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41 views19 pagesD-And F-Block Elements Class12
Class 12 chemistry d and f block
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
41 views19 pagesD-And F-Block Elements Class12
Class 12 chemistry d and f block
Uploaded by
Saikat PodderCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
d-and f- Block Elements
elect Honic configuaation : (m-d)at = ms?
od old metal j ler mp)
5 67 84 40.44 42 Kney x2 nor
zd Se TW NV(Car\Mn Fe G Ni \Cu Asansition element
CR REE
4a oy an N Ne Ic Ru Rh(A)] A because “hey
oe “oT ell py] have. Fullfiled
bd La Hf Tal 2 0s In Pl AulHg| Tove
el 9) © 4-gubshell ((m-\)d")
~~ Coinage metal | iq medal atom /
Houp = 4
selallic Gond stxtengih a mo. oh mnpaivea yz, CA, Ha, Cn
elecinons. > group 42 arie
volatile metals
wighest melting point in 3A= Cu
" v5 8 Ad = Ma
XN " “ 5A=W -p on AgH
sbeighest melting point im metals =W a4 <4d<5d
lowest melting poimk im medals = HH aan went
ajomisasion-
mpy Agts
ap Wie Ag | Fe @Co xNi ) Mapai!) 2285 mat? (sae) helt
zat Cadteag') TEet, 7,12 (3d?) Full—sitea etobilits)
a4 ionisation energy ch Mn and an ave
@ «—*4 jpnisaction energy of fe ig less thon
expected . Why 2
fat Reba Fe?® (34% §°)
(24°) Hal - filled Stability incHeases ,
BA ipnisotion energy decneases. Oxidodion States : d-block elements show vastiable
oxidation state because electstoms pasticipate. from
ms as well as (m-!)d — sybshell:
wo Se TV Cy Ma Fe Co Ni Cu Zn vey
4B 42 42 49 Daa eke
43 43 43) 43 © 43 (49)
C+ SARISE Clie HAL Sect
Gs) 45 45
eT) 46 +6
@
ahighest oxidation stale im 34 = Mn (47)
a highest oudation state im PT = Os and Ru G8)
2 Oxideclion stole of metal in meta) cosbomyl is xeH10
e4 Fe’ (CO)s » Cu (Cog
® Oxidation Stole of metal im alloy asmolgamm is xeto.
eg. 8-3 Cncert]
Q. Which of the tellowing duangition metal don't show
vastiable oxidation stale? G)Mn (2)%n Cc)CH fdrSe >
=> oot? and Zt?
but xn iS not a tvansition metal.
G) Ut? = Cufe , CuCl,» CuBr, Cule
eimai
Stable Unstable
cut? 4 r- — > GH + L
madd mum —“)/iminimum |
onidoartion Stowe|) oudacion state |
cod oxidising ||(good reducing
4 agent) a4 agent ) |
2Cul, —7 Qe + L ve ep a: fat (oa,) < Cy (oy)
445°)
we Ut 7 10 40 (3d As /
“ase me Si 4 ¥ % 4 hy Hovton F
et Size
wo . HET stability
) Cu804 + Ken _y Ksfedten) | 4 S04 + CCN),
B(4+n+ 4(1)=0
> etd
mechanism:
2CuS04 + 4KCN — 2CuCen) + 2K 2504
2Cu(CN, — + 9 Cyn 4 (CN),
2CuCN 4 EKCN —y ox, UCuCeN)a J
EE BREN 2 Ks LOU CEN D4 0
2CuS04 + 1OKCN—> 2Kg[CuCOn)4 | + 2k2S04 + (CN),
“d-bleck elements ghons highest oxidation state mn hela
Fluonides and oxides due to small Size and high
elecision egacivity ch Fluorine and Oxygen.
* Hn show Righest oxidation slate im oxide Ma gO?)
because Mn 4vom ds — 2 bond with onygen
hence stability imcneases. 5 =) = Ane 5
Mindi 4 H,0—9°2 HMn04 CPemagnic acid) sPSo =
Acidic ob oxide % Oxidalin Ob Central on Haein
+2) + ,
WO ns Oy vou")
4S ke
V905 40cid + yo? (v9) geNncer?
rept eric oxide xeoct with- alkal’ and acid +o gine
necpectivey:
1 -3
(4) VO,* and VO, L@® Voy? ana vo?
() VO,* and “VO.®
(4) VOy* and VO;
aieg 8:5 [ncerT]
Oxidising _ponen > VO,* < cy,0,°2
< Mn047
ayes) Cyt é
Mn?
Poramagnerisan +
d-block elements Shon paramagnetism because
Aney have ‘unpaisxed electnone.
Suz Vitex?) Bm
Mo magnetic mmomemt 5 a» mo. o unpained élecbn
Mel W=h7S RM Q Which ob the following has
mM=2 = 2:84 8M Ws 73 BMP
nes J = 3.878M Ova Va, CayvCly 4) Vy
met J = .a0BM V4 1 Te] wha
m-5 UW = 542 8M a At mad
eq 9-8 [NCERT]
Calculate magnetic moment of divalent ion im
a.geous solution if z=25 ?
> 3d As
zo M Tah)
\v
a m=5
mM? EDP ET Tol a2 5.92 om
eg. 88 (vcert]
Calculate spin only
i, 2227,
> z=27, M*? toh
omagnedic moment of Mt? Cag)ion
ad 4s'*
all C41
med Wb =oS7 6M Coloured. Compound:
a-block elements om coloured compound because
d-d 1uangition ‘lakes place due 1 puesence
unpainted elecd Mons .
io ae me
wre ee el
absorb
mon, nat
A/a
= colounless because iL dom't have unpainted
eleclnons hence d-d Anangabion doesn’t tate place.
Violet + Cut? vt? Mn*®
Blue + yt4 7 CHT, Curt? Blue pink
Gineens yt? fet, Nit? Co*?, Cot
Yellow > ft
Pink + Myt2
Purple — +7?
K Mn 04 > Kp lr,07 , [Fe (HO), NO}SO4
purple otangevel — brown |
aes ob Se
Shows Clout Aue +o change tHansles spect sum (C18)
07% - 97 ‘en
Mn? 4-67 > Myt>
3a? >a"
oo? Ey seo +e7
Cn 4 e- —> Ca?
ade ad!
NO —> NOt +e"
fet? 4o-——> Fe” 1 Catalytic Cehaviour
d-block elements work as codalyst because thoy
have: (2) Voniable Odxidetion stode.
(2) Lasige Sunibace oven.
eq -U) Contact Process -
2802 + 02 28 , 950,
(2) Haber's Proce ss-
No + 3H, HOR, ants
Cs) Hyanogenoction aa
CH, = Chl, + Hy —Ni, CHty—CHs
(4) Wacken's Roocess =
CHz =CHe . £05 amy CHs-CHO
G) folymenisation - anlusk
jegler -N Codalyst . _
Ziegler - Natta CaAcly = (cH, - cH, )=
CH, = CH.
ee? * THCly + PL CCoHs)>
(6): ft
217 4 S$ 0g? —£-, 3, 4. 2505?
Mech anisyn :
217 + QFet® —, op, +2 i,
“2 :
S, 0g + &Fe™* > geet 4 g5o,?
Complex Formation -
d-block element foum comple because they have -
tismall size
(2) high Le sactip
Wh
@B)vacam} opbitals
24> kalFelen) ] Alloys Formation \
Because d-block elements have simian Size
e-4-+ Bnass CCu and Zn)
Bronze CCu and Sn)
Silvers Uk coins aste alloy of Cu] Ni
Interstitial Compounds
QQ 7 4 GN Comal atoms)
oh excaig imtenstitial position to fourm
indensktial compounds .
eq+ TC, Mn,N, Fogh, VH
Chaviactenisticg—
@ they have” highen me
metal.
othe axe hasid.
0-56 ete.
Hing point than puse
® they maintain concluctivity oh metal.
© They axe chémicalhy iment.
Standard Electrode tential (Emrajy)
Mt? 4907 —, m Standard. cond”
eM, 208 k, 4 bas
° Accouding to 1vPAc ,Slandosid Reduction tential is
considened slandasid elecitode potential. -
. ACconding do 1UPAC., Hydnegen clecttode i$ selenence
elecluode. Its Ely =0| M(s) —, MG), 4aH -4ve
ou fo
\ ( | M(q)-+ M*@) +e, JE\=4ve
| | Le +
Hd Mies
ee)
Zn(s)—> Zn*# (aay) + 2e~ i MM? (q) > Me
oxidadion
(aq), HE =-ve
HE = hydration enthalpy
Cu T* Gay) 426 Cu(s) |
Reduction. |
yt
Bd senies. Th °V Cr Pm | Fe Co | fo Zn |
Eno () -K63 -118 seme 0-88) -0.24/10-24\ [0-7
Jn 3d genies as we move fe}A -lo sight £7 at? /y become
less negate.
4 Buk Emit /q fox Mn,Zn and Ni have mote ve value
Ahan expected because Mn*? and %n?? ave mone
Stable due 4o halh-filled (2d) and full-filled (3d) e-
conkigusation nes pectively.
# Emam fon Ni 16 move -ve than expected due to its
high megarive value ol Hy dstoction enthalpy .
Q $4 [ncerT]
Why E’o®/m yalue fot Gu He PEG yiafeys OHV
> Aue to high. AaH and low HE ob Ccoppesi.
Q: 9 6ENCERT. why ‘neve is iHMegula nities fa Paz /M value
Loa Sd sevies?
~ Due Vvariaton im LE, and TE, values. on
An element’ with lowe value of, Standard ebactnode
potential (Standasd "eduction potential ) will Heduce the
element with highes value of Slandosid eleclnode |
potential.
-8-0BV -3.0 9.0 1.0 Eye? 40 kb 420 424 ¢
Li 5
oh \ pa
yeducing Better educing agent Fo = 4Vve ytd
agent than My better oxidising agend "9
than Ho
;
Eoys2 Cy 15, 0-34V ie +ve hence Cu do nok libe Hale
Hh gas fxom dilute acids.
ver [Cu ancl —— uch +4,) x
our Coppen neact wilh Staong oxidising acids like |
HNOg and Hy S04.
Cu + M804 —> Cu804 + $02 + H,0 |
Cu + HNOg Gil)—> CuCnog), +NO + H,0
Gi + HN6g (conc) > Gu (NOg)2 + NOs +H,0 |
|
tn 2d senies ag we move lefA +o stig Eat o/we
value become mone +ve
ad Sc Ti 7) an Co Ni Cuf |
Era Ty sana 1657 J Wq7V —: — a
qnost -ve Cyaa/yts mbve Me \ess than expected most -ve
ell: - 2
Sc 7 Sct243e7) low value good wal F912_, Fels € oe (2d")
stale
36736) | vt, VIP ott pte 2d HP cong
ined ag? Ore nal ed sae
moble gas ony Bio i ead con
diy P| Hal-fited confi, tage “ sabilily t $0 E2
soil Ob e t tat tes fi i site Ey (ae fox Mn is highly +ve because Mn? js
stable due +o half-filled electmonic. con-iqueraricm (a0
go 3% jonisection erlerey fou Nn is high hence
md
Emr /yt2 value is hig Ave.
LS IvcerT]
Why iS Cx seducing And Mn*® oxidising when both
hove AY conhigurocion ° -—-e
On*? 4 Cw? + om 2eee ie
(247) (ea?) “Etta,
tages halt 4illea conbi g: a.geous medium
Stability. Wence, CH ocls Wyo» WEL
as Oo neducing agent. ano paix of er
gped meducing | wl .
mnt? (904) +e" — Mal (gq6) 9 - -—~
mnt? have hal, -filled elecisonic config wviacton
ie 20° (124eq?) - S018 mone stable.
Hence Mn*® act as a. good oxidising agent.
=
Desention: Cu*? is a good neducing agent while Mnt? ;
et
Reagom ; Cu** and Mn? both have At configusartion.
— folh A and iS cMmect , R is not -he explanatio
oh A.
Potassimm — dichsiomate (Ky Cis O7)
Preparation: From Chiomite ose
“LOL tag
Fe-Cry Oy + Naf, + 0 —r Nag CHOy + Fen0s + CO
oO ap
Ky COg
QNayCr04 + HySO, ——> NasCn,07 + Na,SO4 + 120
ovange ved caystal
tan Fivm OF Blan? only. 2huo OR _————_—_
Na,Cr,0, + kcl _, KC, 07 + NaCl
orange crystals.
Solubility : Naz Cty 0, Y Ky Cay 0,
Properties :
Pinal iS oHange «Hed due to Change Wanster Sea
(2) Cy by? He
% -2
== (1,07
Ypow orange
*(5) IF acts as good oxidising agent im aciic medium,
Ko land, +Ht —» QCy3 4 yO, E22 -23V
6-2 45
I~ —» ty 0 wor
Fo? _, F213
$n? _, Smt a,
(4) heating ehlect. f :
Ky C89 07 An Ko Cry Og + C4, 03 + O,
seen
Solid.
(>) Chr omy! chlonide test -
Nall + Ky Cry 07 +H,504 —y NouS0, + KHS0, +H,0 +
oY cone. Cr-0) Cly
i Cheronny) ch bite
sovange ved
fumes.
Cr0,Cl, + Nadh —> NoaCr04 + Noch + 1,0
yellow. (8) Reaction with 20s
Ko C4. 07 + H,O, + 4,504 — Cr 05
a
o conc. deep blue colour
- -
FON eS [24 5(-2) =0
bf *~0, m= +10\%
at6Y
Butles{ ly -like slrucluve Hees
Note? Ko Cra, 18 used im volumetnic analysis instead
ck Nasl420% because Na,Cr,07 iS hygroscopic in
nature
Structure ; 0 oO
\ ° " ‘
Wyo? MN : dichromate in
07 a NOY O85: : Clr*®)
Q 9 aia
» 2 Aedvahedual unit joined by Cx-0-Gr bond
+ 6 (4-0 bond length axe equal and & Cr-0 bond
length ave differen.
Cr 04” ft + Cheomade ion.
“ey No o tetyahedval
O op © » Cat
eS a
4A C+-0 bond lengih “me
equal.
Potassium: Permanganiste Ck MnO#)”
Preparsation : air] KNOs
AG) MnO, + KOH + O2 ——> Ky MnDg + Ho?
. ( dark qeeen)
ky Mn04 + H" —> KNnO, + MnO, + 1,0
(dark. purple) C)Mmo, fesed_with Kou im ay gy?
presence of aiP/K NOs
Mn O47? Electrolytic oxidation, Mm 04
in alnaline medium
(5) unt? + 5,037 4,0 + nO, + SO Pat”
“Properties :
(4)Tk is davk purple due’ +o charge Arans}er spectra
(2) Ir is diamagnetic bur Show demperatuve dependent
P aramag netism,
(o) IF is mob very soluble im water.
A) heating eblect .
KMnO4g —» Ky M04 + MnO, + 0,
Mn Oy “ permagnate jon = Mn O47? emagnade- ion.
fas i
Mn n
Ayn até
o 7 a) 0 ce %e
+ tetvahedrol stetyahedwal 6)
rdork purple: + daw green
. AIC (a)')
. d _R bond. Parromagne:
3 aan — Fa * 2 di Pyt ond.
6) WOYKS ae a. clixang ai Seer.
Mn 42 = 2h5ay
B= ME oggy
M
or Sairily adkoS rmsd ">
or Weakly loosic medium Tn acidic enedium -
MnO, + 5e7 Man”
Th, S057 S04"
Fet? > Fel? No, —> Nos
oe \G 047 CO ~\
Mnt* fosimed wovk as & catalyst - | \
Ly alcaline medium
Mm04 22+ Mads + OH
17 —+ Io,”
5,057 — Soy?
bh
Mn"
In meutyal ov fain
—+ Mn,
Note + Penmaqmale LitHoclion im presence o HCl ane
um sedispacteny because HCl is oxidised +o Cl
Use: as oxidising agent
@used im analytical chemiciay
@ im bleaching.
@ in alkaline KMnCy Coold and dille)—>
boeyer's Reagent . Used in dest of unsaturation
—x—
Grenenal Cleclsonic Conjigquaration + (m—2)4 =a? ms?
immen txansition elements
Lancth anoids (z= 58-1074 344) :
AckinidS
Gieneval oxidation Slale =43 5 / in
(22Q0 40 2=103 >5f
veers General oxictedtion
= Cat, Pt TH > stable oxidation siales33 Stale =+3
al = oxidising agent OE — ete
due -o its low neactiv
Ce is used im analytical chemistty
Actimoids show more variable oxidadion state Than 7
Lamthamoids because im acdimoids electnond passliaP °
fom 75,64 ag well as bh Subshell because ine
Nave comparable energy [of > ba ~ 78]
Maximum ocidelion slate + Nel? and tt”
Why chemistry of Ackmoid is complicated P
> Orthey show vaniable oxidacion state
@ they ove Nadiaaclive.
Atomic size +
Eu > Ce > Pr ?- -yly
5358S n
ag ‘ddowic number (2) size 4 due to Lanthania. combiadn
e -1 AF Shielding apect ¥ €lechon mudear shunget size 1.
Tonic Size; Ce?) Pxt® >. .-- Lut?
hyamoxide’: Ce (oH), > PeCOH)s > ------yLu (om),
as Zt Lm*> size } Ln—OH’ Bond lengtn LBET
Basic staengih \
Colour: like a-blbcx eleme ais, f-block elememis show
colorr due to f-} tHangition - Lat? (449), Ce*Ga$’)
Lu (Af '4) ane colourless because no un prived
electson iS puesent.
Lamthamoids and Aclimolds ane white silv ey metals.
nelic andcoowikess while olhens one
Sand 4¢ 4+ diam
=" a f metic amd colomed.
pawan Reaction o, Lanthamoide ‘
Lm steact Uke Ca and Al.
SB Lng Ox
vith > bun in Op
Loe
wih N2 SL pith old He qos
Lan "3A | et hg
; wh with Ens
7
Ho Lary
Leno Lin (oF)S* H,7
or Lm, Cy, Lm,C
Ackmolds sieact with acid amd psioduce Hy gs beck mo
attacked HNO, due to formation of ovide Layen.
Uses of Lanthamoids * :
® im pxoducton o, alloys, steels fox plates amd pipes.
@ Hischmetal am alloy of Lomthanoid metal+Iuom +
Cas /.) (sf)
tnaces o 3,C,Cu and AL :
: Mischmetal is used im doramadion of Ma based
alloy do pstoduce bullets, shells and: lighten flint.
@ mixed oxide a Lamthamnoicl ate used as coca
in petroleum cHacning. i
@ Lm oxides ave used as phosphonus im televisiomn
sevHeen and flusescing.
4e Cut dis proportionate. in “ag, Medium 2Crt Coq) > Cat Git
(2d") (ag)
because high WE of Gx4*Cageonpentole high 24: & g Ga
thus, Cut? (aq) ig move Stable than Cu*! im aggous medium . nah, sake] AE 5d 65
alo 8 4 2
Cone | 59Cé | 4 4 2)
fae 5sPr a 0 2 |
Nadya. . Nd 4 9 2 ey wity 0b
Prem Pim 5 6 2 follow Aauf ban
Samay som 6 0 2 Princip le
. ¢ pk 8
ae |= 8 a | (tet)
bal, Ged | @ 0 2 {
Tab go tb q 0 2
Dil «Dy lo 0 2
huwa i Ho " 0 2
Eur aie? 12 0 2
Tuan
