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D & F-Block Elements

Transition elements, properties, inner transition elements, lanthanoids, actinoids

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115 views15 pages

D & F-Block Elements

Transition elements, properties, inner transition elements, lanthanoids, actinoids

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ayushiborkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ents because thelr postion In period He the highly active metalic elements of block (uy a! Their properties arent andthe clement oF Pek ‘are largely covalent). ogy | incompletely filed dorktal. A transition ‘| element maybe, (ii) “Typ the transton elements havea Sa duce cre ot encom naman ete eg ons : D are transitional between the elzment whose atom in gt i te. having electrons between 1 to 9. Epa Group 12 (the zine group) clements have completely filed orbitals in the gre they are not regarded as tansilonelpenis common oxidation states. Therefore, s(t) drs, Mee is the out ‘isthe outer Bi The gene ectronc configuration of ack lament However, palladium doesnot follow this general electronic nbz electron cor ‘4495 in order to have sfabiity. iawn gt pe €y a (Za, Qdand Hg are involved in transition series but they oe filed d-orbitas. Cree q 65 ‘Aalanovatve ost foe : v0 lsu Rau (C.6) IITEE, NET 8 9 Su. 12 SeL(PCM 8 PCB). Cont @ 919993551234, 918770887703. chest (4 Maan _ (cor, i elements the last but one (ie, the gio .. the peritate shel of electrons expand t (4 Lowest vo physical end chemical properties in common, eee eaival the ranstion lemensdisay typical maalc properties suchas igh este strength, dy reaeabllty, high thermal and electrical eondactty and metalic sr. Most transition elements have cop/heptype structures, ‘The tanelton demenisare very much ard andhave lw by, they haveigh enthalpy of losin ‘Gy, Mo and W have maximum number of unpaired electrons and therefore, these are very had ‘ond have maximum enthalpies of atomisation in thelr respective period. ‘The metals with very high enthalpy ofaomisation (ie, very high btling pot tendo be noble in the reodions, i) The metals ofthe 4a and 5d series have greater enthalpies of pfomittr than the corresponding 07 (Gipph showing Trends in enthlpex of etomistin of traniton elements ed { wo ). MELTING AND BOILING POINTS © Oxidati a ing nd boting pont of dock stock oT Reason : Stronger metalic bond formed present by unpaired ¢-electrons. (In Zn, CA, anda there lsno ung decton preset in otal hence det benef cole «bond mking ad boing point are very lowin serie. Wola metals Za, C8, Hg) fa) n3dsnies SctoCr mstingandboling po ress nM to Zn meingandbsing pt me i ber af covalent bond end bond energy betwee ‘Asthenumber of unpaired decton increas, them . The atomets expe olnrease upto Ceo fy whee ech ofthe ol ae ely uns electron and the opportunity or covlen sharng's greatest 66, Gece é tora pa vvatve site Raipur (0.6) TIE, NET 89 Si 12SALPCM BPEB). Conk 99999851234, BTTORETITA rear ln aclcal Few ng pol oto weaken beg : : I have comparalhh tion and high IP. 39) 5 Holes! melting potn! W(= 8400-4 By. Mnand Te! (¢) configurat FE Lowest melting point Hg (- “tuk Melting Point °C —_____— Illustrations Tlustrationl : Whydothe transition elements have higher bollng & ‘Solution Because of having larger numberof unpaired ele Interaction and hence stronger bonding betwee the atoms ofthese elements attribute tothe} (C) DENSITY: {9 Theatomic volumes ofthe transition els iA 1 ompored wth the ements of group ‘This is because the increased: a harg. In addon, the extra electron ak, ee of I {nner orbitals. Consequently the dene! fansilon metals are high. 09 Across a per rom ef fo rit tml dese and lone mass re, yg he (i) Ingenerl oxidation tate of dblockelemen{ i given as minlmum oxidallon slate = numberof cleans ‘maximum oxidation state = number of electrons + unpakred electron | densities also increase ac | ScsTisVsCrsMngfbs Cop Ni Cu>Zn {ene fs an exception, having Bie atomic wolume and hence has lower densi) (i) 34 4d ce 5 Se uv) | Maximum dé spr Os: (©) Tonisation endiyies $¥Tonisation enthalpies :- 01 Tig Hon enn of, an Hg eo ih ese ha aly ad ot) eg ati. (i Or second tonsation energy :Se ‘Means Oxidation easy TEAUSRP is ive + Meansreduction easy —yrag, Some important examples = 5 i 1. Eng = tveonlyfor Ouamong 2 elements because HE of a {or sublimation energy, IP, and IP, for Cu, \ mh 2 ag €) Ehejge oe Reason: t,g°eg" <-> d* ©) Eagar =e hah Reason: deg i @ Ben tml : ree | Nowe mag oy ninerttbsten yt otamy of Fe a (9) TRENDS IN Sté ‘HIGHER OXIDATION STATES Standard al data provide valuable information about the stabilities off SO gt neti ene ie a erally among halides and axes } Halides of first transition series | @_lametatbatides. The anion elements eat with halogens at high rnperaies toform i metal hades. These reaons have ver hgh hat of ection, But once thereacon sr thee | sacion stent to contin the eaten. The halogens reac nthe folowing dancers oa F,>Cl,>Br>1, ’ (@ Ingeneral the elements of fist transion Series tend to exist in low oxidation Sates ‘Chromium to ize form stable diluorides and the other chlorides are also known, {3} Since fvorine the most electronegative element, the transition metals show highest eldndle wth fuorne. The highest oxidation states are found in TX, (trades, X «FC, Brand, a CF, « 9 . ow “olreovate nett in Rp (0.6) fr I-JEE,NEET&9G.- 12 Su{PCM_ PCB), Con. 9495055124, SHTESTIL ‘10 . — simple al ‘mehalides, However, MrOJFlsknoum in ubich — 1) Pare hestondation state due to ether higher lle entha can ov te lohgherenaentbonibeg, Ven Ghg MDs low oxidation stat x eC Brorand compet can form ORK mC). Alege ar os fm Nest spite Tiss beease, Ou ondses to, aides are known except ty _ b 20x" + 4b —s Cus) +1, comp hosbem obser that many enppe tate sepopoctonatono Call and Gi ag, hounds ere usalelnaqueos sland they indo (i) Ther 20" —s Ov 409 aa Copper in +2 oxidation tte more sable than n 1 onal Gj , on slate, This ef explained on tas of ma ger regal yan ental of CU ha, sce much : ‘han compensates fr the large energy required to remove the second eden Ig8TZecond lors re enthalpy of copper. YP ) & \NNETAL OXIDES AND OXOCATIONS, ° \ - i Thesbilty of oxygen to stabitze the highest oxkation ate gdh in ther oxides, The shed v ovidation: States in thelr oxides concides with the group: cample, the highest oxidation steel a of scandium of group 3s 43 in is onids'Se,0, whey onan tat of manganese M group 7 is 47, in MnO, ; Fe S. (i) Besides the oxides, oxocation ofthe metals higher oxidation states. For example, Wa a ‘VO,', V" as VO" and Ti” as TiO™, N these high oxidation states exceeds that of fluor ic ‘as Ma whereas the highest oxide Is Min,O,, Ths 2 form multiple bonds to metals. (®) FORMAT €/43cxation sates mosly form onicbondsuheresuah igh] (l) FORMATH aly coveente.g, in MnO, allbonds are covalent. As the oxida Trensition Fonte character of ther oxides decrease. For example, Incase ofMAl—Thesmalla oxides the acidic character's predominant. Thus CrO, gives H,C0} the transith Zives HMn0,, V,0, s, however amphoteric though mainly acidic aa eg. WC, yl as acids gives VO. and VO,’ respectively. Proveste @ , “ Be 6 «Except C1,0,= Amphoterie o FORMATION OF COLOURED IONS = 2¢ coordination compound (J) MAGNETIC PROPERTIES o Inisineresting to nate that when the varius sbsiances ae place na magne fd, they dorot beh asin uayLe,, they show diflerentbehatour which renown as magnetic behvour ‘Those ae dassiied as: sn rvratve stein Rp (6.6) or ITSEE, NEET RSI 2SHPCMLPCE) Con. @oveassi24 oterTo¢aTIOR. |. Maecoat whe stances whichareattacted by magnetic ic substances rises due tothe presence of unpaired electrong a i this erate an tances. The substances which are repelled by magnetic fg Mon, ng poe ee is character anss doe (othe presence of paired electrons in pe"© ay, ot \* substar tic i's are paramagnetic in ale 7 ompours of trrstion element ar agetlennalure and area sett, | thy fd. al filing of dsubshels. Most sho ements wove he part s. Mostof the emt ave unpaired ceatons in -subshel (rom configuration do ann i rise to paramagnetic character. tm 4 the eect Felons on eo etic moment arise oly rom the spin of he rors. The can be ey tg tdlation = tora) BM. n= Number of unpaired electrons Kuta, he Table : Calculated and Observed Magnetic Moments (BM) y : Configuration | Unpaired Magnetic moment i electron(s) | Calculated: Of ae 0 0 0 Py 1 173 3¢ 2 : Al 6 ite af ; . b-”” 3.86 % 3 480 oe . 5.96 at 4 4 53-55 af 3 44-52 ad 2, 284 29-34 eg 173 18-29 3d” 0 0 (kK). FORMATION OF ‘COMPLEXES : Ste coordifiation compound (Q_ FORMATION OF YMPOUNDS ‘Transition metals form inters ds with elements such as hydrogen, boron, ‘The smallatoms of these non-mealipélements (H, B, C,N, etc.) get trapped in vacant: art, the transition metal atoms} below. + esol the ty eg. WC, Fe,C, THs. . i Properties: q) are! tray non-stoichiometric compound, (2) Ni ical ionic nor covalent (8)/“Hatferthen pure met! t ‘melting point then pure metal faleability and ductility less then pure metal (6) Chemically inert ranclon ntl tome Topped atoms 7 " irre tot wee of variable a von of free Tel reall doe * komt pore TY on die, wh. : ia J 1 30, , 03 SO, , nts a ¥,0,+80, —+ 50, an ent as. B,0.+0,— 29, 3 HSPs 208 g) Wa0l tH, te Veg choo 4 ty su.oY FORMATION ; mY _Nkysare homogeneous sold A \ at 158 of exch other Traction mesg famed byt ‘stead tessmdemd cos uted randomly emongt sich have eat ys. The trans fost ermal nits | ove BEGINNER'S BOX- icconiguaton of ok laments IN ns! This generalisation has seven duet (song shiekting of n-1) -letrons (2) very litle energy difference between {n-1}d and ns orbitals {S)presence of unpatred electrons : (bih energy erence eveen fh ands ots ‘Selet group of transition elements UPb,S_V (2) 4, Ca, La (PA La Fe (420, Pd, Bi 3, Which element is having lowest tng and bling point: an (acu (zn (Ma 7 eS trove ste Rar (6) ITE NEET8 96H 124M EPCS), Cor @ TBERES1N,SETIHETIO. Cc os Shion ayy AY Sho Ry 4 a @Mn (Strongest exkdsing ions (Fe mee (3) Mn (3 Strongest redacing ion is 5 a amet _ ace Which compound does exist ne KO) OM, ern the form of dichromate, CVD isa strong oxidising agent in acidic }2.2” COMPOUNDS OF d BLOCK ELEMENTS, POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE: ray In WO, ere not because (1) CV is more stable than MVD & WIV {2) MoV) and WIV are less stable than CVD (3) H.O'S. of heavier members of group 6 of transition (LOS. of heer members of group 6 of transtion ++ (®) Preparation ‘This is the most important own sal of permangan acid and prepared om kp ore. Is prepared by te of ether with KOH or K,CO, in presence of ste ‘oxygen or any other o nt such 28 KNO, The fused mass tums green vith the tt assum mangant, KN36, " oman 2MnQy+ 4KOHYO, —> 2K.Mn0, +2H,0 21450, 823.50, +0, —+ 2K MnO, + 2C0, The ‘extracted with water and the solution is now treater ) ‘alrooraie Ist in Raipur (6.6) for with a curent of opto ce ioxide to convert manganate nto permanganate, i rn FMD, + C, —> 2KMn0, + 2KCI : 2K MnO, + {0 +0, —+ 2KMo0, + 2KOH +0, 3K MnO, + 200, —> 2kMnO, + MnO, + 2K,C0, (disproportionate in acidic mediurn) Commercial its prepared by fusion of MnO, with KOH followed by electroitic onda MnO, (reer]—+ Mn0,- (purple) +e Inthe laboratory, a manganese) ton salt is oxidised by peroxodisul 2Mn** + 5S,02- : ion of mangante, Iphate to ‘Permanganate +8H,0 5 240074 108024 1641 Physical property: Its purple coloured c . f a "saline compound, Its moderately sohible in water (Seomecnmrniecrseen a TEE NET Sid. 12544 (POM &PCR) cont @ 919999551234, g1g7708770 | | ! sie ofheting 2KMino, 0K : on treatme concent 0,4 ag sia permanganyl suphate yh ch Hgo, tn, . an ® PO lash eT Kind, — cre heating. oms meng he Polson eengarte ia netting, (20 expla) Potassium permanganate Power = jnakaline ts as an ogi eM 7 Seneutral metiom ; ng agen allalng . Taster) aac ned ag * Reutralor acidic sotons, 2KMnO, + 21 Teducel to 1“ 2KOH (cone) —, ano - 4+H,0 + [0] ©+Mn0-—, a However if soliton fe Mn0z ; G ; Preipitate, ee KE eet ne al! Aue inO, 2M «+ 70 — atin + 40H + 20 4) or 3+ 2H,0 + MnO (8) Other reactions Magy Neutral or weak alkaline KMn0, Hs —b eae so ee oF Wl t— 10> “Nor. ~ t 2 SOF bos s+ . Ret 4 Fe" wo? Ls ano, me wee & OH —}—+ 00,+H,0 CO, —— 0,414.0 sor 1 sot - Mn’? (MnSO)) colorless: cr,0,): FE ononvetamaiinrendar furnace + 800, FeO. C0 (chromite or) + 2,00, +70 EEELS aNa,010, + 2703+ ‘Aaa inst nrg (0.6) TARE, NEET SSH a euro Poy cat oeES2 STENT Pre-Med Wal: ey: Aly watte when NaCiO, goes Into the gopmmees Ch The Tel em ened et eu tate oR insolubla Fe,Q,, The sol i N04 NSO, —? NayoOs + NOS 1H x ssl Na $0,300 Tesolin Therion coer ated salon 6,0, np we yl K(C40, a blake on rss, ‘ Nj0}0, + 2KCI —+ KOH, + 2NeCt . . inory onda nvelumetc estimation Isprolened over N00, 280 en etn nature But KOO, Iso. _ Ne, Chee rate ante “ Of C107 Soliiy of NaC, Is higher than K,Cr,0, . S ' (aline compound It is Physteal property It orange-red coloured ens ba He but fray sohble in hot water I melts at 398°C, Shu, by CChomical property : Effect of heating : On strongly heating, It decomposes a fas i " 2K,6,0, “® , Other reactions 4 Adtdified Ie, 0,1Prange) HS i— s 0,7 No> so Fe? By Wy, h y eu GHOH ——* cH,coolt ‘S ror Cr{SO), Green 1, Chromyl chloride test : NaCl + K,Cr,0, + H,S0, -» C:0,CI, (Red orange vapour) ~}N2OH Na,CrO, (Yellow) i 2 Ackiled KC, soliton eects ih HO, na ether sluion to give a deep soliton deta be formation of C10, C10, + 2H" + 41,0, —> 2010, + 5H Note : Reaction with C,H,OH Is used in drunken driver test, (Gercenemeinemnems) 5 “cleo stn Rar (6) TEE EET BS 12 Stl PCB), Cont @ stoenssza,oteroe770% jy ANSTTION ELEMENT 1 ents eh the addtional fi fjockelements, Seton enter inf on In The Perlodie Table ynthanoks resemble wath ite teen elements togother atone. 1 OSL 40 Sal 6s? 4? 6st ae age ? sa 6st a atte? at at? 6s? af? atts 6s? ats at! a! 65? at 2 Its to be noted that filing of Af orbital inthe atoms tnot regular A Sd electron appears in gad (Z~ 64) with an outer electronic configuration of4('54" 62" and not 4f°6s). Thisis because the 4 andi electrons are at about the seme potential energy and thatthe atoms havea tendency to retain sabetl filed configuration. On the other hand, the filing of forbitas is regusrin tripostve fons. Alter losing outer electrons, the f-orbials shrinkin ize and beedme more stable Pim isthe only smtheticradioactvelanthanold. zee % es snbotvesitln Rap 0.6) TOE NEETU SHIPOUR FED Cat Qe RTO, ; — () Oxtdstony 1 bate, (2 Except (8) Sm, Ey (0 Magneticp 1 Intipee Gadotin: (2) bnthary Except 68) Coan Colour © Thelant light and ) Thecoke (i) Thetone (0 Lanthan, ( Lanthanoié Inthele lanthanw 9 Thegen dleetron (i Ductow 6sPelect Hence w atoms ar ee + Atotig, passing of inchs larthane Ths op ‘between Basicn doxrease + Similar lanithane Daloevatie ht 4. 918770887703 i Hence with ind atomsandfens. i some (OID CONTRACTION sidation states Tnlanthanolds +3 oxidation state fs most common. Except Ce, Tb, Nd, Dy, Pr hich ao exhibit +4. Sed Sm, Eu, Tm, and Yb, also exhibit +2 stale. NG" Magnetic Properties , Ee nit the number of unpaired eens reg ines gp + 0 nh (@. lrthansm and htedumions are damognetic, wheal othe bpostvelanthancitons arg {Exception - Neodymium isthe most paramagnetic lanthanoid), (@ Ce" and Yo"? are ako.diamagnetic ons. G ive 4 ()Thelanthanoid ions have unpaired electrons in their 4f orbitals. ecb: light and undergo ff transtion and hence exhibit colour "(The colourexited depends on the nuber of unpaied * (i) Thetons ten wth 4Pconigaton have smi ow RN Lanthanotd Contraction é, 4 (9 Inthe Lthanoid sees with bien penn econ lanthanum to iutecum or from La’? to (8) The genera electronic configurdligh of these elementsis f"-5s2p6416,2 these eloments hy, lection enters the deep sede talsand therfore experiences conserable ally theres @ came i Bf cron, thy exes oem aan hk ™ ve munber the eranced nex charge kato contron a thang \ Atonjigsize : The ionic radii of Ze" is ‘shout 96 more than T, Similar tend i not mainte passing from the second to third transition series. The onicredius of He, = incision of one more electronic shell, decreases (ors tually equal o 2." conseqy ees qual to Zr") asa, uence ol This explains the close similarities between the mer ‘between the elements of the first and second series, + Basie nature of! le: : ti b : ire of hydroxide “Tree of lnhaneid contecton bas tire of hye bers ofthe second and third transion seis than Similarity la properties of lanthanold: Due to smal if pat emical proper lanthanoids are simlar and their seperation is difcule a “ (Cxnencceceecnesecees 7 Paevatve Rai Bre nse in COUMITIEE NET 9-12 (PCH 4 Po, cat @ eos ereTED sh metas an ally of anthanolds gers 0105 OR (t- SERS) : 4 ‘demesne lc ees tO} LaCy Ln Lae La(OH) +H ‘Chemical reactions of he lantanoids ee yy y A 9 sot ‘Some it 102 Nobelium 103 Lowrenclum ita sittea'7s sft Theda Oxidation states Uronlut a a ays Seton he es textile a a le noc aneste nearer en uh tonit veetnvennn apr OWE HE NEETEE SH DERPOHBIEO) CP qeimmssing tere | Mamreate . me © Eléctropositivie character ® ey Ianthanod serie in his respec. © Melting Bolling propert regular gradation of melting or boiling point @ Magnetic properties : The actinide elements are paramagt noun as actin ia dic table and: ‘Highest stable oxidstion st Physical appearance : Ad Density : Allthe Sf-electrons. The tons con are colourless, as expected. to poor shielding of 5f-electrons. Points of Resemblance : (0 Both lanthonoids end actinoids show "Both are lectropostve and atetrona (Both of them show fysteady. decrease in , 2 hey get torn Pilir Properties snes oe vey wits ets Th SNC Who) aay aitackof alas except thorium and amertetum have high densities, d actinolds ex 3 ur of actinide ions depends coloured. The colour o pends upon Colour: Actnie fon are genealy ot ag Sf-electrons (exactly ful fer’ : ies values o Iontsation energies : lonisalion energie : a the known actnide metals are highly electrop give, ‘They reso | ies : They have high melting and bollin; val Sy do nei Radioactive nature : All the actinoids are radiaoactive, sheeting: inide contraction : The size of atom/eation dec long the actinoids series, The dees an eeate toas actinide contraction. Ty, 2” decrease in ionic radilwith Increase in atomic numpays 2 Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinoids & lor Janthanoid contractjofprid actinoids show actinide contraction. 4 As POINTS OF DISTINCTION ie. f actinolds are low. ‘ lg ts with increase in oe netic dé,to the ae” Present npg Sise "hye oxidation state of +3. : fucing agents, a (iv) Most ofthe cations of larftahoids hd actinolds are coloured. their fontc radii along the series. Thus, lanthanoids shoy (i) Cations with sey of them are paramagnetic. i isn. Actinoids [7 Lathanoi 1. Besk lant Nie case’of ecftain elements 2. _Lanthanoids have less tendency towards complex formation. Some important uses of actinoids are as follows - the ical comnion oxidation state of +3. | Besides the most common oxidation state of +3, indids show +2 and +4 oxidation statesin | actinolds show +4, +5 and +6 oxidation states | 3. Except promethium, theyare non radioactive. | Allthe actinoids are radioaclive. 4. Oxides and hydroxide of lanthanoids are less basic} Oxides and hydroxides of actinoids are incase of certain elements, Actinoids have a stronger tendency towards complex formation. more basic Thoriuin : Thorium is used in atomic reactors as {uel rods and in the treatment of cancer. a Urantem : Uranium Is used as nuclear fuel. Its salts are used in glass industry (for imparting green colou. textile industry and also in medicines. Plutonium : Plutonium is used as fuel for atomic reactors as well as in atomic bombs. (Osteosarcoma) . Aalnoratve Insitute a Raipur (C.G) fo TEE, NET & 9 Sta 12 St4(PCM & PCB). Cont @ 919953551234, 918770887703.

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