Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑Family of Exponential Functions
Exponential function with base b : 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
1 𝑥
E.g., 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
2
Dom 𝑓 = −∞, ∞ The family of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 (𝑏 > 0)
Range 𝑓 = (0, ∞)
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 1
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑Family of Logarithmic Functions
Logarithm function with base b : 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥, where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
E.g., 𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 (𝑥), 𝑓 𝑥 = log10 (𝑥) , 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
Dom 𝑓 = 0, ∞
Range 𝑓 = (−∞, ∞)
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 2
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
Theorem. If 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1, then 𝑏 𝑥 and log 𝑏 𝑥 are inverse functions.
Graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 and 𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 are Correspondence between properties of
reflections of one another about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. logarithmic and exponential functions
Cancellation properties of 𝒃𝒙 and 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒙
log 𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 log𝑏 (𝑥) = 𝑥
For example, log(10𝑥 ) = 𝑥, 10log(𝑥) = 𝑥, ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑒 ln(𝑥) = 𝑥
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 3
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Algebraic Properties of Logarithms
If 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑐 > 0, and 𝑟 is any real number, then:
❖ Usage of the above properties:
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 4
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
Example. Solve 𝑥 for 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑎 log 𝑥 = 2 𝑏 ln 𝑥 + 1 = 5 c 5𝑥 = 7 log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
Solution. (a) 𝑥 = 10 2 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑒 5 − 1 (c) 𝑥 = log 5 7
Example. A satellite that requires 7 watts of power to operate at full capacity is equipped
with a radioisotope power supply whose power output 𝑃 in watts is given by the equation
𝑃 = 75𝑒 −𝑡/125
where 𝑡 is the time in days that the supply is used. How long can the satellite operate at full
capacity?
Solution. If the power 𝑃 will fall to 7 watts at 𝑡 days then,
7
7 = 75𝑒 −𝑡/125 ⇒ 𝑒 −𝑡/125 = ⇒ ln(𝑒 −𝑡/125 ) = ln(7/75)
75
𝑡 7
⇒ − 125 = ln 75
7
⇒ 𝑡 = −125 ln ≈ 296.4 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
75
Thus, the satellite can operate at full capacity for about 296 days.
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 5
Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Ref. Textbook: Calculus (10th ed.) by Anton, Bivens and Davis
❑ Exercise Set 0.5 H.W. 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑦
log 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⟺ 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑦
57. On the Richter scale, the magnitude 𝑀 of an earthquake is related to the released energy 𝐸 in joules (J)
by the equation log 𝐸 = 4.4 + 1.5𝑀
(a) Find the energy E of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake that registered M = 8.2 on the Richter scale.
(b) If the released energy of one earthquake is 10 times that of another, how much greater is its magnitude
on the Richter scale?
Lesson 03: Exponential and Logarithmic
12 February 2023 6
Functions
