Scott Zhang 2025 Winter

MATH1195

MATHEMATICS II

(Winter 2025)

Instructor: Scott Zhang

School of Engineering & Technology

• Textbook & Mymathlab

Basic Technical Mathematics with Calculus SI Version, 11th Edition
by Allyn Washington

• Evaluation
- Tests (3): 60%
- Assignments: 20% (MyMathLab)
- Quizzes: 20% (MyMathLab)
Total: 100%

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Unit 1
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions (Ch.13)

Logarithm

2x = 8
3x = 8 Logarithm
(Exponential form)

Logarithm operation is to find an exponent.

The exponent x is the logarithm of 8 to the base 3.

x = log 3 8
(Logarithmic form)

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Example

Convert logarithmic forms to exponential forms, or

vice versa.

32 = 9
1
64 3 = 4
ab = c
log 2 32 = 5
1
log 6 ( ) = −2
36
log x y = z

Example

Find the indicated value.

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Two important Logarithms

- Common logarithm: to the base 10

Ex. log 10 426 = log 426

- Natural logarithm: to the base e ( 2.718)

Ex. log e 50 = ln 50

- Both logarithms on calculator

- Antilogarithms on calculator 10 x ex

Base Change Formula

log a x
log b x =
log a b

log 5
Example log 2 5 =
log 2
ln x
log x =
ln 10
log x
ln x =
log e

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Example

Find the indicated value.

log 16 9
log 0.3 12
log 1 ( 151 )
4

Example

Solve for the unknown:

3 log 8 𝐴 − 2 = −2

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Properties of Logarithms

log b ( xy) = log b x + log b y

x
log b ( ) = log b x − log b y
y

log b ( x n ) = n log b x

log b 1 = 0 log b b = 1

log b (bn ) = n a loga b = b

Example

Express the following as a sum, difference, or multiple

of logarithms.

log b ( xyz )

log 3 ( uzxy2 )
3
log 2 ( z3y )

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Example

Express the following as a logarithm of a single quantity.

log 8 V − log 8 R

log 4 33 + log 4 9
1
2 log b a − 2 log b 5

log b x 2 − log b x

Example

Use logarithm to evaluate 20

12.57  246110.

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Example

If log b x = 2, log b y = 3, find log b x 2 y 4 .

Example

How many digits does the power 2 20180427 have?

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Exponential functions

y = x2 Polynomial (quadratic) function

y = 2x Exponential function

Graph y = 2
x
8

x y
-3 0.125 5

-2 0.25 4

-1 0.5
0 1 3

1 2 2

2 4
3 8 1

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Ratios of function value

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y = 2x
8

1
0 y = ( )x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 2

Definition of exponential function

y = a x (a  0, a  1)

Domain: ( −, )
Range: (0, )

- If a  1, increasing function.

- If 0  a  1, decreasing function.

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Example

If an investment of $10,000 earns annually compounded

interest at 5%, how much will the investment become
after 15 years?

The compound interest model

FV = PV (1 + i ) x

PV : Present va lue
FV : Future value
i : Annual rate and compounded annually
x : Number of years

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Example

How long will it take an investment to double in value if it

earns 6% compounded annually?

Example

A culture initially has 2000 bacteria. If the population

doubles every 4 h, determine when the population would
be 512 000.

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Logarithmic functions

Definition: y = log a x (a  0, a  1)

Domain: (0, ) Range: ( −, )

- If a  1, increasing function.

- If 0  a  1, decreasing function.

3 4

2 3

1 2

0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5

-1 0
0 1 2 3 4 5

-2 -1

-3 -2

-4 -3

f ( x ) = log 2 x g ( x ) = log 1 x
2

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log 2 x
6

ln x
4

2 log x

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-2

-4

Example

An earthquake of magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale struck

Guatemala on February 4, 1976, killing 23 000 people. On
October 2, 1993, an earthquake of magnitude 6.4 killed 20
000 in Maharashtra, India. Compare the intensities of the
two earthquakes.

I
M = log( )
I0
I: Intensity of the earthquake being measured
I0: Intensity of a reference earthquake
M: Richter number used to measure the intensity of earthquakes

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Inverse functions
y = 2x

y = 2x - - - - - (1)
x = log 2 y y = log 2 x

y = log 2 x - - - - - (2)

Reflect each other

across the line y = x

Function 1 is the inverse function of function 2, and vice versa.

Example

Find the inverse of the function y = 3x .

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Exponential and logarithmic equations

Example

Solve the exponential equations.

1
2 x −2 =
32

3x −2 = 5
4 x −1 = 17 x

Example

Solve the logarithmic equations.

log 2 x − 3 log 2 4 = log 2 27

2 ln 2 + ln x = ln 3

2 log x − 1 = log( 1 − 2 x)

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