(5x)

A. 2 sin(5x)
MC Let f : R → R be a differentiable function. For all real values of x, the derivative of f (e ) with
D. 10 sin(5x) cos(5x)
4x
14.
A. 4e4x f ′ (x) B. e4x f ′ (x)

respect to x will be:
4x ′ 4x
C. 4e f (e ) D. 4f ′ (e4x )
For y = 7 − 2f(x),
√ dy
15. is equal to:
2f ′ (x) −1
dx
7 − 2f(x) 2 7 − 2f(x)
A. √ B. √
−f ′ (x)
7 − 2f ′ (x)
7 − 2f ′ (x)
1√
C. D. √
2
a. If the function f has a rule f (x) = x√ 2 − 1 and the function g has the rule g(x) = x + 3, calculate the
integers m and n such that f(g(x)) = (x + m)(x + n).

√
16.
b. If h(x) = f (g(x)), determine h′ (x).

5.3 The product rule
5.3.1 Differentiation using the product rule
Many functions are the product of two or more functions, such as f (x) = x sin(x) or y = e2x (3x + 1). See
Worked example 4.
To differentiate such functions, the product rule is applied.
If y = f (x) × g (x)
The product rule
= f (x) × g′ (x) + g (x) × f ′ (x)

dy
dx
If y = uv
or
= u× +v×
dy dv du
dx dx dx
5.3.2 Proof of the product rule

Let f (x) = u(x)v(x)
so f (x + h) = u(x + h)v(x + h).
f (x + h) − f (x) u(x + h)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x)

=
h h
Add and subtract u(x)v(x + h), as it is expected that at some stage v′ (x) will appear somewhere in the rule.
f (x + h) − f(x) u(x + h)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x + h) + u(x)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x)

=
[u(x + h) − u(x)]v(x + h) + u(x)[v(x + h) − v(x)]
h h
=
+ −
h
f ′ (x) = lim
f(x h) f(x)
[u(x + h) − u(x)]v(x + h) + u(x)[v(x + h) − v(x)]

h
= lim
h→0
u(x + h) − u(x) v(x + h) − v(x)

h→0 h
= lim × v(x + h) + lim × u(x)
[ ] [ ]
u(x + h) − u(x) v(x + h) − v(x)

h h
= lim × lim v(x + h) + lim × lim u(x)
h→0 h→0
= u (x)v(x) + v (x)u(x)
h h
′ ′
h→0 h→0 h→0 h→0
= u(x)v′ (x) + v(x)u′ (x)

Using Leibnitz notation, if y = uv,
=u +v .
dy dv du
dx dx dx
WORKED EXAMPLE 4
f (x) = x sin (x)

Differentiate the following functions.
b. y = e2x (3x + 1)
a.
f (x) = x sin(x)
THINK WRITE
u = x and v = sin(x)
a. 1. Define u and v as functions of x.
= 1 and = cos(x)
du dv
2. Differentiate with respect to x.
dx dx
=u× +v×
dy dv du
3. Apply the product rule and simplify.
dx dx dx
= x × cos(x) + sin(x) × 1
dy
dx
= x cos(x) + sin(x)
dy
y = e2x (3x + 1)
dx
u = e2x and v = (3x + 1)

b. 1. Define u and v as functions of x.
= 2e2x and =3
du dv
dx dx
=u× +v×
dy dv du
3. Apply the product rule and simplify.
dx dx dx
= e2x × 3 + (3x + 1) × 2e2x

dy
dx
= 3e2x + 6xe2x + 2e2x

dy
dx
= e2x (6x + 5)
dy
dx
WORKED EXAMPLE 5
The graph of f : R → R, f (x) = x2 ex is shown. Using

calculus, determine the coordinates where f ′(x) = 0.
y
y = x2ex
0 x
f (x) = x2 ex
THINK WRITE
Let u(x) = x2 and v(x) = ex .

1. Define u and v as functions of x.
u′(x) = 2x
v′(x) = ex
2. Differentiate u and v with respect to x.

Apply the product rule to determine f ′ (x). f ′(x) = u(x)v′(x) + v(x)u′(x)
= x2 × ex + ex × 2x
3.
= x2 ex + 2xex
Solve f ′(x) = 0. x2 ex + 2xex = 0
ex x(x + 2) = 0
4.
ex > 0 for all values of x.

Either x = 0 or x + 2 = 0.
∴ x = 0, –2
When x = −2,
y = (−2)2 e−2
5. Substitute the x-values to determine the
corresponding y-values.
= 4e−2
When x = 0,
y = (0)2 e0
=0
zero are (0, 0) and (−2, 4e−2 ).

6. Write the answer. The coordinates where the gradient is
Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 4 Concept 2 The product rule Summary screen and practice questions
Exercise 5.3 The product rule

Technology free
f (x) = sin(3x) cos(3x) b. f (x) = x2 e3x c. f (x) = (x2 + 3x − 5)e5x

1. WE4 For each of the following functions, determine the derivative function.
a.
dy
2. Determine for the following functions.
a. y = x2 (x + 1) b. y = x3 (2x − 1) c. y = (4x + 1) (3x − 2)

dx
5 4 3 5
a. f (x) = (x + 1) b. f (x) = x x + 1 c. f (x) = e4x x

3. Determine the derived functions for the following.
5
√ √ √
x
b. x−2 (2x + 1)3 d. 2 x(4 − x)

4. Differentiate the following.
a. x2 e5x
√
c. x cos(x)
b. e2x 4x2 − 1 d. (x − 1)4 (3 − x)−2

a. 3x−2 ex
𝜋
2
3
√
c. x2 sin (2x)
If f (x) = 2x4 cos(2x), determine f ′

( )
6. .
WE5 Given the function f (x) = (x + 1) sin(x), determine f ′ (x) and hence determine the gradient of the
2
function when x = 0.
7.
8. Given f (x) = 2x2 (1 − x)3 , use calculus to determine the coordinates where f ′ (x) = 0.
The graph of f: R+ → R, f (x) = e− 2 sin(x) is shown.
x
a. Calculate the values of x when f (x) = 0 for x ∈ [0, 3𝜋].

9. y
f ′ (x) = 0 for x ∈ [0, 3𝜋]. Give your answers correct to

b. Use calculus to determine the values of x when
2 decimal places.
0 x
10. Determine the derivative of the following functions and hence 2 4 6 8 10 12
a. f (x) = xex ; determine f ′ (−1).

determine the gradients at the given points.
b. f (x) = x(x2 + x)4 ; determine f ′ (1).

c. f (x) = x sin (2x2 ); determine f ′ ( 𝜋).
MC If f (x) = (x − a) g(x), the derivative of f (x) is equal to:
2
√ √
A. 3(x − a)g′ (x) B. 3(x − a)2 g′ (x)

3
11.
′
D. 3(x − a)2 g(x) + (x − a)3 g′ (x)
MC The derivative of 12p(1 − p) with respect to p is equal to:
C. 3g (x)
A. 96p(1 − p)8 B. −96p(1 − p)8

8
12.
C. 12(1 − p) (1 − 9p) D. 12(1 − p)8 (1 − 9p)

𝜋
7
MC Let y = 2x sin(x). The derivative when x =

3 dy
13. is:
𝜋2
dx 2
3𝜋 2 3𝜋
A. B. 4𝜋 2 C. D.
Evaluate f (2a) if f (x) = (x − a) g (x), given g (2a) = 6 and g (2a) = 3.

′ ′
2 2 2
′ 𝜋
2
14.
If f (x) = g(x) sin(2x) and f = −3𝜋, calculate the constant a if g(x) = ax2 .
( )
15.
2
5.4 The quotient rule

5.4.1 Differentiation using the quotient rule
When one function is divided by a second function, such as f (x) = =
x2 + 1
x ex
or y , we have the
cos(x)
quotient of the two functions. To differentiate such functions, the quotient rule is applied. See Worked
example 6.
5x2 − 2x
Before applying the quotient rule, always check if the function can be first simplified. For example,
y= 3
can be simplified to y = 5x−1 − 2x−2 and differentiated by the basic differentiation rule.
x
The quotient rule
If y = where g(x) ≠ 0,
f(x)
g(x) × f ′ (x) − f(x) × g′ (x)

g(x)
=
dy
.
dx [g(x)]2
If y = where v(x) ≠ 0,
or
u
v× −u×
v
= .
du dv
dy dx dx
dx v2

5.4.2 Proof of the quotient rule
This rule can be proven as follows by using the product rule.
If f(x) = , then f(x) = u(x) × [v(x)]−1 .
u(x)
f ′ (x) = u(x) × −1 × [v(x)]−2 × v′ (x) + [v(x)]−1 × u′ (x)

v(x)
u(x)v′ (x) u′ (x)

=− +
[v(x)]2 [v(x)]
u′ (x)v(x) u(x)v′ (x)
= −
v(x)u′ (x) − u(x)v′ (x)

[v(x)]2 [v(x)]2
=
[v(x)]2
− u dv
In Leibnitz notation, the quotient rule states that if y = , then =
u dy v du
dx dx
2
.
v dx v
WORKED EXAMPLE 6
Determine the derivatives of the following functions.
a. f (x) = b. y =
x2 + 1
x ex
cos (x)
f(x) =
THINK WRITE
x +1
x
a. 1. Define u and v as functions of x. 2
u = x and v = x2 + 1
= 1 and = 2x
du dv
v × du − u × dv
dx dx
=
dy dx dx
3. Apply the quotient rule and simplify.
(x2 + 1) × 1 − x × 2x
dx v2
=
(x2 + 1)2
dy
1 − x2
dx
= 2
(x + 1)2
dy
dx
y=
ex
b. 1. Define u and v as functions of x.
u = ex and v = cos(x)
cos(x)
= ex and = −sin(x)
du dv
dy v × dx − u × dx
dx dx
=
du dv
3. Apply the quotient rule and simplify.
dy cos(x) × ex − ex × (− sin(x))
dx v2
dy ex (cos(x) + sin(x))
dx (cos(x))2
4. Factorise the numerator. =

dx cos2 (x)
WORKED EXAMPLE 7
Determine the derivative of y =

sin (2t)
with respect to t.
t2
y=
THINK WRITE
sin(2t)
1. Define u and v as functions of t.
Let u = sin(2t) and v = t2 .
t2
= 2 cos(2t)
du
2. Differentiate u and v with respect to t.
dt
= 2t
dv
dy v dt − u dt
dt
=
du dv
dy
3. Apply the quotient rule to determine and
t2 2 cos(2t) − sin(2t) × 2t
dt dt v2
=
simplify.
2t(t cos(2t) − sin(2t))

(t2 )2
=
2(t cos(2t) − sin(2t))
t4
=
t3
WORKED EXAMPLE 8
Determine the derivative of f (x) =

2ex − x
cos (3x)
and hence determine the gradient at the point where
x = 0.
f(x) =
THINK WRITE
2ex − x
cos(3x)
Define u and v as functions of x.
Let u(x) = cos(3x) and v(x) = 2ex − x.
1.
u′(x) = −3 sin(3x)
v′(x) = 2ex − 1
v(x)u′(x) − u(x)v′(x)
f ′(x) =
dy
3. Apply the quotient rule to determine
(2e − x) × −3 sin(3x) − cos(3x) × (2ex − 1)
dx v2
=
and simplify.
(2ex − x)2
x
−3(2e − x) sin(3x) − (2ex − 1) cos(3x)

=
(2ex − x)2
x
−3(2e0 − 0) sin(0) − (2e0 − 1) cos(0)

Evaluate f ′(0). f ′(0) =
(2e0 − 0)2
4.
0−1
=
4
=−
1
4

5.4.3 The derivative of tan(x)
To determine a rule for the derivative of the tangent function, we can write tan(x) =
sin(x)
and apply the
cos(x)
Let u = sin(x) and v = cos(x).

quotient rule.
= cos(x) and = −sin(x).

du dv
dx dx
(tan(x)) =
d d sin(x)
( )
By the quotient rule,
− u dv
dx dx cos(x)
=
v du
dx dx
cos(x) × cos(x) − sin(x) × − sin(x)

2
v
=
cos2 (x) + sin2 (x)

(cos(x))2
=
cos2 (x)
=
1
(by the Pythagorean identity)
cos2 (x)
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
Find the derivative of y = tan (3x).
y = tan(3x)
THINK WRITE
Write the equation.
Let u = 3x so = 3.
1
du du
2 Express u as a function of x and find .
y = tan(u) so =
dx dx
dy dy 1
3 Express y as a function of u and find . .
=
du du cos2 (u)
dy dy 3
4 Find using the chain rule.
dx dx cos2 (u)
=
3
2
cos (3x)
Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 4 Concept 3 The quotient rule Summary screen and practice questions
Exercise 5.4 The quotient rule
x+3
Technology free
1. WE6 If y = is expressed as y = , determine:

x+7
u
v
du dv dy
a. u and v b. and c.
x2 + 2x
dx dx dx
2. If f(x) = is expressed as f(x) = , determine:
5−x
u
v
f ′ (x)
du dv
a. u and v b. and c.
dx dx
x2 + 7x + 6 4x − 7
3. Determine the derivative of each of the following.
a. y = b. y = f(x) =
x2 − 4 3x + 2 10 − 3x
2x
c.
8 − 3x2
4. MC If h(x) = , then h′ (x) equals:
8 − 9x2 −3x2 + 8 −3x2 − 8 −3x2 + 8
x
A. B. C. D.
x2 x2 x2 x
5. WE7 Use the quotient rule to determine the derivatives of:
e +1
e2x cos(3t)
x+1
a. b.
x
t3
x −1
6. Determine the derivative of 2 .
WE8 If y = , determine the gradient of the function at the point where x = 0.

sin(x)
7.
If y = 2 , calculate the gradient of the function at the point where x = 1.

e2x
x +4
5x
8.
3x − 1
e−x
a. y = b. y =
2x2 − 3 cos(2x + 1) x−1
sin2 (x2 ) ex
c. d.
x
(5 − x)2 x − 4x2
b. f(x) = √ c. f(x) = d. y =
x+2
√
sin(x) 3 x
5−x
a. √ √
x 2 x
−3x
11. WE9 Differentiate each of the following.
a. y = tan(2x) b. y = tan(−4x) c. y = tan d. y = tan

x
( ) ( )
5 4
sin(2x + 𝜋) 𝜋
12. Calculate the gradient at the stated point for each of the following functions.
a. y = ,x=1 b. y = ,x=
x +1 cos(2x + 𝜋)
2x
x+1 5−x
2 2
c. y = √ ,x=5 d. y = ,x=0
2
3x + 1 ex
Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve with equation y = at the point where x = 1.
2x
(3x + 1) 2
13.
3
d 1 + cos(x) −2 sin(x)
=−
dx 1 − cos(x) (cos(x) − 1)2
( )
14. Show that .

=
d sin(x) 1
( )
15. a. Show that .
𝜋
Hence, determine the gradient of the curve y = tan(x) at the point where x = .
dx cos(x) cos2 (x)
b.
2x − 1
4
16. Given that f(x) = √ , calculate m such that f ′ (m) = √ .

√
2x + 1
2
5 15
5.5 Applications of differentiation

• finding tangents to curves at specific points
Differentiation can be applied to many different situations. These include:
• curve sketching
• optimisation — finding where maximum or minimum values occur within given constraints
• kinematics, the study of motion
• rates of change — investigating how a change in one variable affects another related variable.
This section introduces some of these concepts. Chapter 8 covers these situations in more detail.
The various rules of differentiation may have to be used first before an application problem can be solved.
5.5.1 Tangents and curve sketching

The derivative of a function gives the gradient of the tangent to the curve at any point.
The derivative also shows whether the function has a stationary point, or, as x increases, if the function is
• If = 0, the function has a stationary point.

increasing or decreasing.
dy
• If > 0, the function is increasing.

dx
dy
• If < 0, the function is decreasing.

dx
dy
dx
Identifying stationary points provides information that assists curve sketching.
• local minimum turning points

Stationary points are classified as:
• local maximum turning points

• stationary points of inflection (or horizontal points of inflection).
The nature of a stationary point is determined by examining the slope of the tangent to the curve
immediately before and after the stationary point.
The word ‘local’ means that the point is a minimum or maximum in a particular locality or
neighbourhood. Beyond this section of the graph, there could be other points on the graph that are lower
than the local minimum or higher than the local maximum.
The nature of a stationary point is summarised in the following table.
Minimum turning point Maximum turning point Stationary point of inflection
Stationary point
or
Slope of tangent
or
WORKED EXAMPLE 10
Given that y = e2x (x + 1)2 , evaluate

dy
and hence determine the equation of the tangent to the
dx
curve at the point (0, 1).
y = e2x (x + 1)2
THINK WRITE
Let u = e2x and v = (x + 1)2 .

1. Define u and v as functions of x.
= 2e2x
du
dx
= 2(x + 1)
dv
dx
=u +v
dy dy dv du
3. Apply the product rule to determine and
dx dx dx dx
= e2x × 2(x + 1) + (x + 1)2 × 2e2x
simplify. dy
= 2e2x (x + 1) + 2e2x (x + 1)2

dx
= 2e2x (x + 1)(1 + x + 1)
= 2e2x (x + 1)(x + 2)
when x = 0. When x = 0, then
dy
= 2e0 (0 + 1)(0 + 2)
4. Evaluate
dx dy
=4
dx
If m = 4 and (x1 , y1 ) = (0, 1),

y − y1 = m(x + x1 )
5. Determine the equation of the tangent.
y − 1 = 4(x − 0)
y − 1 = 4x
y = 4x + 1
WORKED EXAMPLE 11
Consider the function f (x) = ex (x − 2)3 .

′
′
a. Calculate f (x) and hence determine the coordinates of the stationary points.
c. Investigate the values of f (x) as x → ± ∞. State the equations of any asymptotes.

b. By investigating the sign of f (x), state the nature of these stationary points.
e. Sketch the curve of y = f (x), showing all important features.

d. Calculate any axis intercepts.
f. State the domain and range of the function.
f (x) = ex (x − 2)3
THINK WRITE
u = ex and v = (x − 2)3
a. 1. Define u and v as functions of x.
= ex and = 3(x − 2)2

du dv
dx dx

=u× +v×
dy dv du
3. Apply the product rule and simplify by
dx dx dx
= ex × 3(x − 2)2 + (x − 2)3 × ex
factorising.
dy
dx
= ex (x − 2)2 [3 + (x − 2)]
dy
f ′ (x) = ex (x − 2)2 (x + 1)
dx
= 0. ex (x − 2)2 (x + 1) = 0
dy
ex = 0 is undefined, so x = 2 or x = −1
4. Stationary points exist when
dx
−27
Determine y-values for x = 2, x = −1. The stationary points are −1,
( )
5. and (2, 0).
f ′ (x) = ex (x − 2)2 (x + 1)
e
b. 1. Construct a table of values for f ′ (x) for
−2 −1
suitable values of x.
x 0 2 3
f ′ (x) −16e−2 0 4 0 4e3
\ — / — /
−27
−1,
( )
2. State the nature of the stationary points by is a minimum stationary point; (2, 0)
considering the direction of the tangents. e
is a horizontal point of inflexion (or stationary
Consider the behaviour of f (x) as x → ∞ f (x) = ex (x − 2)3

point of inflexion)
ex → ∞; (x − 2)3 → ∞
c. 1.
∴ as x → ∞, f (x) → ∞
(or as x becomes very large).
Consider the behaviour of f(x) as x → −∞ ex → 0; (x − 2)3 → −∞

∴ as x → −∞, f (x) → 0 from the negative side.
2.
y = 0 is an asymptote.
(or as x becomes very small).
Note: y = 0 is only an asymptote for small

3. State equations of asymptotes
d. 1. For x-intercepts, y = 0. ex (x − 2)3 = 0

values of x.
∴ x = 2 or (2, 0)
For y-intercepts, x = 0. f (0) = e0 (−2)3
∴ y = −8 or (0, −8)
2.
The axis intercepts are (2, 0) and (0, −8).

3. State the axis intercepts.
e. 1. Draw axes and plot the axis intercepts and y

stationary points, noting their nature.
10
5 y = ex(x – 2)3
y=0 (2, 0)
0 x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
–5
(0, –8)
–10
( 27
–1, – e )
the left, as x → −∞.
2. Remember the x-axis is an asymptote on
f. 1. State the domain. f (x) = ex (x − 2)3
The domain is x ∈ R.
f (x) is defined for all values of x.
−27
2. State the range. The minimum y-value is
−27 −27
e [
The range is y ≥ or y ∈ ,∞ .
)
e e
TI | THINK WRITE CASIO | THINK WRITE

a.1. The graphing function a.1. On a Main Menu
can be used to calculate screen, select:
the location of any Graph.
stationary point(s).
On a Calculator page,
press MENU, then
select:
2: Add Graphs.
in the f 1(x) = tab as:

2. Complete the entry line 2. Complete the function
ex (x − 2)3
entry line in the Y1
ln(x − 2)
tab as:
Press ENTER to sketch
the graph.
3. On a Calculator page, 3. Press the DRAW

press MENU, then button to sketch the
select: graph.
6: Analyze Graph
2: Minimum.
4. Inspect the graph and set 4. Determine the

lower and upper bounds minimum value by
to either side of the selecting:
minimum value. SHIFT F5 (G-Solv)
MIN.
5. The answer appears on 5. The answer appears

the screen. on the screen.

d.1. On a Calculator page, d.1. Determine the
press MENU, then x-intercept by
select: selecting:
6: Analyze Graph SHIFT F5 (G-Solv)
2: Minimum. ROOT.
2. Inspect the graph and set 2. The answer appears

lower and upper bounds on the screen.
to either side of the
x-intercept.
3. The answer appears on 3. Determine the

the screen. y-intercept by
selecting:
SHIFT F5 (G-Solv)
ROOT.
4. On a Calculator page, 4. The answer appears

select: on the screen.
Menu
8: Geometry
1: Points & Lines
2: Point On.
5. Move the cursor and

select the curve
f 1(x)ex (x − 2)3 .
representing
Press the ESC (escape)

button.
Complete the entry line
in the textbox as 0 for
the x-value.
Press ENTER to
perform the calculation.
The answer appears on
the screen.
5.5.2 Maximum and minimum problems

To solve optimisation problems, apply the following steps.
1. Draw diagrams when necessary.
2. Determine the variables and any connection between them.
3. State or determine the function to be optimised.
4. Differentiate the function and determine the stationary points and their nature.
5. Reject any unrealistic solution.
6. Answer the question.
WORKED EXAMPLE 12
P = 40 n + 25 − 200 − 2n.
The profit, $P, per item that a store makes by selling n items of a certain type each day is
√
a. Determine the number of items that need to be sold to maximise the profit on each item.
b. Calculate:
i. the maximum profit per item
ii. the total profit per day made by selling this number of items.
P = 40 n + 25 − 200 − 2n
THINK WRITE
√
Rewrite with powers.
P = 40 (n + 25) 2 − 200 − 2n
a. 1.
1
−1
= 40 × × (n + 25) 2 × 1 − 2
dP 1
2. Differentiate with respect to n.
dn 2
=√ −2
n + 25
dP 20
3. Simplify.
dn
= 0 for n. −2=0
n + 25
dP 20
4. Solve
dn
√
=2
n + 25
20
20 = 2 n + 25
√
n + 25 = 10
√
n + 25 = 100
√
n = 75
5. Draw a sign diagram to justify your answer.
n 70 75 80
≈ 0.052 ≈ −0.048
dp
0
dn
slope / — \
6. State the answer. The maximum profit per item is obtained
P = 40 n + 25 − 200 − 2n
when 75 items are sold each day.
P = 40 75 + 25 − 200 − 2 × 75
√
b. i. 1. Calculate P(75).
P = 40 × 10 − 200 − 150
√
P = 50
Total profit = $50 × 75

State the answer.
2. The maximum profit per item is $50.
ii. 1. Calculate the total profit for selling 75 items
per day.
2. State the answer. The maximum total profit per day for selling
75 items is $3750.

WORKED EXAMPLE 13
curve y = 2x2 to the point (4, 0), correct to 2 decimal

Find the minimum distance from the y
y = 2x2
places. You do not need to justify your answer.
(4, 0)
0 x
Let P be the point on the curve such that the P = (x, y)

THINK WRITE
1.
distance from P to the point (4, 0) is a
d(x) = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

minimum.
= (x − 4)2 + (y − 0)2
√
2. Write the formula for the distance between
= (x − 4)2 + y2
the two points.
√
y = 2x2
√
3. Express the distance between the two points
∴ d(x) = (x − 4)2 + (2x2 )2

as a function of x only. √
= (x2 − 8x + 16 + 4x4 ) 2
1
d′ (x) = × (4x4 + x2 − 8x + 16) 2 × (16x3 + 2x − 8)

1 −1
4. Differentiate d(x).
2
16x3 + 2x − 8
= √
2 4x4 + x2 − 8x + 16
8x3 + x − 4
=√
4x4 + x2 − 8x + 16
8x3 + x − 4
Solve d′ (x) = 0 using technology. 0= √
4x4 + x2 − 8x + 16
5.
0 = 8x3 + x − 4
x = 0.741
d(0.741) = 4(0.741)4 + (0.741)2 − 8(0.741) + 16

= 3.439
√
6. Evaluate d(0.741).
7. Write the answer. The minimum distance is 3.44 units (to

2 decimal places).
WORKED EXAMPLE 14
A new window is to be made to allow more light into a room. The window will have the shape of a
rectangle surmounted by a semicircle. The frame of the window will be made from aluminium
measuring 336 cm.
Show that the area, A cm2 , of the window is A = 336x − (4 + 𝜋) x2 , where x is the radius of
1
a.
2
the semicircle in cm.
b. Hence, determine the width of the window for which the area is greatest. Give your answer to
the nearest cm.
c. Structural limitations mean that the width of the window should not exceed 84 cm. What
should the dimensions of the window of maximum area now be? Give your answer to the
nearest cm.
THINK WRITE
a. 1. Draw a diagram to illustrate the
window where radius of the
semicircle is x cm and the height
of the rectangle is h cm.
P = 𝜋x + 2x + 2h
2x
336 = 𝜋x + 2x + 2h
2. Use the perimeter to form an
expression connecting the two
2h = 336 − 𝜋x − 2x
variables, x and h.
h = (336 − 𝜋x − 2x)
3. Express h in terms of x.
1
2
A = 2xh + 𝜋x2
1
4. Express the area as a function of
2
A = 2x × (336 − 𝜋x − 2x) + 𝜋x2
x by substituting for h.
1 1
2 2
A = 336x − 𝜋x2 − 2x2 + 𝜋x2
1
2
A = 336x − 2x2 − 𝜋x2
1
2
A = 336x − (4 + 𝜋) x2
1
5. Express the area in the required
form. 2
= 336 − (4 + 𝜋)x
dA
b. 1. Differentiate.
336 − (4 + 𝜋)x = 0
dx
x=
2. Determine the stationary point
4+𝜋
and its nature. 336
x ≈ 47.05

(4 + 𝜋)
336
x 40 50
dA
dx positive 0 negative
slope / — \
The maximum area occurs when x =

4+𝜋
336
x ≈ 47 cm (to the nearest cm).

cm or
2x ≤ 84
c. 1. State the restrictions for the The width of the window is not to exceed 84 cm.
x ≤ 42
window.
2. State the restricted domain for Restricted domain of area: x ∈ (0, 42]
A(x).
3. Sketch the graph of A(x). A
8000
6000
4000
2000
The maximum area occurs when x = 42 cm.

0 x
42 47 94
4. Determine, for the restricted
domain, the value of x for the
greatest area.
h= (336 − 𝜋 × 42 − 2 × 42)
1
5. Calculate the height, h.
h = 60.0266
2
Width = 2x = 84
Total height = h + x = 60 + 42 = 102
6. Calculate the dimensions.
7. State the answer. With the restrictions, the area of the window will be
greatest if the width is 84 cm and the total height
is 102 cm.
5.5.3 Rates of change and kinematics

The instantaneous rate of change, or simply the rate of change, of the function y = f(x) is given by the
or f ′ (x).
dy
derivative,
dx
dV
The derivative could be the rate of change of volume with respect to time.
dt
Kinematics, the study of the motion of a particle moving in a straight line, involves determining rates of
change of displacement and velocity with respect to time.
Displacement, x, gives the position of a particle by specifying both its distance and direction from a fixed
point, the origin.
• If x > 0, the particle is to the right of the origin.
Commonly used conventions for motion in a horizontal straight line are as follows:
• If x < 0, the particle is to the left of the origin.

• If x = 0, the particle is at the origin.
Velocity, v, measures the rate of change of displacement with respect to time, so v = .
Common units for displacement are cm, m and km.
dx
• If v > 0, the particle is moving to the right.

dt
For a particle moving in a horizontal straight line, the sign of the velocity indicates direction:
• If v < 0, the particle is moving to the left.

• If v = 0, the particle is stationary, or instantaneously at rest.
Acceleration, a, measures the rate of change of velocity with respect to time, so a = . Common units
Common units for velocity are cm/s, m/s and km/h.
dv
The term ‘initially’ means at the start, or when t = 0.

for acceleration include m/s2 . dt
WORKED EXAMPLE 15
The number of mosquitoes, N, around a dam on a
certain night can be modelled by the equation
N= + 100t + 1000
2t + 1
400
where t equals hours after sunset. Find:

a. the initial number of mosquitoes
c. the rate of change when t = 4 hours.

b. the rate of change at any time, t
N= + 100t + 1000
THINK WRITE
2t + 1
400
a. 1. Write the rule. a.
Calculate N when t = 0. N= + 0 + 1000

400
2.
N = 1400
1
b. N = 400 (2t + 1) + 100t + 1000

Answer the question. Initially, there were 1400 mosquitoes.
−1
3.
b. 1. Differentiate N with respect to t.
= 400 × −1 (2t + 1)−2 × 2 + 100

dN
−800
dt
= + 100
(2t + 1)2
dN
2. Simplify.
−800
dt
when t = 4. = + 100
(2 × 4 + 1)2
dN dN
c. 1. Calculate c.
−800
dt dt
= + 100
(9)2
=
7300
≈ 90.1
81

2. Answer the question. After 4 hours, the rate of change is
approximately 90.1 mosquitoes per
hour.
WORKED EXAMPLE 16
The displacement, x metres, of a particle after t seconds is given by the equation x = 4sin (2t) + 3.
a. Derive an expression for the velocity, v m/s, of the particle.
b. Determine the time at which the particle is first at rest and its position at this time.
c. Derive an expression for acceleration, a m/s2 , of the particle and its initial acceleration.
x = 4 sin(2t) + 3
THINK WRITE
State the displacement function.
v=
a. 1. a.
dx
2. Differentiate with respect to t.
v = 4 cos(2t) × 2
dt
v = 8 cos(2t)
b. 1. At rest, v = 0. b. 8 cos(2t) = 0
3. State the expression for velocity.
cos(2t) = 0
𝜋 3𝜋
2t = , ,…
2. Solve for t.
𝜋 3𝜋
2 2
t= , ,…
𝜋
t = seconds
4 4
3. The first time the particle is at rest is the lowest
𝜋 𝜋
value of t. 4
x = 4 sin 2 × +3
( ) ( )
4. Substitute to determine x .
𝜋
4 4
= 4 sin +3
( )
=4+3
2
=7
𝜋
5. Answer the question. The particle is first at rest after
4
seconds and it is 7 metres to the right
c. v = 8 cos(2t)
of the origin.
State the velocity function.
a=
c. 1.
dv
2. Differentiate with respect to t.
= 8 × (− sin(2t)) × 2
dt
= −16 sin(2t)
For initial acceleration, substitute t = 0. a = −16 sin(2 × 0)
= −16 sin(0)
3.
=0
given by the equation a = −16 sin(2t)

4. Answer the question. The acceleration of the particle is
and the initial acceleration is 0 m/s2 .
WORKED EXAMPLE 17
t seconds is modelled by x = t2 − 4t − 12, t ≥ 0.

A particle moves in a straight line such that its displacement, x metres, from a fixed origin at time
a. Identify its initial position.

b. Determine its velocity function and hence state its initial velocity and describe its initial motion.
d. Show the particle is at the origin when t = 6, and calculate the distance it has travelled to reach
c. At what time and position is the particle momentarily at rest?
the origin.
Calculate the value of x when t = 0. x = t2 − 4t − 12, t ≥ 0

THINK WRITE/DRAW
When t = 0, x = −12.
a. a.
Initially the particle is 12 metres to the left of

the origin.
b. v =
dx
b. 1. Calculate the rate of change required.
v = 2t − 4
dt
When t = 0, v = −4.
The initial velocity is −4 m/s.
2. Calculate the value of v at the given
instant.
3. Describe the initial motion. Since the initial velocity is negative, the
particle starts to move to the left with an initial
speed of 4 m/s.
c. 1. Calculate when the particle is momentarily c. The particle is momentarily at rest when its
When v = 0,
at rest. velocity is zero.
2t − 4 = 0
Note: This usually represents a change of
t=2
direction of motion.
The position of the particle when t = 2 is

The particle is at rest after 2 seconds.
x = (2)2 − 4(2) − 12
2. Calculate where the particle is
= −16
momentarily at rest.
Therefore, the particle is momentarily at rest

after 2 seconds at the position 16 metres to the
d. When t = 6,
left of the origin.
x = 36 − 24 − 12
d. 1. Calculate the position to show the particle
=0
is at the origin at the given time.
The particle is at the origin when t = 6.

2. Track the motion on a horizontal The motion of the particle for the first
displacement line and calculate the 6 seconds is shown.
required distance. t=6
t=2 t=0
x
–16 –12 0
Distances travelled are 4 metres to the left, then
16 metres to the right.

The total distance travelled is the sum of the
distances in each direction.
The particle has travelled a total distance of
20 metres.
Resources
Interactivities: Stationary points (int-5963)
Rates of change (int-5960)
Kinematics (int-5964)
Units 3 & 4 Area 2 Sequence 4 Concepts 4, 5 & 6

Equations of tangents Summary screen and practice questions
Curve sketching Summary screen and practice questions
Maximum and minimum problems Summary screen and practice questions
Exercise 5.5 Applications of differentiation

Technology free
For the function y = 3x2 + 2x, determine:
√
1. WE10
dy
b. the equation of the tangent to the curve at x = 2.

a.
dx
Use the chain rule to determine the derivative of y =

(2x − 1)2
1
2. and hence determine the equation of the
tangent to the curve at the point where x = 1.
a. Evaluate f ′ (−1) if f (x) = √
5 − 4x
3
3. .
b. Hence, determine the equation of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point where x = −1.
For the function with the rule y = xex , determine the equations of the tangent and the line perpendicular
to the curve at the point where x = 1.
4.
The function h has a rule h(x) = x2 − 16 and the function √ g has the rule g(x) = x − 3.
a. Determine the integers m and n such that h(g(x)) = (x + m)(x + n).
√
5.
b. State the maximal domain of h(g(x)).
d. Determine the gradient of the function h(g(x)) at the point when x = −2.
c. Determine the derivative of h(g(x)).
WE11 Consider the function f (x) =

x +1
x
6. .
a. Calculate f ′ (x) and hence determine the coordinates of the stationary points.
2
b. By investigating the sign of f ′ (x), state the nature of these stationary points.
c. Investigate the values of f (x) as x → ± ∞. State the equations of any asymptotes.
e. Sketch the curve of y = f (x), showing all important features.

d. Calculate any axis intercepts.
f. State the domain and range of the function.
Consider the function f (x) = ln(x2 + 1).
a. Calculate f ′ (x) and hence determine the coordinates of the stationary point.
7.
b. By investigating the sign of f ′ (x), state the nature of the stationary point.
c. Investigate the values of f (x) as x = ±1, ±2, ±3. Explain why, in this logarithmic function, x-values
d. Sketch the curve of y = f (x), showing all important features.

can be negative.
8. Consider the function y = (x − 2)2 (x + 3)2 .

e. State the domain and range of the function.
a. Differentiate the function with respect to x.

b. Determine the coordinates of any stationary points and their nature.
c. Sketch the function, clearly showing all important features.
The graph of y = e−x (1 − x) is shown.

d. State the domain and range of the function.
2
9. y
a. Determine the coordinates of the points where
the graph cuts the x- and y-axes.
b. Determine the coordinates of the points where the
gradient is 0, giving your answers correct to 3 decimal places.
c. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve
at the point where the curve intersects the x-axis. 0 x
d. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to
the curve where the curve crosses the y-axis.
e. Where do the tangent and the perpendicular line from
10. The graph of the function f : R → R, f(x) = 3x3 e−2x is shown. The deriva-
parts c and d intersect? Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
tive may be written as f ′ (x) = ae−2x (bx2 + cx3 ) where a, b and c are
y
constants.
b. Calculate the exact coordinates where f ′ (x) = 0.

a. Calculate the exact values of a, b and c.
c. Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at x = 1. x

0
Technology active
11. The length of a snake, L cm, at any time t weeks after it
is born is modelled as:
𝜋t
L = 12 + 6t + 2 sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 20.
4
Calculate:
a. the length at:
i. birth
ii. 20 weeks
b. R, the rate of growth, at any time, t
c. the maximum and minimum growth rate.

The graph of the function f : R+ → R, f (x) = + loge (x) is shown.
1
12.
10x
y
y= —1 + log (x)
e
10x
0 x
x=0
Use calculus to determine the coordinates of the minimum turning point.
by P = 80 n + 8 − 15 − 5n.
13. WE12 The profit, $P, per item that a store makes by selling n items of a certain type each day is given
√
a. Determine the number of items that need to be sold to maximise the profit on each item.
b. Calculate:
i. the maximum profit per item
ii. the total profit per day made by selling this number of items.
14. The population of cheetahs, P, in a national park in Africa since 1 January 2010 can be modelled as
N = 100te + 500 where t is the number of years.

−
t
12
When does this model predict that the maximum population will be reached?
a.
What is the maximum population of cheetahs that will be reached?
b.
c. How many cheetahs will there be on 1 January in:
i. 2034? ii. 2094?
15. The amount of money in a savings account t years after the account was opened on 1 January 2009 is
given by the equation
A(t) = 1000 − 12te for t ∈ [0, 6].

3
4−t
8
a. How much money was in the account when the account was first opened?
b. What was the least amount of money in the account?
c. When did the account contain its lowest amount? Give the year and month.
d. How much money was in the account at the end of the six years?
16. WE13 Determine the minimum distance from the point (1, 1) to the straight line y = x − 4.
y
y=x–4
P (1, 1)
1
0 x
1 4
Q (x, y)
–4
√
17. Find the minimum distance from the line y = 2 x to the point (5, 0).
y
0 (0, 0) (5, 0) x
√
18. WE14 A rectangle with its base on the x-axis is inscribed in the semicircle y = 4 − x2 .
√
a. Show that the area, A, of the rectangle is A = 2x 4 − x2 .
b. Hence, determine the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in this semicircle.
c. State the maximum area of the rectangle.
19. The owner of an apartment wants to create a stained glass feature in the shape of a
rectangle surmounted by an isosceles triangle of height equal to half its base. This
will be adjacent to a door opening on to a balcony.
The owner has 150 cm of plastic edging to place around the perimeter of the figure,
and wants to determine the dimensions of the figure with the greatest area.
( √ ) y
a. Show that the area, A in cm2 , of the stained glass feature is A = 150x − 2 2 + 1 x2 .
Hence, determine the width and the height of the figure for which the area is greatest.
b.
Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
2x
c. Due to structural limitations, the width of the feature should not exceed 30 cm. What
should the dimensions of the stained glass feature of maximum area now be? Give your answer
correct to 1 decimal place.
20. A metal gutter is to be formed from a sheet of metal 30 cm wide
and 5 m long. The three sides of the gutter are to be equal in length,
forming a trapezoidal cross section. The sides are folded so the angle
between the vertical and the side is 𝜃, as shown in the diagram. θ θ
a. Show that the area, A, of the cross section is given by
A = 100 cos(𝜃)(1 + sin(𝜃)).
b. State the restrictions on the value of 𝜃 for this metal gutter. 10
c. Determine the value of 𝜃 that gives a maximum area of the cross section.
d. Hence, calculate the maximum volume of the gutter that can be formed from this sheet of metal.
21. WE15 A colony of viruses can be modelled by the rule
2t
N(t) = + 0.5
(t + 0.5)2
where N hundred thousand is the number of viruses on a nutrient plate t hours after they started
multiplying.

Find N′ (t).
How many viruses were present initially?
a.
b.
c. What is the maximum number of viruses, and when will this maximum occur?
d. At what rate were the virus numbers changing after 10 hours?
22. A population of butterflies in an enclosure at a zoo is modelled by
N = 220 − ,t≥0
t+1
150
where N is the number of butterflies t years after observations of the

butterflies commenced.
a. How long did it take for the butterfly population to reach 190 butterflies,
and at what rate was the population growing at that time?
b. At what time was the growth rate 12 butterflies per year? Give your answer correct to 2 decimal
places.
c. Determine the growth rate after 10 years. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
happens to each as t → ∞.
d. Sketch the graphs of population versus time and rate of growth versus time, and explain what
x = 2 cos(4t) − 5.
23. WE16 The displacement, x metres, of a particle after t seconds is given by the equation
a. Derive an expression for the velocity, v m/s, of the particle.

b. The particle is initially at rest. Determine the next time the particle is at rest and its position
at this time.
c. Derive an expression for acceleration, a m/s2 , of the particle and its initial acceleration.
𝜋
24. The displacement, x metres from the origin, of a particle moving in a straight line after t hours is given
by the equation x (t) = 6 − 4 sin t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24.
( )
6
a. State the period and amplitude for the function.
b. Determine the initial position of the particle.
c. Derive an expression for velocity, v m/h.
d. Determine the position of the particle when it is first at rest.
e. Sketch the function, x (t). What observations can you make from the graph?
t seconds is given by x = 2t2 − 8t, t ≥ 0.

25. WE17 A particle moves in a straight line such that its displacement, x metres, from a fixed origin at time
a. Identify its initial position.

b. Derive an expression for its velocity and hence state its initial velocity and describe its initial motion.
d. Show that the particle is at the origin when t = 4 and calculate the distance it has travelled to reach
c. At what time and position is the particle momentarily at rest?
the origin.
The position, in metres, of a particle after t seconds is given by x(t) = − t3 + t2 + 8t + 1, t ≥ 0.
1
26.
3
a. Find its initial position and initial velocity.
b. Calculate the distance travelled before it changes its direction of motion.
c. What is its acceleration at the instant it changes direction?
The position, x m, relative to a fixed origin of a particle moving in a straight line at time t seconds is
x = t3 − 4t2 , t ≥ 0.
27.
2
3
a. Show the particle starts at the origin from rest.
b. At what time and at what position is the particle next at rest?
c. When does the particle return to the origin?
d. What are the particle’s speed and acceleration when it returns to the origin?
ground is h = 50t − 4t2 .
28. A ball is thrown vertically upwards into the air so that after t seconds its height h metres above the
b. Calculate its velocity when t = 5.

a. At what rate is its height changing after 3 seconds?
c. At what time is its velocity −12 m/s and in what direction is the ball then travelling?
d. When is its velocity zero?
e. What is the greatest height the ball reaches?
f. At what time and with what speed does the ball strike the ground?
trigonometric function f (x) = a sin(x) + b cos(x).

29. The profile of water waves produced by a wave machine in a scientific laboratory is modelled by the
y
(0, 7) y = f (x)
( )
π, 3
–
2
0 x
π
– π 3π
– 2π
2 2
𝜋
, 3 , calculate the
( )
a. Given that the graph of the wave profile passes through the points (0, 7) and
2
constants a and b.
Determine the maximum and minimum swells for the wave profile, correct to 1 decimal place.
b.
c. Determine {x : f(x) = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2𝜋}, giving your answers correct to 4 decimal places.

Hence, state the range of the function.
d. Evaluate, correct to 3 decimal places, the gradient at the x-values found in part c. Comment on your
results.
that connects Sydney with Brisbane. The road can be approximated by the equation y = (4x2 − 5x)ex .
30. A country town has decided to construct a new road. The x-axis is also the position of the railway line
y = (4x2 – 5x)ex
0 T x
B
a. The post office for the town is positioned at (−2, 3.5). They want the new road to be adjacent to the
post office. Have they made a sensible decision regarding the placement of the road?
b. Determine the coordinates of the point T where the road crosses the railway line.
c. Use calculus to determine the coordinates of the point B. Give your answer correct to 3 decimal
places.

A summary of this chapter is available in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS at www.jacplus.com.au.
Simple familiar
dy
1. Determine for each of the following functions.
a. y = 3(2x2 + 5x)5 b. y = (4x − 3x2 )−2
dx
c. y = x + d. y = 4(5 − 6x)−4
)6
1
(
a. y = x2 sin(x) b. y = 3x sin(x) c. y = x5 cos(3x + 1)

2. Use the product rule to differentiate each of the following.
d. y = sin(x) cos(x) e. y = 8 sin(5x) loge (5x) f. y = 5 cos(2x) sin(x)

3. Differentiate each of the following, expressing your answer in simplest form.
a. y = sin b. y = 2x−3 sin(2x + 3) c. y = 4e−5x sin(2 − x)

4x
( )
cos(x)
3
d. y = √ cos(6x) e. y = sin x loge (x) f. y = 𝜋x cos(2𝜋x)
1
x
4. Determine the derivative of each of the following.
a. y = b. y = c. y =
sin(x) sin(4x) cos(x)
x cos(2x) x
2 cos(3 − 2x)
d. y = e. y = f. y =
(√ )
cos(x) sin x
5. MC The derivative of f (x) = x sin(2x) is:

x
e x x2
A. f ′ (x) = 4x cos(2x) B. f ′ (x) = 2x sin(2x) + x2 cos(2x)

2
C. f ′ (x) = 2x sin(2x) + 2x2 cos(2x) D. f ′ (x) = 2x sin(x) + 2x2 cos(x)
6. MC The derivative of f (x) =

4x + 1
sin(4x)
is:
4(4x + 1) cos(x) − 4 sin(4x) (4x − 1) cos(4x) − 4 sin(4x)
A. f ′ (x) = B. f ′ (x) =
(4x + 1) (4x + 1)2
4(4x − 1) cos(4x) − 4 sin(4x) 4 sin(4x) − 4(4x − 1) cos(4x)
2
C. f ′ (x) = D. f ′ (x) =
(4x + 1) (4x + 1)2
7. Given that y = (x + 1)e , determine the equation of the tangent to the curve at x = 0.
2
8. A curve is represented by the equation y = ax cos(3x) where a is a constant.

2 3x
= −5 when x = 𝜋, what is the value of a?

dy
𝜋
a. If
b. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to the curve at x =

dx
.
9. The function f : R → R, f (x) = 6 loge (x2 − 4x + 8) has one stationary point.
3
a. Use calculus to determine the coordinates of this stationary point.

b. Determine the nature of this stationary point.
c. Use technology to sketch the function, f.
10. Sketch the following functions by determining their stationary points and any axis intercepts. State the
range of each function.
a. y = x4 − 4x3 b. y =
x +1
4
2
origin O is given by x(t) = t3 − 6t2 + 9t, t ≥ t ≥ 0.

11. A particle moves in a straight line so that at time t seconds its displacement, x metres, from a fixed
a. How far is the particle from O after 2 seconds?
b. What is the velocity of the particle after 2 seconds?
c. After how many seconds does the particle reach the origin again, and what is its velocity at that time?
12. A particle moves in a straight line so that its displacement a point, O, at any time, t, is x = 3t2 + 4.
d. What is the particle’s acceleration when it reaches the origin again?
√
Determine:
a. the velocity as a function of time
c. the velocity and acceleration when t = 2.

b. the acceleration as a function of time
Complex familiar
13. Metal box guttering has to be formed on a common wall b cm
between two adjacent town houses. The cross section of the
box guttering is shown.
For the most efficient elimination of rain water, this box
guttering needs to have a maximum cross-sectional area 20 cm h cm 20 cm
within the given dimensions.
a. Determine an expression for h, the height of the trapezium, in
terms of the angle x in radians, as shown. x x
b. Determine an expression for b, the base length of the trapezium,
10 cm
in terms of x.
A = 200 sin(x)(2 cos(x) + 1).

2
c. Show that the cross-sectional area of the box guttering, A cm , is given by
d. Determine, correct to 3 decimal places, the value of x that gives maximum cross-sectional area, and
find this maximum area correct to the nearest cm2 .
14. A bushwalker can walk at a rate of 5 km/h through clear land and B
3 km/h through bushland. She has to get from point A to point B
following a route indicated
) on the diagram.
Note: Time =
Clear
distance
(
Bush
speed 3 km
x
a. Determine the distance walked in terms of x:
i. through the bush
ii. through clear land.
A
b. If the total time taken is T hours, express T as a function of x. 2 km
dT
c. Derive .
dx
d. Hence, determine the value of x so that the route is covered in a minimum time.
e. Calculate the minimum time to complete this route. Give your answer in hours and minutes.
15. The line perpendicular to the graph y = g( f(x)), where f (x) = and g(x) = x − 2 , is given by
1 1
y = −x + a, where a is a real constant. Calculate the possible value(s) of a.

x x
16. Consider the functions f(x) = 2 sin(x) and h(x) = ex .
i. m(x) = f (h(x)) ii. n(x) = h( f (x))

a. State the rule for:
b. Determine when m′ (x) = n′ (x) over the interval x ∈ [0, 3], correct to 3 decimal places.
e−x (a + be−2x )
Complex unfamiliar
( −3x )
=
dx e2x + 1 (e2x + 1)2
d e
17. If , calculate the exact values of a and b.
18. a. Consider the function f : R → R f(x) = x4 e−3x . The derivative f ′ (x) may be written in the form
f ′ (x) = e−3x (mx4 + nx3 ), where m and n are real constants. Calculate the exact values of m and n.

b. The graph of f is shown. Determine the coordinates of the stationary points.
y
y = f (x)
0 x
sin(2x − 3)
19. Let f: [−2, 2] → R, f (x) = . The graph of this function is shown.
ex
(a, b) y
0 x
–2 2
(c, d)
The stationary points occur at (a, b) and (c, d). Calculate the values of a, b, c and d, giving your
a.
answers correct to 3 decimal places.
b. Determine the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the point where x = 1, correct to 3 decimal
places.
20. The population of rabbits on a particular island t weeks after a virus is introduced is modelled by
P = 1200e−0.1t , where P is the number of rabbits. Determine:
a. the time taken for the population to halve (to the nearest week)
b. the rate of decrease of the population after:
i. 2 weeks ii. 10 weeks.
After 15 weeks the virus has become ineffective and the population of rabbits starts to increase again
according to the model
p = p0 + 10 (t − 15) loge (2t − 29)
where t is the number of weeks since the virus was first introduced.
Calculate:
c. the value of P0
d. the population after 30 weeks
e. the rate of change of the population after
i. 20 weeks ii. 30 weeks
f. how many weeks the population takes to get back to its original number.
Units 3 & 4 Sit exam
16. a. m = 2, n = 4
Answers (x + 3)
b. h (x) = √
′
5 Further differentiation and (x + 2)(x + 4)
applications Exercise 5.3 The product rule

1. a. f (x) = 3 cos (3x) − 3 sin (3x)
′
b. f (x) = 3x e + 2xe
2 2
Exercise 5.2 The chain rule
′
= 15(5x − 4)2 = √ c. f (x) = (5x + 17x − 22)e

2 3x 3x
′
dy dy 3
2 3x + 1
2 5x
1. a. b.
−8 = x(x + 1)4 (7x + 2)

dx dx dy
= =
2. a.
(2x + 3)5 (7 − 4x)2

dy dy 4
dx
= x2 (2x − 1)3 (14x − 3)
c. d.
−30
dx dx dy
= = −4 4 − 3x
b.
(5x + 3)7
dy dy dx
= 3(4x + 1)2 (3x − 2)4 (32x − 3)
3
√
e. f.
dx dx dy
= 6(3x + 2) = −3(7 − x)2

c.
(x + 1)4 (11x + 1)
dy dy dx
=
2. a. b.
−2
dx dx dy
= =
3. a.
(2x − 5)2 (4 − 2x)5

dy dy 8
(3x + 2)
dx
√
c. d. 2 x
−9 = √
dx dx
= √ =
dy
2 x+1
dy 5 dy
2 5x + 2
b.
2(3x − 2) 2 e4x (1 + 8x)

e. f. 3
dx
=
dx dx
= −15(4 − 3x)4
dy
dy c.
dx
√
3. a. 2 x
= 5x2 e5x + 2xe5x

dx
= √
dy dy
3x
3x2 − 4
4. a.
2(x − 1)(2x + 1)2

b. dx
=
dx
= (x − 2)(x2 − 4x)
dy
dy 2 −
2 b.
c. 3 dx x3
= −x sin(x) + cos(x)
dx 3
= −2(6x2 + 1)(2x3 + x)−3
dy
dy c.
4 − 3x
d. dx
= √
dx dy
=6 1+ 2 x−
dy 1 1 5 d.
( )( )
e. dx x
6ex (x2 − 1)
dx x x
= −(2x − 3)(x − 3x) =
2
−2
dy 2
dy
f. 5. a.
2e (4x2 + 2x − 1)
dx dx x3
= 2 cos(x) sin(x) = −3 sin(3x)ecos(3x) =
2x
dy dy dy
4x2 − 1
4. a. b. b.
dx dx dx
√
= 2x sin2 (2x)[3x cos(2x) + sin(2x)]

9
5. dy
x+1
8 c.
6. a. − b. − sin(x)e 2(x − 5)(x − 1)3

dx
+ =
6x
x2 + 2x + 3 (x − 3)3
cos(x)
c. √ dy
−2 cos(x) x−2
(x2 1)2 d.
−𝜋 3
dx
x2 − 4x + 5 f ′ (x) = sin(x) + (x + 1) cos(x); gradient = 1

d. e. √ 6.
−3
sin3 (x) 7.
7. a. g (x) = b. g (x) = 5x(x + 2) 2 (0, 0), (1, 0), ,

′ ′ 2 216
3
( )
(6x −
2
8.
a. x = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, 3𝜋
3
5 3125
5) 2
8. a. −6x sin(x − 1) b. x = 1.11, 4.25, 7.39
3x −1
2 9.
6x5 + 8
2
b. 30xe
c. −
1 10. a. 0 b. 112 c. 0
x3 x3 − 2 2(2 − x) 2
d.
(
2
)3 3 11. D
12. C
−6 + 1) cos2 (2x + 1)
x
f ′ (2a) = 3a (a + 4)
13. A
e. sin(2x
14.
a=
√
9. e
b. −4e 𝜋
6
16 15.
2
10. a. c. 8 d. 15
𝜋 𝜋
27 (
,1 , ,0 , , 1 , (𝜋, 0)
)( )(
3𝜋
) Exercise 5.4 The quotient rule
1. a. u = x + 3; v = x + 7 = 1; =1
11. (0, 0), du dv
4 2 4 b.
12. B dx dx
=
(x + 7)2
13. D dy 4
c.
14. C dx
15. D

2. a. u = x + 2x; v = 5 − x b. y = x + or 7x − 4y + 2 = 0
2 7 1
= 2x + 2; = −1 2. y = −4x + 5
du dv 4 2
b.
10 + 10x − x2
dx dx
c. f (x) =
2
′
(5 − x)2
3. a.
9
−2(x2 + 4) b. y = x+ or 2x − 9y + 11 = 0
2 11
=
(x2 −
dy
1 + 2e2
3. a. 9 9
3x + 4x − 4 4. Tangent: y = 2e x − e; normal: y = − x+
dx 4)2 1
( )
=
(3x + 2)2
2
5. a. m = −7, n = 1 b. {x : x ≤ −1} ∪ {x : x ≥
dy 2e 2e
b.
dx
c. f (x) =
′
(10 − 3x) x−3 −5
19 7}
x2 − 6x − 7
2
c. √ d.
e (2 + e )
4. C
1 − x2
3
=
(ex + 1)2 6. a. f (x) =
2x x
dy
′
(x2 + 1)2
5. a.
−3(t sin(3t) + cos(3t))

dx
=
Stationary points: −1, −
dy
1 1
( ) ( )
−1
b.
dt t4 and 1,
2 2
(x − 1)2 b. Local minimum stationary point at −1, −

6. 1
( )
7. 1
2
1
( )
3
8. Local maximum stationary point at 1,
4x2 sin(x2 ) cos(x2 ) − sin2 (x2 ) c. As x → ∞, → 0 (positive side).

5 2
= x2 + 1
x
dy
As x → −∞, 2 → 0 (negative side). Equation of

9. a.
−6x + 4x − 9
dx x2
x +1
x
=
(2x2 − 3)2
2
asymptote: y = 0
dy
b.
e cos(2x + 1) + 2ex sin(2x + 1)

dx
=
cos2 (2x + 1)
x
dy d. Intercept at (0, 0)
c.
e.
xe−x
dx
=−
(x −
dy y
d.
2x cos(x) − sin(x)
dx 1)2
=
1 x
dy (1, 0.5) y = ––––
x2 + 1
10. a. y=0 (0, 0)
−3 √
dx
√
2x x
= 5−x
0 x
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
dy (–1, –0.5)
b. –1
dx 2
f ′ ( x) = √ − 3 x
1
f. Domain: x ∈ R; range − ≤y≤

√
c.
6 − 3x
4 x 1 1
= √
2 x(x + 2)2
dy 2 2
7. a. f (x) =
′
x2 + 1
d. 2x
−4
dx ; stationary point: (0, 0)
= =
dy 2 dy
c. For all x-values, x ≥ 0 and x + 1 ≥ 1 . Hence, this
11. a. b. b. Local minimum turning point
−3
dx cos2 (2x) dx cos2 (−4x) 2 2
= =
dy 1 dy logarithmic function is defined and is greater than or
c. (x) d. ( −3x )
dx 5 cos2 5 dx 4 cos2 4 equal to zero, even when x-values are negative.
d. −5
7 d. y
12. a. 0 b. 2
−1
c.
64 5
13. y = ln(x2 + 1)
32
14. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in 0 (0, 0) 5 x
–15 –10 –5 10 15
the online resources. –5
15. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
e. Domain: x ∈ R; range: y ≥ 0
in the online resources.
16. m = 2
b. 2
= 2 (x − 2) (x + 3) (2x + 1)
dy
8. a.
dx
−1 625
Exercise 5.5 Applications of differentiation
(3x + 1)
b. Local minimum stationary points at (−3, 0) and (2, 0)
= √ ,
( )
dy
3x2 + 2x
1. a. Local maximum stationary point at
dx 2 16
0.5 − 2t2
c. y 21. a. 50 000 viruses
(t + 0.5)4
40 b.
(–0.5, 39.063) (0, 36)
−1641 viruses/hour
30 c. 150 000 viruses after half an hour
d.
20 y = (x – 2)2(x + 3)2 22. a. 4 years; 6 butterflies/year
b. 2.54 years
10 c. 1.24 butterflies/year
d. N
(–3, 0) (2, 0) n = 220
0 x 220
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6
–10 150
N = 220 – – ( )
d. Domain: x ∈ R; range: y ≥ 0
t+1
b. (−0.366, 1.195) and (1.366, −0.057)

9. a. (0, 1) and (1, 0)
c. y = − x+ or x + ey − 1 = 0
(0, 70)
1 1
y=x+1
dN 150
e e – =–
dt ( t + 1)2
d.
a = 3, b = 3, c = −2
e. (−0.46, 0.54) t
As t → ∞, N → 220 and → 0.
0
10. a. dN
23. a. v = −8 sin(4t)
b. Stationary point of inflection at (0, 0); local maximum dt
, 3 𝜋
3 81
s; −7 m
( )
turning point at
2 8e
c. y = x or 3x − e2 y = 0
b.
a = −32 cos(4t); −32 m/s2

3 4
c.
e2
11. a. i. 12 cm 24. a. 12 h; 4
𝜋 𝜋t 𝜋
ii. 132 cm b. 6 m to the right of the origin
=6+ v=−
dL 2𝜋
( ) ( )
cos c. cos t
𝜋
b.
dt 2 4 3 6
c. Maximum rate of growth = 6 + ≈ 7.571 cm/week;
d. 2 m to the right of the origin
𝜋
e. x (m)
minimum rate of growth = 6 − ≈ 4.429 cm/week

2
(9, 10) (21, 10)
10
12. 0.1, 1 − loge (10)

( ) 2
(0, 6) (24, 6)
5
13. a. 56 items
( )
y = 6 – 4 sin π x
6
(3, 2) (15, 2)
b. i. $345 ii. $19 320
0 5 10 15 20 25 t (h)
14. a. 12 years, 1 January 2022
b. 941 cheetahs The particle is at rest at the turning points of the curve
c. i. 824 cheetahs ii. 507 cheetahs where the displacement is 2 m and 10 m. The particle
15. a. $1000 b. $980.34 oscillates between these two positions.
−8 m/s; travelling to the left of the origin at 8 m/s

c. May 2010 d. $1000 25. a. At the origin
2 s; −8 m (8 m to the left of the origin)

√
16. 2 2 units b.
17. 4 units c.
a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions 16 m
c. −6 m/s2
18. d.
in the online
√ resources. √ 2
26. a. 1 m; 8 m/s b. 27 m
b. Base: 2 2 units; height: 2 units 3
c. 4 square units 27. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
19. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions in the online resources.
in the online resources. 1
b. 4 s; 21 m to the left of the origin
b. Width: 39.2 cm; height: 47.3 cm 3
c. Width: 30 cm; height: 53.8 cm c. 6s
20. a. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions d. 24 m/s; 16 m/s2
𝜋
26 m/s
b. 0 ≤ 𝜃 <
in the online resources. 28. a.
b. 10 m/s
𝜋
7.75 s travelling downwards
c. 𝜃 =
2 c.
d. 6.25 s
6√ e. 156.25 m
d. 37 500 3 cm
3 f. 12.5 s; 50 m/s

29. a. a = 3, b = 7
b. Maximum swell = 7.6 units;
c. y
minimum swell = −7.6 units;

range = [−7.6, 7.6]
25
y = 6 ln(x2 – 4x + 8)
x = 1.9757 or 5.1173
20
f ′ (1.9757) = −7.616; f ′ (15.1173) = 7.616
c.
d.
15
The gradients are equal in magnitude (size), just
differing in direction. One is when the swell is going 10
down, and the other is when the swell is rising. This is
due to the symmetry of the curve representing the swell. (2, 8.318)
5
30. a. Yes (
T= ,0
5
)
b.
B = (0.804, −3.205)
0 x
4 –10 –5 5 10
c. y
10. a.

1. a. 15(4x + 5)(2x + 5x)
b. −4(2 − 3x)(4x − 3x )
2 4
2 −3
10
y = x4 – 4x3
6 x+ 1− 2
1 5 1
( ) ( )
c.
96(5 − 6x)−5
x x (0, 0) (4, 0)
x2 cos(x) + 2x sin(x)
d. 0 x
2 2 4
3x cos(x) + 3 sin(x)
2. a.
5x4 cos(3x + 1) − 3x5 sin(3x + 1)

b.
cos2 (x) − sin2 (x)

c. –10
d.
sin(5x) + 40 cos(5x) loge (5x)

8
e.
5 cos(x) cos(2x) − 10 sin(x) sin(2x)

x
f. –20
− sin(x) sin
4 4x 4x
( ) ( )
3. a. cos(x) cos
4x−3 cos(2x + 3) − 6x−4 sin(2x + 3)

3 3 3
−4e−5x cos(2 − x) − 20e−5x sin(2 − x)

b. (3, –27)
−6 sin(6x)
–30
c.
− √ Stationary points: (0, 0) and (3, −27)

cos(6x)
d.
Range: y ≥ −27
√
x 2 x3 Axis intercepts: (0, 0) and (4, 0)
sin(x) + cos(x) loge (x)
1
e.
𝜋 cos(2𝜋x) − 2𝜋 2 x sin(2𝜋x)
x b. y
x cos(x) − sin(x)
f.
5
(0, 4)
4. a. y = 24
4 cos(2x) cos(4x) + 2 sin(2x) sin(4x)

x2 x +1
b.
−x sin(x) − cos(x)
y=0
cos2 (2x)
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
c.
− sin(x) + cos(x)
x2
( ) Stationary point: (0, 4)
Range: 0 < y ≤ 4
d. Axis intercept: (0, 4)
x − 2 sin x b. −3 m/s
ex )
c. 3 s; at rest (v = 0)
√ (√ (√ )
x cos 11. a. 2 m
e.
4x sin(3 − 2x) − 4 cos(3 − 2x)

d. 6 m/s2
12. a. v = √ b. a = (√
2x2
3t 12
3t2 + 4 3t2 + 4
f. )3
x3
5. C
c. v = 1.5; a =
7. y = 3x + 1
6. A 3
13. a. h = 20 sin(x)
16
b. y = x− b. b = 10 + 40 cos(x)
1 26𝜋
8. a. 5
5 15
( ) c. Sample responses can be found in the worked solutions
9. a. 2, 12 loge (2) in the online resources.
c
b. Local minimum d. For a maximum, the angle x is 0.936 and the maximum
2
area is 352 cm .
4 + x2 km ii. (3 − x) km
18. a. m = −3, n = 4 ,
4 256
√ ( )
14. a. i.
b. T = − + 4 + x2
b. (0, 0),
a = −1.088, b = 2.655, c = 0.483, d = −0.552

3 x 1√ 3 81e4
5 5 3 19. a.
= √ −
dT x 1 b. 0.707
3 4 + x2
c. 20. a. 7 weeks
dx 5
b. i. 98.25 rabbits/week
d. 1.5 km
ii. 44.15 rabbits/week
15. a = −3
e. 1 h 8 min
c. 267
16. a. i. m(x) = 2 sin(e ) ii. n(x) = e

d. 782 rabbits
b. x = 1.555, 2.105, 2.372, 2.844

x 2 sin(x)
e. i. 33 rabbits/week
17. a = −5, b = −3
ii. 44 rabbits/week
f. 39 weeks

C 05 Further Differentiation and Applications

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C 05 Further Differentiation and Applications

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5 Further differentiation and

Sir Isaac Newton Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Consider g(x) = x4 and h(x) = 2x + 1. If f (x) = g(h(x)), then:

The function f (x) can be differentiated if it is expanded.

f (x) = 16x4 + 32x3 + 24x2 + 8x + 1

5.2.2 The chain rule

Alternatively, if y = f (u) and u = g(x),

5.2.3 Proof of the chain rule

then f (x + h) = m(n(x + h)).

will appear somewhere in the rule.

CHAPTER 5 Further differentiation and applications 157

m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x)) m(A + B) − n(A)

m(n(x + h)) − m(n(x))

Bringing this all together, we can see that

The derivative of f(x) = m(n(x))

f ′ (x) = m′ (n (x)) × n′ (x).

Using Leibnitz notation, this becomes

= × , where y = f (u) and u is a function of x.

Since u = 2x + 1, = 8(2x + 1)3 .

Use the chain rule to determine the derivative of y = (x2 + 3x + 5)7 .

for the function y = (4x − 7) 3 .

Determine the derivative of y = cos2 (e2x ).

2. Let u equal the inner function. y = u2 and u = cos(e2x )

CHAPTER 5 Further differentiation and applications 159

Substitute x = 0 into = −4e0 cos(e0 ) sin(e0 )

Exercise 5.2 The chain rule

y= y = (5x + 3)−6 y = (4 − 3x) 3

y = (3x + 2)2 y = (7 − x)3 y=

3. Determine the derivatives of the following functions.

a. f (x) = (4 − 3x)5 b. y = 3x2 − 4 f (x) = (x2 − 4x) 3

5. If y = sin (x), determine the exact value of when x = .

g(x) = 3(x2 + 1)−1 b. g(x) = ecos(x) c. g(x) = (x + 1)2 + 2

a. f (x) = 3 cos(x − 1) b. f (x) = 5e 3x −1

d. f (x) = e. f (x) = cos3 (2x + 1)

D. −15 cos(5x)e−3 sin(5x)

MC If y = sin (5x), then

C. −10 sin(5x) cos(5x)

A. 4e4x f ′ (x) B. e4x f ′ (x)

integers m and n such that f(g(x)) = (x + m)(x + n).

b. If h(x) = f (g(x)), determine h′ (x).

CHAPTER 5 Further differentiation and applications 161

= f (x) × g′ (x) + g (x) × f ′ (x)

5.3.2 Proof of the product rule

f (x + h) − f (x) u(x + h)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x)

f (x + h) − f(x) u(x + h)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x + h) + u(x)v(x + h) − u(x)v(x)

[u(x + h) − u(x)]v(x + h) + u(x)[v(x + h) − v(x)]

u(x + h) − u(x) v(x + h) − v(x)

u(x + h) − u(x) v(x + h) − v(x)

= u(x)v′ (x) + v(x)u′ (x)

f (x) = x sin (x)

u = e2x and v = (3x + 1)

= e2x × 3 + (3x + 1) × 2e2x

= 3e2x + 6xe2x + 2e2x

The graph of f : R → R, f (x) = x2 ex is shown. Using

Let u(x) = x2 and v(x) = ex .

CHAPTER 5 Further differentiation and applications 163

ex > 0 for all values of x.