Question list

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1. What is sampling?
4
The process of selecting a subset of participants from a larger population
5
The process of manipulating a variable and measuring its effect on the
dependent variable
6
The process of measuring two or more variables to determine their
7 relationship

None of the above

8

9
2. Which sampling method ensures that each individual in the population has an
10 equal chance of being included in the sample?

Convenience sampling
11
Stratified sampling
12
Simple random sampling

13 Cluster sampling

14

3. Which of the following best describes random sampling?

15
Selecting individuals based on specific characteristics
16
Choosing members of the population with the most common traits

17 Ensuring each member of the population has an equal chance of being

chosen
18
Picking individuals based on convenience
19

20 4. Which of the following best describes the concept of reliability in research?

The ability to generalize research findings to a larger population

21
The consistency and dependability of research results
22
The use of inferential statistics to make predictions
23 The decrease in field costs due to efficient sampling methods

24

5. Which of the following best describes the purpose of using a sampling method in
25
research?

26 To ensure every individual in the population is surveyed

27
To obtain accurate and reliable information about the entire universe
with minimal resources
28 To collect data from a large group without considering representativeness

29 To increase the cost, time, and energy required for data collection

30
6. In research, sample comprehensiveness refers to:
31
The extent to which the sample accurately represents the population
32
being studied

The size of the sample chosen for the investigation

33
The diversity of the sample in terms of demographics
34
The randomness of selecting the sample

35

36
7. The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following
criteria?
37 Method chosen for sample selection

38 Representativeness of the population

Size of the total population

39
Willingness of subjects to participate
40

41 8. What is a population?

42 A subset of people selected from a larger sample

The entire group of people that a researcher is interested in studying

43
A measure of a variable that is used to test a hypothesis
44
None of the above

45

46 9. How does field cost reduction benefit research projects utilizing efficient
sampling methods like simple random sampling?
47
It increases the expenses associated with data collection

48 It has no impact on the expenses of data collection

It decreases the expenses associated with data collection

 It makes data collection more complex

10. A probability sampling method in which each individual in the population has an
equal probability of being selected for the sample
Select one:

Convenience Sampling

Proportionate Quota Sampling

Simple Quota Sampling

Expert Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

11. Why is the need for eligible researchers emphasized in the context of sampling
and drawing valid conclusions?

To ensure unbiased data collection and analysis

To reduce field costs associated with data collection

To increase the complexity of social phenomena studied

To speed up the generalization process

12. A population is

the entire group about which investigators want to draw conclusions.

a smaller subset of a group of people researchers want to draw

conclusions about.

a smaller subset of a group of people about whom researchers want to

draw conclusion.

randomly defined.

13. The following refers to test utility EXCEPT FOR?

Refers to usefulness of methods

Refers to practical value in decision making

Refers to increasing cultural fairness

Refers to being more cost-effective

14. A subset of your population. It is the group (be it people, events, etc.) from which
you actually collect data or the group of individuals who actually participate in
your study.

Population

Sample

Sampling

15. Sample accuracy refers to:

The extent to which the sample is validated.

The extent to which the sample statistics differ from the true population
values the statistics represent.

The extent to which the population statistics differ from the

representativeness of the sample.

A statistical concept that can be assessed only theoretically.

How close the sample statistics match the predetermined values expected
by management.

16. Intensive study of one subject is called:

Anecdotal

Not scientific

Uninformative

A case study

17. What is the primary goal of social research?

To investigate natural phenomena

To understand human society and social relationships

To conduct experiments in a laboratory setting

To analyze physical properties of objects

18. In statistics, a sample is defined as ______.

a subset but representative portion of a population, often used to

estimate the characteristics of the entire class

a simple representation of a more complex system

19. what is limited resources

Restricted amounts of inputs required by a business or economy such as

motivated staff, finances, production facilities and raw materials.
 an area defended by one or more individuals against other individuals

the largest population that an environment can support at any given time.

20. Extending the implications of the findings from the sample studied to a larger
population is called

Generalization

Conclusion

Limitation

Delimitation

21. Which of the following best describes what a representative sample is?

A sample that looks like the larger population

A sample that includes particular individuals who best represent each

group being studied

A sample that includes equal representation of each group being studied

22. Which randomization technique involves assigning numbers to each unit in a

population and then selecting numbers at random to form a sample?

Tossing a coin

Throwing a dice

Using the lottery method

Tippett’s table method

23. The sample size is the number of patients or other experimental units included in
a study. In clinical trials, the best approach is to:

Calculate the sample size required to answer the research question

Choose a large sample size

Choose a very small sample size according to your budget

Wait to see how many people will apply and then decide

24. a population measure of the deviations from the means of two variables is

the regression

the covariance

the correlation

the regression coefficient

25. In research, what does the term 'population' refer to?

The sample group chosen for detailed analysis

The statistical methods used for data analysis

The entire group under study from which a sample is selected

The specific characteristics of the research subjects

26. What is a population?

The group of individuals or objects that a researcher is interested in

studying

The individuals or objects that are actually studied

The individuals or objects that are not studied

None of the above

27. Which of the following best describes the purpose of research methodology in a
study?

To determine the outcome of the research

To analyze the data collected

To systematically study the methods and processes used in research

To present the findings to the audience

28. What is the definition of a sampling unit?

Geographical boundary

Time period under consideration

The object about which information is desired

Element available for selection at some stage of the sampling process

29. How does the greater adaptability of sampling techniques benefit researchers?

Allows for quick data collection

Enables flexibility in various research scenarios

Guarantees absolute precision in results

Reduces the need for inferential statistics

30. Which type of research is conducted to generate knowledge and theories that
contribute to understanding fundamental principles, often using probability
sampling to generalize results?

Applied research

Experimental research

Fundamental research

Qualitative research

31. Sampling is advantageous as it ________

A.Saves time.

B.Helps in capital-saving.

C.Both (a) and (b)

D.Increases accuracy

32. Researchers prefer to sample for all of the following reasons, except for which of
the following?

Sampling is less time-consuming in terms of data collection.

Sampling is often far less resource-intensive.

Sampling is more accurate than gathering data from the entire

population.

Sampling is more convenient for recruiting participants.

all of the above

33. In policymaking, the term target population refers to

The group of voters most likely to favor the policy

All members of the policy domain with which the issue is associated

The people affected by the troubling condition that the policy

addresses

The political party that supports the policy

None of the above

34. An advantage of sampling (over a census) where accuracy is better using a

sample administered by a trained, supervised field-service group:

greater practicality

more in-depth information

cost savings

less total error

35. A small group from which you make an inference about an entire population is
called a __________.

sample

representation

model

medium

36. Action research is

a problem-focused change process.

the theoretical foundation for appreciative inquiry.

a form of team-building activity.

a process that avoids the need for employee participation.

37. ____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the
characteristics of the population the sample is drawn from.

Inductive reasoning

Number of observations

Representativeness of observations

Quality of evidence

38. Sample statistics are measures computed from ___ data. 13-5.

Raw

Sample

Big

Simple

39. How does the concept of economy of money relate to the field of research
methodology?

It refers to the financial resources allocated for conducting research

studies.
 It emphasizes the importance of cost reduction in data collection
processes.

It highlights the need for accurate financial forecasting in research

projects.

It focuses on the efficient utilization of financial resources to achieve

research goals.

40. Which of the following best describes the scope of biasness in a sample?

The likelihood of random errors affecting the sample

The potential for inaccuracy due to systematic errors or favoritism

towards certain outcomes

The impact of outliers on the sample mean

The variability in sample size across different groups

41. Why is sample size important in research studies?

It determines the cost of the study

It influences the accuracy and reliability of research findings

It affects the speed of data collection

It determines the population size

42. The degree to which a sample reflects the social characteristics of the
population that is being studied.

Representativeness

Validity

Reliability

Generalisability

43. In the context of Good and Hatt's definition of a sample, what is the primary
purpose of using a sample in research?

To precisely mirror the entire population

To make informed predictions about the entire population

To eliminate the need for statistical analysis

To ensure complete representation of every individual in the population

44. Which of the following best describes the purpose of sampling in research?

To observe the entire population for analysis

To select a subset for observation and analysis

To eliminate the need for data collection

To ensure absolute precision in research findings

45. A stratified random sampling is a method of probability sampling in which the

population is divided into different subgroups and samples are selected from
each

O Simple random sampling

O Stratified random sampling

O Cluster sampling

O Systematic random sampling

46. In the context of the Law of Statistical Regularity, if a researcher randomly selects
a sample of students from a university population and finds that the average age
of the sample closely matches the average age of the entire university
population, this is an example of:

Inferential statistics

Field cost reduction

Social phenomenon complexity

Law of Statistical Regularity

47. In action research, what is the primary focus when studying a specific problem
within a particular context?

Generalizing the findings to a broader population

Identifying statistical regularities within the data

Solving the specific problem at hand

Conducting inferential statistical analyses

48. In data analysis, what is the primary purpose of examining and interpreting
collected data?

To identify outliers in the dataset

To uncover patterns, trends, and relationships

To calculate the mean and median of the data

 To determine the sample size needed for the study

49. Understanding whom to sample is important. Who should be considered to

participate in the study requires participants to meet eligible criteria, which is
also known as:

Exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

External validity

Internal validity

50. Social complexity is defined as the socially intricate and interdependent ways
firms are typically organized. Which of the following is not a reason to
understand social complexity?

It highlights the importance of the people within an organization.

It has the potential to add value to the firm.

It requires an organizational culture to prioritize profitability.

It can give a firm a competitive advantage.

51. Objectivity refers to:

Not having any bias in research

Explaining the details of a study before conducting it

Not being personally connected to study participants

A state of personal neutrality in conducting research

52. What is the significance of understanding the errors in measurement and

collection in the data collection process?

It ensures that the data collected is always accurate and precise.

It highlights the potential impact on the quality of the data gathered.

It guarantees that the data collected will be representative of the entire

population.

It minimizes the need for statistical analysis in data interpretation.

53. In parametric statistics, what is the primary assumption made about the
distribution of the data being analyzed?

The data follows a uniform distribution

The data follows a specific distribution such as normal distribution

The data is randomly distributed

The data is skewed

54. A representative sample is one

created by selecting only those participants determined to be

representative of the larger population.

having characteristics accurately reflecting the characteristics of the

population.

based on the luck of the draw.

known to be a biased sample.

55. In monetary unit sampling, the sampling unit is defined as:

a component of an account balance

the particular application of an internal control policy or procedure

a dollar of an account balance

the definition of a sampling unit varies, depending on the auditor's

objective

56. Why is homogeneity in a sample important for research?

It increases the likelihood of encountering confounding variables.

It reduces the potential for confounding variables and enhances the

validity of conclusions drawn.

It makes the research process more complex and time-consuming.

It has no impact on the validity of research findings.

57. In the context of reliability based on probability theory, which of the following
best describes the concept of consistency?

The ability of data to be replicated and produce similar results under

different conditions

The likelihood of obtaining a specific outcome in a single trial

The degree of certainty in predicting an event based on past occurrences

The measure of how well a sample represents the entire population

58. Based on measurements and free from personal bias?

Objective

Subjective

59. In Cocharn's Fragment Analogy, what does the fragment of a phenomenon

represent in the context of sampling?

A. The entire population under study

B. A small subset of the population

C. The researcher's bias in selecting samples

D. The variability within the sample

60. Reliability is a measure of the _____ of a test or research results.

validity

standardization

accuracy

consistency

61. The degree to which people or objects are similar on an attribute. Sometimes
used as a design strategy used to control confounding variables

Homogeneity

Validity

62. The basic rule of probability sampling is:

That each member of the population has an equal probability of being

selected for inclusion in the universe.

That each member of the population has an equal probability of being

selected for inclusion in the pyramid.

That each member of the population has an equal probability of being

selected for inclusion in the galaxy.

That each member of the population has an equal probability of being

selected for inclusion in the sample.

63. What refers to how closely individual measurements agree with each other?

Accuracy

Precision

Relative precision

Relative accuracy

64. One reason a biased sample is a potential problem in research is...

the population is not representative of all populations.

the sample is not representative of the population.

the population is not operationalized.

the population is not adequately specified.

65. In the context of sample representation, what does it mean when a sample is
considered to be representative of the population?

A) The sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the entire

population.

B) The sample is small and not diverse.

C) The sample is biased towards a specific group within the population.

D) The sample is randomly selected without any consideration for the

population.

66. In a study investigating the average height of students in a university, what role
does inferential statistics play?

Calculating the exact height of each student in the university

Making predictions about the average height of all students based on a

sample

Determining the tallest and shortest students in the university

Measuring the height of students in a specific class

67. Which of the following best describes the concept of sampling design in
research methodology?

A. The process of selecting a representative subset from a larger

population for analysis and inference

B. The act of choosing a random sample without considering the

characteristics of the population

C. The method of analyzing the entire population to draw conclusions

about a sample
 D. The technique of selecting a biased sample to ensure specific
outcomes

68. In probability sampling, which characteristic ensures that every element chosen
has a known probability of being included?

Random selection of elements

Equal representation of all elements

Convenience of selecting elements

Sequential arrangement of elements

69. A 'population' is defined as:

A number or measurement collected as a result of observation.

A measurable characteristic of a population.

A subset of a sample.

The complete set of individuals, objects, or measurements about which

we wish to draw a conclusion.

none of the above

70. A statistic is

Any numerical value describing a sample

A subset of a population

Two SDs on either side of the mean value

A numerical value that describes an entire population

71. Sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the participants

correspond closely to the characteristics of the larger population. This is the
definition of:

Control Group

Participants

Representative Sample

72. used to analyze sample data to make inferences about the larger population
from the sample population

descriptive statistics

inferential statistics

73. can be done through the lottery method or table of random numbers (fishing
technique)

simple random sampling

systematic sampling

stratified sampling

cluster sampling

74. Social research examines

historical behavior.

individual behavior.

group behavior.

human behavior.

collective behavior.

75. Which measure of a population is used to describe the spread or dispersion of

data around the mean?

Mean

Standard Deviation

Coefficient of Correlation

Mode

76. Which of the following best describes a bias-free sample?

A sample that accurately represents the entire population without any

errors

A sample chosen by the researcher based on personal preferences

A sample that is not influenced by the researcher's prejudices,

preconceptions, or imaginations

A sample that includes only individuals who share the researcher's beliefs

77. Generalizations can only be made to populations that share the characteristics of
the original study's participants. Thus, generalization of findings is closely related
to _____.

Random sampling
 Reliability

Constructs

Validity

78. A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which changes in one factor are
accompanied by changes in another is called a(n):

standard deviation.

independent variable.

correlation coefficient.

mean.

79. The error associated with the estimation of a population parameter from a
sample statistic is

a.standard deviation.

b.variance.

c.standard error.

d.mean square error.

e.c and d.

80. Which of the following is not one of the main advantages of sampling?

Sampling saves money

Sampling affords more effective quality control of your study

Sampling allows you to directly obtain information from each member

of your population of interest

Sampling saves time

81. Why is it important to have a sample size that is sufficiently large in statistical
analysis?

To reduce the cost of data collection in the field

To ensure statistical significance and reliable conclusions

To simplify the analysis process

To speed up the research methodology

82. It is also called fundamental research or pure research. It aims to discover basic
truths or principles and advances fundamental knowledge about the human
world. It focuses on refuting or supporting theories that explain how this world
operates, what make things to happen, why social relations are a certain way and
why society change and has no immediate usefulness or value to man.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

EXPLORATORY/FORMULATIVE RESEARCH

BASIC RESEARCH

EXPLANATORY RESEARCH

83. The group that a researcher is interested in examining defined by specific

characteristics such as residency, occupation, gender or age.

Sample

Subpopulation

Population

Intended sample

84. Reliability is most simply known as which of the following ?

Consistency or stability

Appropriateness of interpretation on basis of scores

Ways in which subjects are the same

The heterogeneity of the subjects

85. An inference is.

A generalization applied to all in the sample.

The probability of bias error.

Established rules for setting statistical parameters.

A conclusion or judgement.

86. Why is representativeness important in statistical sampling?

To ensure that the sample accurately reflects the characteristics of the

population

To increase the complexity of social phenomena

To reduce field costs associated with data collection

To speed up the research methodology process

87. Which of the following best describes a statistical sample?

A. A small group of individuals chosen randomly from a larger

population

B. The entire group of individuals or items under study

C. A group of objects that possess characteristics different from the larger

group

D. A set of data points used for descriptive statistics

88. To accurately represent the target population, a small sample should be

randomly selected.

representative of the whole group.

representative in terms of demographic traits (age, region, religion, race,

and the like).

representative in terms of opinions.

All of these choices are true.

89. SQ Give a definition of a sample:

A group of persons

The whole population

A segment of the population selected to represent the population

A large segment of the population

Population

90. in archaeology, social complexity refers to:

the variety of life experiences and activities within or between groups

making a society

social organization embedded within biological complexity

only political institutions

biological aspects of human organization

91. a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

representative sample

population

convenience sample

biased sample

92. Which of the following best describes non-probability sampling?

A. A sampling method where each member of the population has an

equal chance of being selected

B. A sampling method where the chances of selection for each member of

the population are known and calculated

C. A sampling method where the chances of selection for each member

of the population are not known or cannot be calculated

D. A sampling method where the sample is chosen based on specific

criteria set by the researcher

93. Which of the following is an advantage of simple random sampling?

Does not require a complete sampling frame

Conceptually easy to understand

Low cost

Requires few resources

Accounts for researcher knowledge of the population

94. In research, what is the primary reason for utilizing samples instead of studying
the entire population?

To ensure absolute accuracy in observations

To overcome resource limitations

To simplify data analysis

To increase the complexity of the study

95. How does utility in experimental study differ from the law of statistical regularity?

Utility in experimental study focuses on the practical value of

experimental methods, while the law of statistical regularity emphasizes
characteristics of a large group.

Utility in experimental study involves inferential statistics, while the law of

statistical regularity pertains to field cost reduction.

Utility in experimental study is related to social phenomenon complexity,

while the law of statistical regularity is about research methodology.

Utility in experimental study concerns fundamental research, while the law

of statistical regularity deals with population characteristics.
96. In terms of information quality, define "relevance" as a factor.

Multiple Choice

Data should be well-structured and include all elements that were

intended to be collected.

Data should describe and associate with the real-world conditions that it
is trying to describe.

Data to be collected should be useful to the organization.

Data should be in the correct format and collected using legitimate

techniques.

97. Why is minimal knowledge of the population being sampled considered an

advantage of randomization?

It ensures that the sample is representative of the population

It reduces bias in the selection process

It simplifies the sampling procedure

It increases the likelihood of obtaining a diverse sample

98. Which advantage of sampling refers to the ability to quickly gain insights that can
be extended to a larger population or phenomenon?

Statistical Regularity

Field cost reduction

Relative Accuracy

High speed for generalization

99. What is the economic definition of efficiency?

Maximizing output with minimal input

Achieving the highest level of production regardless of cost

Minimizing output with maximal input

Balancing production and consumption equally

100. Which of the following best describes simple random sampling?

Selecting a sample where each member of the population is chosen

based on specific characteristics.

Choosing a sample where certain members of the population have a

higher chance of being selected.

Selecting a sample where each member of the population has an equal

chance of being chosen by chance.

Choosing a sample where the researcher decides which members of the

population to include.

101. Sampling is independent if:

The sample does not depend on untested hypotheses

The outcome of each extraction does not influence the probability of

the others

All individuals in the population have the same probability to be

extracted

All of the above

102. A representative sample is one that

contains every possible score on the dependent variable

has characteristics that accurately reflect the characteristics of the

population

is based on a systematic selection of participants

is also known as a biased sample

103. In stratified sampling, why is it important to divide the population into

subgroups before selecting samples?

To ensure that each subgroup is represented in the sample

To simplify the sampling process

To increase the sample size

To reduce the complexity of the research

104. In a study investigating the relationship between exercise and stress levels, a
researcher selects only college athletes as participants. What risk of drawing
conclusions is the researcher most likely exposed to?

Risk of Sampling Bias

Risk of Inferential Statistics

Risk of Law of Statistical Regularity

Risk of Field Cost Reduction

105. In research, what does the target population represent?

A. The entire group of individuals or items with specific characteristics

of interest

B. A small subset of the population chosen for detailed study

C. The group of objects chosen at random from a large group

D. The individuals who participate in the data collection process

106. The entire group that you want to draw a conclusion about. In research,
population doesn't always refer to people (occurrences).

Population

Sample

Sampling

Probability Sampling

Non-probability Sampling

107. Which of the following generally best defines a population?

The entire group of interest about which we want to make conclusions

A summary or numeric observation about a group of data

A subset, or smaller collection, of observations from the overall group of

interest

A generalization about a larger group based on representative

observations

108. In a study investigating the average income of residents in a city, what is the
primary purpose of using inferential statistics?

To summarize the income data collected from the sample

To make predictions about the income of individuals in the city

To generalize the findings from the sample to the entire city

population

To calculate the exact average income of all residents in the city

109. Simple random sampling is:

also called systematic sampling

when every person has an equal chance of being selected to

participate in the study

a two stage or multistage process

all of the above

110. What is the primary goal of exhaustive study in research?

To briefly skim through the subject for a general understanding

To conduct a detailed and thorough examination covering all aspects

and details

To focus only on specific areas of interest while ignoring others

To rely solely on statistical regularity for analysis

111. What is the primary goal of behavioral research?

To observe and explain human behavior through systematic observation

and experimentation

To analyze statistical regularities in behavior

To conduct inferential statistics on animal behavior

To reduce field costs associated with data collection

112. Probability sampling is:

A technique of drawing a sample in which each sampling unit has a

known, non-zero chance of being included in the sample

The sampling process where the probability of selection of each sampling

units is known

Where each sample stratum is dependent on its size relative to the

population

Where each sample stratum is independent of its size relative to the

population

Are the mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subpopulation

groupings that are then randomly sampled

113. What does reliability mean?

Dependability and consistency

deductive and inductive

approach and developing

Theory and Evidence

114. What refers to a portion or a subset of the population from which the
information is gathered?*
1/1

Population

Sample

Parameter

Statistic

115. According to the textbook, the primary strength associated with using
experimental research method is that

it provides insights into daily behavior and limit ethical concerns.

it allows control of variables and allow for the study of causal

relationships.

it is useful for generating hypotheses and limit ethical concerns.

it provides large amounts of data and allow for the study of causal
relationships.

116. Sample refers to:

Select one:

A number of participants extracted from the total population

The group where the results of the study will apply

Those who met the criteria of the study

Representative of the population

117. In large-scale studies, why is relative accuracy more important than absolute
precision in observations?

To ensure a representative sample is obtained

To reduce field costs associated with data collection

To achieve significant accuracy across a wide range of observations

To simplify the complexity of social phenomena

118. The group started to choose a good sampling method. They believe that the
most important characteristic of a good sample or subjects in any research study
is its,

Familiarity

Accurate number

Appropriate Representativeness

Favoritism

119. An advantage of sampling (over a census) where it would not be easy to test
products from an assembly line or involving the destruction of a product, such as
durability or safety tests:

greater practicality

greater security

nonsampling errors

more in-depth information

120. The term parameter means

a subset of a population

the mean value of a sample

two SDs on either side of the mean value

any numerical value that describes an entire population

121. In statistical analysis, what does the term 'Error of Estimation' refer to?

The margin of error in the sample data collected

The degree of inaccuracy or uncertainty in the estimates made about

the population based on the characteristics observed in the sample

The variability in the sample size

The precision of the sampling technique used

122. Social research is:

About statistical analysis.

About investigating some aspect of the social world.

Done by sociologists.

Always complex and difficult to understand.

123. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of sampling in research?

The sample is representative of the population.

The sample is randomly selected from the population.

 The sample size is small to reduce costs.

The data collected is accurate and reliable.

124. What is systematic sampling in the context of survey research?

A method where every nth member of a population is selected.

Sampling that is conducted in a haphazard and unplanned manner.

Choosing participants based solely on their availability.

Randomly selecting a sample without a specific system or pattern.

Using a complex algorithm to determine the sample.

125. In the context of representative selection, which of the following best describes
the purpose of choosing a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of
the larger population?

To ensure that the sample is easy to collect data from

To make generalizations and draw valid inferences about the

population

To reduce the cost of fieldwork by targeting specific groups

To focus on unique characteristics of the sample rather than the

population

126. ____ The process of selecting a portion or subset of a population

probability

measurement

sampling

data collection

127. Parametric statistics are mathematical formulas that test hypotheses on the basis
of three assumptions (Depoy & Gitlin, 2020, p. 301). Which of the following is NOT
one of these three assumptions?

Sample is derived from a population with a normal distribution

The size of the sample is small

Variance is homogeneous

Data are measured at interval level

128. Any value that is based on having measured the entire population is called:

A parameter

A statistic

An average

The prevalence

129. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates independence in sampling?

A) A researcher selects every 5th student from a class list to participate

in a study.

B) A researcher asks students to volunteer for a study on their favorite

hobbies.

C) A researcher selects participants based on their proximity to the

research facility.

D) A researcher only includes individuals who are known to have similar

opinions.

130. What is the definition of a sampling unit?

A single element or group of elements subject to selection in the

sample.

Lists of respondents who have agreed to participate in marketing

research

Errors due to sample selection problems

Additional errors that occur if individuals refuse to be interviewed

131. What sampling process increases efficiency be decreasing costs?

Cluster Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Simple Random Sampling

Systematic Sampling

132. What term is used to describe the process of selecting a fractional part of
respondents for data collection in social sciences?

Segmentation

Sampling

Extraction
 Categorization

133. What is simple random sampling in research?

A method where every member of the population has an equal chance

of being selected.

Sampling that involves complex statistical techniques for participant

selection.

A non-random approach to choosing participants based on

convenience.

The process of selecting only a specific subgroup of a population.

Using a quota system to ensure a representative sample.

134. A common method for selecting representative samples is to select them

randomly from the larger population.

strictly from volunteers.

from populations who are likely to have the desired characteristics.

from lists compiled by direct marketers.

Screen them from a large pool of potential participants.

135. Subjects are available for the study.

researchable

feasible

136. The process by which data collected during the course of a study is processed
to identify trends and patterns of relationships is called

Data analysis

Information literacy

Data processing

Clinical analysis

137. What is an element in the context of sampling?

A listing of every member of the population.

An individual unit of a population.

The selected group of elements from which data are collected.

A portion of the target population to which the researcher has

reasonable access.

138. A parameter represents:

Measures of a population.

Measures of a random sample.

Characteristics of a nonprobability sample.

An unbiased estimator of the population mean.

139. Producing the desired results within the minimum expenditure of energy, time,
money, personnel, or material is a definition of:

efficiency.

effectiveness.

activity log.

multitasking.

operations

140. In a research study using probability sampling, what does it mean when each
member of the population has a known and non-zero chance of being
selected?

Only a few members of the population are selected for the sample

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Some members of the population have a higher chance of being

selected than others

Every member of the population has a chance greater than zero of

being selected

141. The accuracy of a sample is often expressed as:

the number of centimeters it is from the true population frame

the cost of making an inaccurate estimate

the number of respondents needed to make the sample 100% accurate

a plus-or-minus percentage, such as + or - 5%

a mistake
142. Which of these best describes relative accuracy?

The number of errors found in the data is within an acceptable range

Every value in every data element on every record is the one correct
value that applies

Erroneous data in a data element that does not impact the analysis at
hand

Data may be coded inaccurately as to its definition but is reported

consistently over time

143. In the context of research, what does the term 'population' refer to?

The group of individuals or instances from which a sample is drawn

The specific characteristics of the sample under study

The entire group of individuals or instances about whom conclusions

are drawn

The statistical methods used to make predictions

144. Which advantage of sampling is highlighted by the improved exactness and

correctness in observations and measurements achieved through sampling, as
noted by W.G. Cocharan?

Increased efficiency in data collection

Enhanced speed in data analysis

Greater precision and accuracy

Reduced costs in research design

145. Which of the following statements is true with regard to sampling?

Sampling can only be used in situations in which the population is

relatively homogenous in nature.

Sampling is typically more efficient than examining the entire

population.

Sampling is typically more effective than examining the entire

population.

Sampling should be used when the need for more precise information is
important.

146. In the context of social phenomenon complexity, which term best describes the
intricate and multifaceted nature where each unit appears distinct but also
shares similarities with others?

Diversity dynamics

Social intricacy

Complex interdependence

Multifaceted convergence

147. In social sciences, what is the primary reason for utilizing sampling methods in
research?

To ensure every respondent is included in the study

To reduce the cost associated with data collection

To generalize findings to a larger population when collecting data from

all individuals is impractical

To simplify the research process

148. Social sciences are

the observable facts or events that involve human society.

how people relate to one another and influence each other's behavior.

the hidden meanings behind human actions.

the disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and

functions of human society in a scientific manner.

149. What is the key characteristic of true detailed knowledge in research?

Broad understanding

Comprehensive and precise information

Superficial knowledge

Limited scope

150. Sample size, is a term used in market research to define the number of subjects
included in a survey, study, or experiment. In surveys with large populations, the
sample size is incredibly important. The confidence level tells you how confident
you are of this result. It is expressed as a percentage of times that different
samples (if repeated samples were drawn) would produce this result. What
confidence level was discussed in class an used by IBC companies to determine
their survey sample size?

90%

99%
 95%

100%

151. The use of money makes an economy more efficient because

Select one:

money increases in value over time.

people can specialize in what they do well.

people spend more time trading and more time producing.

152. Which is an advantage of convenience sampling?

Allows to interview many participants in a short period

It is highly precise and generalizable

It is good ofr scale development

IT is representative of the target population

153. Which of the following best describes a representative sample?

A sample that includes only individuals from urban areas

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population

it is drawn from

A sample that is randomly selected without any criteria

A sample that consists of individuals with extreme characteristics

154. Which of the following best describes inductive thinking in research?

Starting with a general idea and moving towards specific observations

Moving from specific observations to broader generalizations

Using statistical methods to make predictions about a population

Conducting research to generate fundamental principles

155. What is inference?

Formulating hypotheses based on a theory

Finding relationships in your data

Drawing conclusions about your sample

Drawing conclusions beyond what you can directly observe

156. A sample refers to

The basic unit of investigation

Subsect of the population used to represent an entire group

Your population

The master list or source of sample Units

157. The Target Population is:

The overall group of people that the researcher is able to measure.

The overall group of people to which the researcher intends to

generalize findings.

A portion of the population that the researcher has access to and is able
to measure.

A portion of the population that the researcher does not have access to
but is able to measure.

158. Which data quality is described as expected comprehensiveness

Completeness

Conformity

Integrity

Consistency

159. What is Data Collection?

Observation of a target
behavior or skill, the
measurement of that
behavior and a
permanent record of the
measured behavior

Observation , the
measurement of that
target and a permanent
record of the measured
behavior

the measurement of that

target and a permanent
record of the measured
target
 160. Which of the following best describes simple random sampling?

Selecting elements from the population based on a specific

characteristic

Choosing elements from the population with unequal chances of being

included

Ensuring that each element of the population has an equal and

independent chance of being included in the sample

Sampling only a portion of the population without considering

randomness

161. Which of the following best describes the representativeness of a sample?

The ability of a sample to include only the most common characteristics

of a population.

The quality of an ideal sample that accurately reflects the

characteristics and diversity of the entire population.

The process of selecting a sample that is identical to the population in

every aspect.

The practice of choosing a sample that represents only extreme cases

within a population.

162. A process in which a representative unit of a population are selected for study in
a research investigation.

Sample

Sampling

Population

Convenience sampling

163. Efficiency means:

producing the desired result.

Practice Test
producing goods and services using the least amount of resources.

the amount of output you generate given the amount of input.

the buying and selling of goods using the most amount of resources.

164. Non-probability sampling is characterized by:

Random selection of participants from the population

Equal probability of selection for each member of the population

Convenience or judgment-based selection of participants

Stratification of the population into subgroups

165. What is non-probability sampling?

a.sampling that does not require sampling randomly from the larger
population

b.the odds of any member being selected for a sample cannot be

calculated

c.the odds of any member being selected for sampling can be calculated

d.both A & B

e.all of the above

166. How does sample size influence inferential accuracy in statistical analysis?

Larger sample sizes lead to higher inferential accuracy due to

increased precision and reliability.

Smaller sample sizes result in higher inferential accuracy as they are

easier to manage and analyze.

Sample size has no impact on inferential accuracy as it is solely

determined by the researcher's expertise.

Sample size influences inferential accuracy by introducing bias and

errors in the analysis.

167. It is not possible to estimate the probability that every element has been
included is the definition of:

Probability sampling

non-probability sampling

168. In research methodology, what does the term 'population' refer to?

The entire group of individuals or items with specific characteristics

that the researcher is interested in studying.

The sample selected for a study from a larger group of observations.

The statistical regularity observed in a large group of objects.

The decrease in expenses associated with data collection in the field.

169. A general plan for the implementation of a research strategy that addresses
whether the study involves a focus on groups or individual participants,
comparisons within group or between groups, and the variables included in the
study:

Research design

Research protocol

Data definition

Research paradigm

170. Action research is usually conducted for the purpose of:

Solving a specific problem.

Adding to the knowledge base.

Developing theory.

Revising theory.

171. Why is sampling used when conducting research?

it is consistent & valid

it is reliable & accurate

it is predictable & has integrity

Take a new test
it is representative & cost-effective

172. In research, what does generalization refer to?

Drawing conclusions based on a small sample size

Extending findings from a sample to make predictions about the entire

population

Focusing only on outliers in the data

Ignoring the sample data completely

173. In a study analyzing the relationship between hours spent studying and exam
scores, which statistical measure would be most appropriate to use to describe
the strength and direction of the linear relationship between these two
variables?

Mean

Standard Deviation

Coefficient of Correlation

Law of Statistical Regularity

174. A sample is a smaller (but hopefully representative) collection of units from a

population used to determine truths about that population

true

false

175. Probability sampling is defined as:

A non-random sampling approach

A random selection of participants that decreases the likelihood of

bias

The probability for a participant to be included in the study

Most often associated with qualitative research

176. Which component of research strategy involves determining how data will be
collected and analyzed?

Sampling design

Data interpretation

Data collection

Analysis plan

177. Which of the following best describes the Census Method in survey research?

A. Selecting a representative sample to collect data from the entire

population

B. Investigating only a portion of the population to draw conclusions

about the whole

C. Collecting data for each unit of the universe without leaving any
units out

D. Using inferential statistics to make predictions about the population

178. Why is population homogeneity important in the context of sampling for

research studies?

It ensures that every unit in the population is unique, allowing for

diverse samples to be selected.
 It helps in identifying common characteristics among units, making it
easier to select representative samples.

It increases the complexity of social phenomena, leading to more

accurate research outcomes.

It reduces the need for inferential statistics in data analysis.

179. what is inductive reasoning?

how the findings apply to the population at large

starts w/ a hypothesis and tests it through observation

starts w/ observations and moves towards making generalizations

more open-ended and observing phenomenon

180. Information that is justified as true

Wisdom

Data

Details

Knowledge

181. What is the purpose of selecting a sample from a population in research?

To ensure every individual in the population is studied thoroughly

To reduce the cost of data collection in the field

To make inferences or predictions about the population

To increase the complexity of social phenomena

182. Which advantage of sampling is highlighted by the efficiency and swiftness in

carrying out research activities compared to studying the entire population?

Higher accuracy in results

Greater speed in conducting research work

Increased cost of data collection

Enhanced complexity of social phenomena

183. Which of the following identifies a sampling design that is NOT a type of
probability sampling method?

A method of sampling is used in which a population is divided into

subgroups or strata; participants then are selected from each
subgroup using simple random sampling and combined into one
overall sample

A method of sampling is used in which the first participant is selected

using simple random sampling, and then every nth person is
systematically selected until all participants have been selected

A method of sampling is used such that all individuals in a population

have an equal chance of being selected and are selected using sampling
with replacement

A method of sampling is used in which participants are selected for a

research study based on how easy it is to reach or access them

184. What does homogeneity of the population refer to?

how similar the people in a population are to one another

how similar the respondents to the survey are to one another

the extent to which the target audience is similar to the population

the extent to which the sample represents the population

185. The main advantage of sampling is that the sample results can be used for

computer data processing

testing hypotheses about sample statistics

estimating something of interest in the sample

estimating something of interest in the population

186. A representative sample

a.eliminates the problem of response bias.

b.reflects the characteristics of the population.

c.is frequently a random sample.

d.both b and c

e.all of the above

187. Why is sample accuracy important in statistical analysis?

To ensure the sample represents the population accurately

To increase the complexity of social phenomena

To reduce field costs associated with data collection

 To speed up the generalization process

188. Which of following advantages of sampling does NOT belong to the group?

It gives more comprehensive information.

It is laborious to prepare

It is more accurate

It is more effective

189. _____ sampling involves a process for selecting a few initial respondents and then
uses THOSE respondents to seek out additional respondents.

Convenience

Judgment

Quota

Snowball

190. A sampling unit is:

a subset of the population.

an element of the population that is included in the sample.

a number that describes some attribute of the elements of the

population.

a number that describes some attribute of the elements in a sample.

a list of all the elements in the population.

191. How does the instability of sample subjects impact the reliability and
generalizability of a sample?

It increases reliability but decreases generalizability

It decreases reliability but increases generalizability

It decreases both reliability and generalizability

It increases both reliability and generalizability

192. What is fundamental research?

Research used for personal reasons

Research that is carried out with the purpose to discover

A tool used for the dependent variable

Research that helps find social cognition affects

193. Which characteristic of sampling techniques is highlighted by the great accuracy

advantage?

Speed of data collection

Reliability and correctness of results

Cost reduction in fieldwork

Complexity of social phenomena

194. Data Analysis is the process of examining data to find all EXCEPT:

Relationships

Trends

Instructions

Facts

Patterns

Outliers

195. Which term refers to the entire group of individuals or items with specific
characteristics that a researcher is interested in studying?

Sample

Inference

Population

Regularity

196. In the context of homogeneity amidst complexity, what does the presence of
similarities among different units within a complex social phenomenon allow for?

Efficient data collection

Representative types for sampling

Increased field costs

Decreased accuracy in observations

197. which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can
be used to give context to larger data sets?
 mean

range

standard deviation

correlation coefficient

198. Why is the economical technique of sampling considered advantageous in

research?

It allows for a more detailed analysis of the entire population.

It reduces the time required for data collection.

It is cost-effective and efficient compared to studying the entire

population.

It guarantees 100% accuracy in research findings.

199. A research strategy which collects quantifiable data from a sample and then
generalizes the results to the larger population.

area probability sampling

statistical hypothesis testing

summated ratings scale

survey

200. A sample that will lead to incorrect conclusions about the population and which
will not be representative of the population is

Clustered

Biased

Random

Stratified random

None of the above