Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
University of the Philippines Manila
April 15, 2014
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Properties of Exponents
Laws of Exponents
Let a, b, x, y R
1
2
3
4
5
ax ay = ax+y
ax
= axy
ay
(ab)x = ax b x
a x
ax
= x
b
b
(ax )y = axy
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Properties of Exponents
Theorem
Let a, b, x, y R and a, b > 0,
1
ax is a unique real number
a0 = 1
if a = 1, then ax = 1
1
ax = x
a
if a > 1 with x < y then ax < ay
if 0 < a < 1 with x < y then ax > ay
3
4
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions
Definition
If b > 0, b 6= 1, the exponential function with base b is defined
by
f (x) = b x
for every x R
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Properties of the Exponential Function
Let b > 0, b 6= 1 and f be the exponential function with base b.
1
dom f = R
ran f = (0, +)
x-intercept:none
y -intercept: 1
If b > 1, then f is increasing.
If 0 < b < 1, then f is decreasing.
If x1 6= x2 , then b x1 6= b x2 . (f is one-to-one)
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
The Natural Exponential Function
Eulers Number
Among all for exponential functions there is one particular base
that plays a special role in Calculus. That base, denoted by the
letter e, is a certain irrational number whose value to six decimal
places is
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
The Natural Exponential Function
Eulers Number
Among all for exponential functions there is one particular base
that plays a special role in Calculus. That base, denoted by the
letter e, is a certain irrational number whose value to six decimal
places is
e 2.718282
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
The Natural Exponential Function
Eulers Number
Among all for exponential functions there is one particular base
that plays a special role in Calculus. That base, denoted by the
letter e, is a certain irrational number whose value to six decimal
places is
e 2.718282
This base is important in calculus because, b = e is the only base
for which the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = b x at any
point P on the curve is equal to the y -coordinate at P.
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
The natural exponential function is the exponential function
with base e:
f (x) = e x .
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Exercises
Solve for the solution set of the following equations:
1
53x = 57x2
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Exercises
Solve for the solution set of the following equations:
1
53x = 57x2
4t = 23t+2
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Exercises
Solve for the solution set of the following equations:
1
2
3
53x = 57x2
2
4t = 23t+2
1
459x = x2
8
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Equations involving Exponential Expressions
Exercises
Solve for the solution set of the following equations:
1
2
3
4
53x = 57x2
2
4t = 23t+2
1
459x = x2
8
9x + 2(3x ) 3 = 0
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
log4 16 =
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
loga 1 =
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithms
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. If b y = x then y is called
the logarithm of x to the base b, denoted by y = logb x.
Exercises
Let a R, a > 0 and a 6= 1.
1
2
3
4
5
log4 16 =
1
log5
=
125
log 1 81 =
3
loga 1 =
loga a =
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
x = by
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
x = by
By definition of a logarithm,
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
x = by
By definition of a logarithm,
logb x = y
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
x = by
By definition of a logarithm,
logb x = y
Thus,
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Relationship of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1.
Solve for the inverse f 1 (x) of the exponential function
f (x) = b x .
Interchanging x and y , we have
x = by
By definition of a logarithm,
logb x = y
Thus,
f 1 (x) = logb x
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
logb (b x ) = x for all x R
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
logb (b x ) = x for all x R
b logb x = x for all x (0, +)
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
logb (b x ) = x for all x R
b logb x = x for all x (0, +)
x-int:1
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Definition
Let b R such that b > 0 and b 6= 1. The function
f (x) = logb x
is called the logarithmic function to the base b.
Notes:
1
dom f = (0, +)
ran f = R
logb (b x ) = x for all x R
b logb x = x for all x (0, +)
x-int:1
y -int: none
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Common and Natural Logarithms
Definition
Let x R such that x > 0.
The common logarithm of x, denoted log x, is
log x = log10 x
The natural logarithm of x, denoted ln x, is
ln x = loge x
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Properties of Logarithms
Theorem
If b, x, y > 0, b 6= 1, and p R then
1
logb (xy ) = logb x + logb y
x
logb
= logb x logb y
y
logb x p = p logb x
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
Evaluate log2 42014
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
7
as a sum of constants and
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
7
as a sum of constants and
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
Express logb m + logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm
2
2
with a coefficient 1.
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
2
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
7
as a sum of constants and
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
Express logb m + logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm
2
2
with a coefficient 1.
Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Exercises
1
2
5
6
Evaluate log2 42014
Evaluate log6 4 + log6 9 log6 5 log6 3
7
as a sum of constants and
Express log7
x 2 + xy
logarithms.
1
3
Express logb m + logb 2n logb m2 n as a single logarithm
2
2
with a coefficient 1.
Given loga 2 = 0.3 and loga 3 = 0.48. Find loga 72.
Are f (x) = log5 (x 2)2 and g (x) = 2 log5 (x 2) the same
functions?
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Change of Base Formula
Theorem
If a, b, x R with a, b, x > 0 and a, b 6= 1 then
logb x =
loga x
loga b
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Equations involving Logarithmic Expressions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
log2 (log2 (log2 x)) = 1
log(x+1) (3x + 1) = 2
8
1
9
logx 2 + logx 5 =
2
10
2 log5 (x 2) log5 x =
log5 (x + 1)
11
1
log3 (x 2 +6) = log3 4log3 x12
2
13
log4 (x log4 x ) = 4
(log3 x)2 log3 x 2 = log2 8
32x1 = 4x+2
e 2x e x = 6
ln x = ln x
log3 x + log9 x + log27 x = 5.5
3x + 3x = 32x
32x 108 2x1 = 0
Mathematics 14
Properties of Exponents
Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Prepare for Quiz 1 next
meeting!
Mathematics 14
