Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

UTILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY IN BUILDINGS AND GREEN

COMPOSITES FOR BUILDINGS
Utility Of Solar Energy In Buildings Concepts Of Solar Passive Cooling And Heating Of Buildings

Solar energy is used in a wide variety of device from calculators to cooking and from agri-tech to space
tech. But for a few years, it has been used in buildings in a bigger way. There are several reasons behind
buildings opting for solar sources in a greater way which are given below.

• Increasing energy consumption

• Environmental consciousness

• Global climate change

• CSR implication/ advantage for Corporate buildings

• Attraction towards cleaner, renewable energy

• High social value and an increase in the value of the property

3 Types of Solar Energy Technologies

Currently, solar energy is harnessed using three primary technologies. Which are:

• Photovoltaic (PV) – directly convert light to electricity;

• Concentrating solar power (CSP) – heat is being used from the sun (thermal energy) to drive
electric turbines, utility-scale, and

• Solar heating and cooling (SHC) systems – accumulate thermal energy to supply hot water and
air heating and/ or conditioning.

Buildings are now constructed keeping energy efficiency in mind. The aim is to minimize energy
consumption and use alternative solar energy, which has multiple benefits.

There are four aspects of energy efficiency in a building, where technology can play a key role. Which
are:

Before the actual construction – zero energy passive building design.

During the Construction – the usage of low-energy building materials.

Energy-efficient equipment – To make operational energy requirements low.

Integration with other applications – lastly integration of renewable energy technologies for various
applications.

Advantages of Using Solar Power in Buildings

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 1

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Limitless Resource: Solar energy is renewable energy that never ends its supply.

Low environmental impact: Depending on the scale of the system installed – from distributed rooftop
PV arrays to large utilities – solar technologies can produce lower environmental pollution.

Energy Independence: It makes Buildings energy independent and puts less pressure on natural sources
of energy.

Multipurpose: It can be used in various ways and for multiple applications.

The ability for Additions: You can expand your PV systems effortlessly as they are modular.

Portable: Can be transported easily.

Post-Installation is Zero: Once the infrastructure has been installed no cost will be there after that
(except for changing inverters and batteries).

• Solar Powered Buildings improve the Heating & Cooling System’s efficiency by 30% by the
proper installation of a new HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) system. The
operating cost of a highly-efficient solar water heater can be reduced by 90% in Solar Powered
Energy Efficient Buildings.

• When you use Low-Emissivity (Low-e) Window Glazing, it helps in reduces the space cooling
need by approximately 40 per cent. A light-colour roof reduces a roof’s temperature as it absorbs
less than 50 per cent of the solar energy.

• When Energy Efficient Lights and Energy Efficient Appliances are used, a Solar Building can
reduce energy use by 20-30%. With the continued emergence of construction technology
innovations, it is becoming easier to achieve greater energy efficiency in buildings.

Passive Solar Building Design

In Passive Solar Building Design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute
solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive
solar design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it does not involve the use of mechanical and
electrical devices.

The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an
accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type,
thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily
to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YylmeMilok8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Lwotx4FCLk

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 2

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Passive Energy Gain

• Passive solar technologies use sunlight without active mechanical systems. Such technologies
convert sunlight into usable heat, cause air
air-movement
movement for ventilating, or future use, with little use
of other energy sources. Passive cooling is the use of the same desi design
gn principles to reduce
summer cooling requirements.

• Some passive systems use a small amount of conventional energy to control dampers, shutters,
night insulation, and other devices that enhance solar energy collection, storage, and use, and
reduce undesirable
able heat transfer.

• Passive solar technologies include direct and indirect solar gain for space heating, solar water
heating systems based on the thermosiphon, use of thermal mass and phase
phase-change
change materials for
slowing indoor air temperature swings, solar cookers, the solar Chimney for enhancing natural
ventilation, and earth sheltering.

• More widely, passive solar technologies include the solar furnace, but this typically requires some
external energy for aligning their concentrating mirrors or receivers, aand
nd historically have not
proven to be practical or cost effective for widespread use. 'Low grade' energy needs, such as
space and water heating, have proven over time to be better applications for passive use of solar
energy.

The Solar Path in Passive Design

The ability to achieve these goals simultaneously is fundamentally dependent on the seasonal variations in
the sun's path throughout the day. This occurs as a result of the inclination of the Earth's axis of rotation in
relation to its orbit. The sun path
th is unique for any given latitude.

In Northern Hemisphere, non-tropical

tropical latitudes farther than 23.5 degrees from the equator:

Department of Civil
ivil Engineering, CIT Page 3
 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• The sun will reach its highest point toward the south (in the direction of the equator).

• As winter solstice approaches, the angle at which the sun rises and sets progressively moves
further toward the South and the daylight hours will become shorter

• The opposite is noted in summer where the sun will rise and set further toward the North and the
daylight hours will lengthen

The converse is observed in the Southern Hemisphere, but the sun rises to the east and sets toward the
west regardless of which hemisphere you are in.

In equatorial regions at less than 23.5 degrees, the position of the sun at solar noon will oscillate from
north
orth to south and back again during the year.

In regions closer than 23.5 degrees from either north

north-or-south
south pole, during summer the sun will trace a
complete circle in the sky without setting whilst it will never appear above the horizon six months later,
later
during the height of winter.

The 47-degree
degree difference in the altitude of the sun at solar noon between winter and summer forms the
basis of passive solar design. This information is combined with local climatic data (degree day) heating
and cooling requirements
irements to determine at what time of the year solar gain will be beneficial for thermal
comfort, and when it should be blocked with shading. By strategic placement of items such as glazing and
shading devices, the percent of solar gain entering a building can be controlled throughout the year.

One passive solar sun path design problem is that although the sun is in the same relative position six
weeks before, and six weeks after, the solstice, due to "Thermal Lag" from the thermal mass of the Earth,
the temperature
mperature and solar gain requirements are quite different before and after the summer or winter
solstice. Movable shutters, shades, shade screens, or window quilts can accommodate day-to-day
day and
hour-to-hour
hour solar gain and insulation requirements.

Key Passive
ive Solar Building Configurations

There are three primary passive solar energy configurations

Department of Civil
ivil Engineering, CIT Page 4
 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

a) Direct Solar System

b) Indirect Solar System

c) Isolated Solar System

a) Direct Solar System

• In a direct-gain passive solar system, the indoor space acts as a solar collector, heat absorber, and
distribution system.

• South-facing glass in the northern hemisphere (north-facing in the southern hemisphere) admits
solar energy into the building interior where it directly heats (radiant energy absorption) or
indirectly heats (through convection) thermal mass in the building such as concrete or masonry
floors and walls.

• The floors and walls acting as thermal mass are incorporated as functional parts of the building
and temper the intensity of heating during the day. At night, the heated thermal mass radiates heat
into the indoor space.

b) Indirect Solar System

• In an indirect-gain passive solar system, the thermal mass (concrete, masonry, or water) is located
directly behind the south-facing glass and in front of the heated indoor space and so there is no
direct heating.

• The position of the mass prevents sunlight from entering the indoor space and can also obstruct
the view through the glass. There are two types of indirect gain systems

1) Thermal Storage Wall Systems

2) Roof Pond Systems

1. Thermal Storage (Trombe) Walls

• This wall system was first envisioned and patented in 1881 by its inventor, Edward Morse Felix
Trombe, for whom this system is sometimes named, was a French engineer who built several
homes using this design in the French Pyrenees in the 1960s.

• In a Thermal Storage Wall system, often called a Trombe Wall, a massive wall is located directly
behind south-facing glass, which absorbs solar energy and releases it selectively towards the
building interior at night.

• The wall can be constructed of cast-in-place concrete, brick, adobe, stone, or solid (or filled)
concrete masonry units. Sunlight enters through the glass and is immediately absorbed at the
surface of the mass wall and either stored or conducted through the material mass to the inside
space.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 5

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Temperatures of the air in this space can easily exceed 49 °C. This hot air can be introduced into
interior spaces behind the wall by incorporating heat-distributing vents at the top of the wall.

• A thermal storage wall typically consists of 100 to 400 mm thick masonry wall coated with a
dark, heat-absorbing finish (or a selective surface) and covered with a single or double layer of
high transmissivity glass.

• The glass is typically placed from ¾ inch to 2 inches from the wall to create a small airspace. In
some designs, the mass is located 1 to 2 ft. (0.6 m) away from the glass, but the space is still not
usable.

• The surface of the thermal mass absorbs the solar radiation that strikes it and stores it for night
time use.

2. Roof Pond System

• A Roof Pond Passive Solar System, sometimes called a Solar Roof, uses water stored on the roof
to temper hot and cold internal temperatures, usually in desert environments.

• It typically is constructed of containers holding 150 to 300 mm of water on a flat roof. Water is
stored in large plastic bags or fiberglass containers to maximize radiant emissions and minimize
evaporation.

• It can be left unglazed or can be covered by glazing. Solar radiation heats the water, which acts as
a thermal storage medium. At night or during cloudy weather, the containers can be covered with
insulating panels. The indoor space below the roof pond is heated by thermal energy emitted by
the roof pond storage above.

• Roof pond systems perform better for cooling in hot, low humidity climates. Not many solar
roofs have been built, and there is limited information on the design, cost, performance, and
construction details of thermal storage roofs.

c) Isolated solar system

• In an isolated gain passive solar system, the components (e.g., collector and thermal storage) are
isolated from the indoor area of the building.

• An attached sunspace, also sometimes called a Solar room or Solarium, is a type of isolated gain
solar system with a glazed interior space or room that is part of or attached to a building but
which can be completely closed off from the main occupied areas.

• In cold climates, double glazing should be used to reduce conductive losses through the glass to
the outside. Night-time heat loss, although significant during winter months, is not as essential in
the sunspace as with direct gain systems since the sunspace can be closed off from the rest of the
building.

• In temperate and cold climates, thermally isolating the sunspace from the building at night is
important.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 6

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• The internal surfaces of the thermal mass should be dark in colour. Movable insulation (e.g.,
window coverings, shades, shutters) can be used help trap the warm air in the sunspace both after
the sun has set and during cloudy weather. When closed during extremely hot days, window
coverings can help keep the sunspace from overheating.

• To maximize comfort and efficiency, the non-glass sunspace walls, ceiling and foundation should
be well insulated. The perimeter of the foundation wall or slab should be insulated to the frost line
or around the slab perimeter.

Green buildings will truly become green if energy is used post occupancy stage.

Solar energy

• The most abundant natural resource

• Really capable of providing many times the total current energy demand.

• The average intensity of solar radiation received is 200 MW/square kilometre.

• India’s capacity potential is 5000 trillion KWH per year incident over land area with the most part
of the country receiving 3 to 5 KWH per square meter per day.

• Based on the availability of solar radiation and land, the potential of solar power in the country is
assessed to be 750 GWp.

Solar energy usage

1. Solar electrical

2. Solar thermal

• Solar thermal technology uses heat energy to heat, water or air or for power production.

• Solar photovoltaic technology converts solar energy directly into electricity using solar PV (
photovoltaic ) cell.

Solar - radiation resource - knowing quantum of solar radiation is a prerequisite for site, selection and
planning for trapping solar energy.

Two main sources of solar radiation

• Satellite derived data

• Land-based measurement

Irradiation is the level of solar radiation on a defined area that is output per area in watt per
square meter (watts per square meter) solar irradiance fluctuates from 50 W/m² to 1000 W/m² depending
on condition of the sky, weather, cloudy, or clear.

Solar horizontal irradiation (total solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface) – global

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 7

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Annual average : 5.27. KWH/meter square/day.

Monthly average
January 6 .18
February 6.71
March 5 .85
April 5 .70
May 6 .21
June 3 .99
July 2 .98
August 3 .18
September 4 .46
October 5 .34
November 6 .37
December 6 .42

Hyderabad , Telangana

Latitude: 17.35 longitude: 78.45.

Source NREL

Annual average: 5.77. k W H/ meter square/ day

Monthly average
January 5 .28
February 6.10
March 6 .59
April 6 .90
May 6 .97
June 5 .73
July 5 .19
August 5 .13
September 5 .51
October 5 .46
November 5 .31
December 5 .11

Solar Energy Application

More solar light turn on and turn off automatically by sensing outdoor light using solar panel voltage.
Solar streetlights are design to work throughout the night. Many can stay lit for more than one night if the
Sun is not in the sky for an extended period of time. Older models included lamps that were not
fluorescent or LED.

Solar lights installed in windy regions are generally equipped with flat panels to better cope with the
winds. Modern design, Use, wireless technology and fuzzy control theory for battery management. The
street lights using this technology can operate as a network with each light having the capability of
performing the turning on and off of the network.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 8

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Components

Solar streetlights consist of four main parts:

Solar panel

The solar panel is one of the most important part of the solar streetlights as the solar panel converts solar
energy into electricity that the lamps can use. There are two types of solar panels commonly used in a
solar streetlights: mono crystalline and polycrystalline. The conversion rate of the mono crystalline solar
panels is much higher than their polycrystalline counterparts. Solar panels also vary with wattage systems.

Lighting fixture

LEDs (Light-emitting diode) are usually used as the primary lighting source of modern solar streetlights
as the LED provides much higher luminosity with lower energy consumption. The energy consumption
for an LED fixture is at least 50% lower than the HPS (High Pressure Sodium) fixture counterparts
which is widely used as the lighting source in traditional street lights. A lack of warm up time in LEDs
also allows for use of motion detector for additional efficiency gains.

Rechargeable battery

Batteries will store the electricity generated by the solar panels during the day and provide energy to the
fixture during the night. The life-cycle of the battery is very important to the lifetime of the light and the
capacity of the battery will affect the backup days of the lights. These are two types of batteries
commonly used in the solar-powered streetlights - Gel cell deep cycle battery is as well as lead acid
batteries.

Lithium ion batteries or also popular due to their compact size.

Pole

Strong poles are necessary to all streetlights, especially to solar street light as there are often components
mounted on the top of the pole: fixture, panels and sometimes batteries. However, in some newer design,
the PV panels and all electronics are integrated in the pole itself. Wind resistance is also a factor. In
addition accessories do exist for these type of poles such as foundation cage and battery box.

Types

• Solar streetlights in the bus stop

• Each street light can have its own photovoltaic panels, independent of other streetlights.
Alternately, a number of panels can be installed as a central power source on a separate location
and supply power to a number of streetlights.

• All-in-one type solar streetlights or gaining popularity due to their compact design, which
incorporates all of the parts necessary in a competent manner including the battery

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 9

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Advantages

• Solar streetlights are independent of the utility grid. Hence, the operation cost are minimise

• Solar streetlights requires much less maintenance compared to conventional streetlights

• Since external wires are eliminated, risk of accidents or minimised

• Electricity produced from solar panels is non pollutive

• Separate parts of a solar panel system can easily be transported

• Energy cost can be saved

Disadvantage

• Initial investment is higher compared to conventional streetlights

• Risk of theft is higher as equipment, cost or comparatively higher

• Snow or dust combined with moisture can accumulate on horizontal PV panels and reduce or
even stop energy production

• Rechargeable batteries will need to be replaced several times over the lifetime of the fixtures,
adding to the total lifetime cost of the light

• The charge and discharge cycle of the battery or also very important considering the overall cost
of the project.

Solar thermal power application

Solar thermal usage

Range of application:

• Heating and cooling a home

• Heating water

• Cooking food

• Producing electricity

Range of temperature for solar

• Low-temperature: For heating, cooling and ventilation

• Medium temperature: cooking and water heating

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 10

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• High temperature for generating electricity

Applications

• Flat plate collector based solar water heater ( 60 to 80°C)

• Evacuated tube collector (ETC) up to 170°C.

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):creates the effects of multiplier, effect of the sun to produce
electricity or for direct heating

Solar Concentrators Includes: parabolic dish collector a predominant technology to generate

temperature up to 400°C.

Parabolic solar dish collector

• Parabolic troughs have concentrated solar power heats water up to 400°C

• This can heat water safe to drink or make steam for electricity

• The parabolic trough operates at about 75% efficiency and at 495 Square foot can collect
approximately 270 kWH /10 hours on a clear day.

• Solar parabolic trough uses mirrored surfaces curved in a linearly extended parabolic shape.

• A receiver tube running in the centre and the length of the trough is the focus point on which the
sun generates solar energy

• Water is pumped through the receiver tube and is heated as it passes through the receiver tube.

• The parabolic solar trough has a mechanical slewing drink with an electronic tracker that uses a
mathematical algorithm to track the sun.

• The tracker is oriented north to South and tracks the sun east to west

• Parabolic solar trough collector can collect solar energy up to 10 hours per day compared to a six
hours day with regular flat plate collectors

• In a more elaborated set up our parabolic solar trough can be used to make higher pressure steam
as a result can derive a heat engine (steam engine or turbine) to make electricity or directly into a
mechanical drive

Efficiency

The parabolic solar trough operates at about 75% efficiency and at 495 ft.² can collect approximately 270
kWH/ 10 hours on a clear day.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 11

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

The solar energy can be used to do work such as to heat water to higher temperature of hundred degrees
Celsius killing all bacteria in the water, making a water safe to drink. In many third world countries safe
clean drink water is a problem.

This system will not remove all chemicals in the water.

If the water has heavy sediments, a sediment filter should be used in the conjunction with our parabolic
trough water heater/steam generator.

The solar trough also creates steam to be used for cooking in the large pressure cooker. Cooking with
steam takes one by third of the times as the regular cooking. The steam can be also used in a canning
process for a community.

During harvesting time, much of the abundance of produce in the field spoils. The parabolic solar trough
thermal water heater can be used to sterilise the jars, blanch the fruits or vegetables, and then use the
240⁰F - 15PSI stream for the canning process.

Features

• Parabolic solar Trough create solar energy, solar water heater, steam cooker, pressure or steam
engine his solar trough tracks, the sun using a mathematical algorithm, and will not chase shadow
from the clouds.

• Heavy duty, lightweight and durable. Patented parabolic trough reflectors, uses the latest
technology. CNC precision is used in the process of making our parabolic troughs. A precision
made parabolic trough can focus more solar on a receiver to collector, resulting in creating more
solar energy.

• Solar troughs are easy to assemble and takes 2 men approximately 1 week to assemble.

Patented new technology to make parabolic solar trough better, list, expensive and more accurate

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 12

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

They consist of a solar field filled with hundreds or thousands of Solar Collector Assemblies (SCA).

Each SCA is an independently tracking parabolic trough solar collector consisting of five major
subsystems:

• Parabolic reflector (mirrors)

• Receiver tube

• Metal support structure

• Tracking system that includes the drive sensor and controls

• Parabolic trough collectors. Reach up to 550°C, being used for industrial and commercial power
generation or cogeneration, mils pasteurisation, boiler water preheating and process hot water
steam supply.

Solar Power Tower

Parabolic Trough Power Plant (PTPP) are thus far mostly developed CSP thermal plant that are operating
commercially.

The energy from the sun, heats, heat absorbent medium (mineral oil, synthetic oil, molten salt) which
carries the energy to the water in the boiler heat exchanger reaching 400°C. The heat is transferred into
water, producing superheated steam to drive a turbine.

ETC and FPC Solar Water Heating System

• Efficiency- evacuated tube collector has higher efficiency on higher temperature, whereas flat
plate collector, efficiency on higher temperature is low

• Heat generation – ETC has a quick heat generation quality, whereas FPC generates heat slowly.

• Emissivity- ETC solar water heating system as low emissivity then that of FCP water heating
system is high

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 13

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Temperature range - ETC Water heating temperature can range from 60°C to 120°C. FPC has a
range of 60°C to 80°C.

• Maintenance - maintenance ETC solar water heater is low as the tube can be cleaned manually
and does not require expertise. FPC tubes are small and cannot be cleaned manually, resulting in
the loss of efficiency.

• Cost - ETC Solar water heating systems are cheaper than FPC solar water heaters

• Water quality - the quality of the water does not affect the system. Water quality in the FPC solar
water heater affects the heating system, forming scales over metal tunes

• Life - both of the solar water heating system has 15 years of life

Thus ETC Solar water heating system, or more efficient, as well as affordable.

Solar Cooking

Solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sunlight to heat, cook or pasteurise drink and
other food materials.

Many solar cooker is currently in the use, are relatively inexpensive low-tech devices, although some are
as powerful, or as expensive as traditional stove and advanced, large-scale solar cookers can cook for
hundreds of people.

As they use no fuel and cost nothing to operate many non-profit organisation are promoting this use
worldwide in order to help reduce fuel cost and air pollution and help slow down deforestation and
desertification.

Green certification

10 major areas in green solid waste reduction

• Recycle or reuse materials

• Reduced Office waste

• Purchase used or recycled content

• Energy savings

• Water conservation

• Pollution prevention

• Chemical reduction

• Potential pollutants

• Reduce vehicle emission

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 14

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Environmentally friendly purchasing

Solar energy has proven to be a versatile and sustainable source of power, with various applications in
buildings. In addition to generating electricity through photovoltaic panels, solar energy can also be
utilized for passive cooling in buildings, a concept known as "solar passive cooling." This approach aims
to reduce the need for mechanical cooling systems by using architectural and design strategies that
harness natural energy sources, primarily sunlight and airflow, to maintain comfortable indoor
temperatures.

Solar Passive Cooling:

Solar passive cooling relies on principles of heat transfer, solar orientation, insulation, and
ventilation to keep indoor spaces cooler without relying heavily on air conditioning systems. It
involves a combination of design features and technologies that optimize the building's thermal
performance while minimizing energy consumption. Some key strategies used in solar passive cooling
include:

1. Solar Orientation: Properly orienting a building is essential to maximize or minimize solar exposure
depending on the climate. For example, in hot climates, buildings may be designed to have more shade on
the south and west sides, reducing direct sunlight exposure and heat gain.

2. Thermal Mass: Using materials with high thermal mass, like concrete or stone, can help absorb excess
heat during the day and release it slowly during the cooler nights. This helps stabilize indoor
temperatures.

3. Natural Ventilation: Designing buildings with effective cross-ventilation pathways allows for the
circulation of fresh air, aiding in cooling. This can involve positioning windows and openings
strategically to encourage airflow.

4. Shading: External shading devices like overhangs, pergolas, or louvers can block direct sunlight from
entering windows during the hottest parts of the day, reducing solar heat gain.

5. Insulation: Proper insulation is crucial to prevent heat transfer between the interior and exterior. Well-
insulated buildings can maintain cooler indoor temperatures and reduce the need for active cooling.

6. Reflective Roofing: Using reflective roofing materials can significantly reduce heat absorption, keeping
the building's interior cooler.

7. Night Cooling: In certain climates, nighttime temperatures drop significantly. This presents an
opportunity to naturally cool indoor spaces by allowing cooler air to flow through the building.

Utility of Solar Passive Cooling:

1. Energy Efficiency: Solar passive cooling reduces or eliminates the need for mechanical cooling
systems, leading to significant energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Cost Savings: Building and operating cooling systems can be expensive. By incorporating solar passive
cooling techniques, building owners can save money on energy bills and maintenance costs.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 15

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

3. Sustainability: Solar passive cooling aligns with sustainable building practices by relying on natural
resources rather than energy-intensive cooling methods.

4. Enhanced Comfort: Passive cooling techniques often result in more comfortable indoor environments
with less temperature fluctuations and more consistent humidity levels.

5. Resilience: Passive cooling strategies can enhance a building's resilience to power outages or energy
supply disruptions, as they are less reliant on active cooling systems.

6. Health and Well-being: A well-designed, naturally cooled environment can contribute to occupant
comfort, health, and productivity.

Solar energy can also be harnessed for heating buildings, providing a sustainable and cost-effective
alternative to traditional heating methods. Here are some concepts and techniques related to using solar
energy for heating buildings:

1. Active Solar Heating Systems: Active solar heating systems use mechanical devices to collect, store,
and distribute solar energy for heating purposes. There are two main types of active solar heating systems:

a. Solar Water Heating Systems (Solar Thermal): These systems use solar collectors to heat water, which
can then be used for space heating or domestic hot water. The heated water is typically stored in a thermal
storage tank and circulated through the building's heating system.

b. Air Solar Heating Systems: These systems use solar collectors to heat air, which is then circulated
through the building to provide space heating. Air-based systems are less common than water-based
systems due to the lower heat capacity of air.

2. Passive Solar Heating: Passive solar heating involves designing buildings to naturally capture, store,
and distribute solar heat without the need for mechanical systems. Key principles include:

a. Solar Orientation: Designing the building's layout and windows to maximize exposure to sunlight
during the heating season.

b. Thermal Mass: Incorporating materials with high thermal mass, such as concrete or stone, to absorb
and store solar heat during the day and release it slowly at night.

c. Insulation: Proper insulation to minimize heat loss and maintain a comfortable indoor temperature.

d. Glazing and Windows: Using energy-efficient windows and glazing systems that allow sunlight to
enter while minimizing heat loss.

e. Trombe Walls: A Trombe wall is a massive wall constructed from a material with high thermal mass,
located behind large south-facing windows. It absorbs solar heat during the day and radiates it into the
living space at night.

f. Solar Greenhouses: A solar greenhouse attached to a building can act as a heat collector, capturing
sunlight and warming the air inside the greenhouse, which can then be circulated into the building.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 16

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

3. Solar Heating with Thermal Storage: Thermal storage is a crucial component of solar heating systems.
It allows excess solar heat to be collected during sunny periods and stored for use when the sun is not
shining. Thermal storage can be achieved through insulated water tanks or other materials with high heat
capacity.

4. Hybrid Systems: Hybrid systems combine solar heating with other heating sources, such as a
conventional boiler or heat pump. This ensures consistent heating even during periods of low solar
availability.

Utility of Solar Heating in Buildings:

1. Energy Savings: Solar heating systems can significantly reduce heating costs by utilizing a free and
abundant energy source – sunlight.

2. Environmental Benefits: Solar heating reduces reliance on fossil fuels, leading to lower greenhouse gas
emissions and environmental impact.

3. Energy Independence: By generating heat from sunlight, buildings become less dependent on external
energy sources and price fluctuations.

4. Long-Term Investment: While the upfront costs of solar heating systems can be higher, they provide
long-term savings and can increase the value of a property.

5. Reduced Peak Energy Demand: Solar heating can help alleviate peak energy demand on the grid during
colder months, contributing to grid stability.

6. Local Job Creation: The installation, maintenance, and operation of solar heating systems can create
local job opportunities.

7. Resilience: Solar heating systems can continue to provide heat during power outages, enhancing
building resilience.

Low Energy Cooling.

Low energy cooling refers to the use of energy-efficient technologies and strategies to cool indoor
spaces while minimizing energy consumption and environmental impact. Traditional cooling
methods, such as air conditioning, can be energy-intensive and contribute to high electricity bills and
greenhouse gas emissions. Low energy cooling aims to address these issues by utilizing innovative
approaches that require less energy and have a reduced environmental footprint. Here are some common
techniques and technologies associated with low energy cooling:

1. Passive Cooling: Passive cooling techniques make use of natural processes and design principles to
cool indoor spaces without the need for mechanical systems. This can include optimizing building
orientation, shading, and natural ventilation to take advantage of prevailing winds and temperature
differentials.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 17

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

2. Night Cooling: Night cooling involves using cooler outdoor air temperatures during the night to cool
down the interior of a building. This can be achieved by opening windows and allowing the cooler air
to circulate through the building.

3. Radiant Cooling: Radiant cooling systems use chilled surfaces, such as chilled water pipes embedded
in ceilings or floors, to remove heat from a room through radiation. This method can provide a
comfortable indoor environment with minimal energy consumption.

4. Evaporative Cooling: Evaporative coolers, also known as swamp coolers, use the principle of water
evaporation to cool air. These systems are particularly effective in dry climates and can be more energy-
efficient compared to traditional air conditioning.

5. Heat Pumps: Heat pumps can be used for both heating and cooling. They work by transferring heat
from one area to another using a refrigeration cycle. When used for cooling, they are much more energy-
efficient compared to traditional air conditioning systems.

6. High-Efficiency Air Conditioning: If traditional air conditioning is necessary, opting for high-
efficiency systems can significantly reduce energy consumption. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems
and energy-efficient HVAC units are examples of such systems.

7. Cool Roofs: Cool roofs are designed to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat compared to
traditional roofs. This can help reduce indoor temperatures and the need for cooling systems.

8. Thermal Mass: Designing buildings with high thermal mass materials, such as concrete or stone, can
help stabilize indoor temperatures by absorbing and releasing heat slowly. This can reduce the need for
frequent temperature adjustments.

9. Smart Building Controls: Utilizing smart sensors and building management systems can optimize
cooling operations by adjusting settings based on occupancy, outdoor temperature, and other variables.

10. Renewable Energy Integration: Using renewable energy sources like solar power to provide energy
for cooling systems can significantly reduce their environmental impact.

11. Natural Ventilation: Designing buildings to take advantage of natural airflow can reduce the need for
mechanical cooling systems.

CASE STUDIES OF SOLAR PASSIVE COOLED AND HEATED BUILDINGS

The Druk White Lotus School Leha, Ladak

Building type: educational building

High altitude desert: 3700 m

Main source of water: snowfall

Average temperature in summer between 10°C to 20°C

Lack of oxygen because of lack of vegetation

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 18

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Site area : 13 hactare

Ground floor area : 1 200 m²

Sustainable features

• Use locally available materials have low impact on environment

• Exploiting natural ventilation and passive heating

• Minimise energy, use and emission

• Minimise water use

Water distribution system

• Water distribution system, reuse water for irrigation and direct any rainfall to planted area

• Sloppy site has been utilised for water supply in school

• Solar pumps are used to pump the water from boreholes to the water tank

• Room are designed to bring the additional daylights is through clear story windows

• Small windows are set in the north facing

• Use solar panels to generate electricity

• Roof is made of combination of mud and local wood, rockwool and felt are used to insulate

• On top of this, they have added corrugated, aluminium sheet and sand cover to the felt

Seismic design and safety

• Drunk White Lotus building structure used timber frame to resist seismic load and ensure life
safety in the event of an earthquake.

• Timber frame are independent of walls and steel connection

• Cross bracing provide earthquake stability

Indra Paryavaran Bhawan, Delhi

• Plot area : 95650 m²

• Maximum ground coverage 30%

• FAR 200

• Height: 35 m

• Built-up area : 31400 metre, square

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 19

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• 40% savings in energy

• 55% savings in water

• Largest rooftop, solar power system in any multi-storey buildings

• 930 KWP

• Targeted for both rating green building and LEED

• Effective intelligence by orienting the building E – W I mean by optimum integration with nature
by separating out different blocks with connecting corridors and a huge central courtyard.

• More then 50% area outside the building a soft with plantation and grassing

• Circulation Road and pathways soft with grass, paver blocks to enable groundwater recharge

Building planning and construction

Measures reduce landscape water requirement

• Drip irrigation

• Use of native species of shrubs and trees having low water demand in landscaping.

• Low lawn area so as to reduce water demand

• Reuse of treated water for irrigation

Reduces water used in the building

• Low discharge fixture

• Dual flashings cistern

• Waste water treatment

• Reuse of treated water for irrigation and cooling towers of HVAC

• Rainwater harvesting

• Use of curing compound

Geothermal heat exchange at site

• There are 180 vertical bores at the depth of 18 m all along the building premises minimum 3 m
distance is maintained between any 2 bores

• Each bore is lowered with HDPE pipe u-loop (32mm outer dia) and grouted with bentonite slurry

• Each u-loop is connected to MS header pipe (100 MM, Dia) which finally joins the condenser
water line in plant room

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 20

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Consider a hot water is sent at that is 37.8°C, and back at 32.2°C.

• One u-loop has 0.9 TR heat rejection capacity. So all together 160. TR of water rejection is
obtained without using cooling tower.

• Enormous water saving since no make of water is required

• Make a water, pumping and treatment cost get eliminated

• Saves cooling tower fan energy

Chilled beams, induction unit overview

Materials

• Stone available in nearby area for flooring

• Terrazzo flooring with locally available Stone materials

• Fly ash brick

• ACC Block

• Jute bamboo composite for door frame and shutter

• UPVC windows with hermetically sealed double using low heat transmittance index glass

• Use of high reflectance Terrace tails for low heat ingress

• Avoided aluminium as it has high embedded energy

• Sandstone jalis

• Stone and

• Ferro cement jalis

• High efficiency glass high VLT low SHGC and low U value

• Optimised by shedding

• Light shelves for bringing in diffused sunlight

• Use of materials available having recycled content

SOS Tibetan Childre Village

• The site of SOS measures 14300 square metre

• It comprising of 15 family cottage, Small nursery school dispensary, community House,

residencies for the director and coworkers recreation room and place of worship

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 21

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Provide home and education to 225 children

• The site has the entrance from the north west direction and Mussoorie dehradun 30’ wide steep
road.

Architectural energy efficiency design features

• The concept of design is based on simple, low-cost low maintenance, construction, environmental
friendly techniques design, taking the advantage of climatic condition, recycling of water use of
natural forest air and carefully designed out building envelop.

• The primary strategy used to provide protection from the harsh winds from the north east, and to
provide solar access

• The outdoor used commonly by all the residents is also designed as the habitable Space

• The planning of the village is based on the cluster are open from all the sides

• Orientation of building you search that maximise solar access in the winter and ventilation in the
summer

• A large number of straight flights of states, go down, the water drainage orbit on both side of the
steps so that the rain water will run directly into the plants

• Combination of steps and ramp

• The toilet blocks in the north east corner family home act as a buffer against , cold winter winds

• Terracotta tiles are used at roof for installation

• Windows with double rebate double provided to reduce infiltration

• Bedroom, switch solid, timber, Board shutter on inner side for insulation

• Landscape planning has been carefully done to provide shelter from cold Winter winds and
access to winter sun. The planning in plantation scheme are combined.

Teri campus Bangalore

• The office block is kept towards the east close to the main road for higher visibility, and Guest
House is located towards the west side

• The moderate climate zone like Bangalore where, temperature are not very high A good
ventilation system can easily provide comfortable living condition

• Open drain on Southern edge

• Building open from north

• Thick brick wall use in Southern side

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 22

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

• Natural light comes from north side

• Local use materials

• Southern wall covers with kadappa stone.

GREEN COMPOSITES FOR BUILDINGS

Concepts of Green Composites

Sustainable materials that have matrices composed of natural fibers are known as green composites. They
are currently a focus of research due to being sustainable both in terms of the reactants used to make them
and the minimal or harmless waste and biproducts created during their synthesis. These composites are
light in weight and strong enough to be used in structural applications. The extraction, processing, and
characterization of natural fibers, as well as their properties, need to be well documented. This will help
industry experts establish large-scale production systems to ensure that natural fibers are readily available
as construction materials. This development, if achieved, will provide researchers with greater
opportunities to study the performance of composite materials in structures and enable a broader
understanding of the relationship between composite behavior and structural performance.

In addition, agricultural waste products can also be used in the manufacturing of green composites. In
order to be used as a construction material, undesired particles and impurities need to be removed from
agricultural wastes during processing. These processed agricultural waste products can then be used as an
admixture or discrete material, depending upon the type of agricultural waste, in green composites.

Green composites, including those synthesized from agricultural waste products, can be used in various
ways for both structural and nonstructural applications in civil engineering, for example, in roofs,
retaining walls, rigid pavements, canal lining, partition walls, cladding walls, and embankments.
Due to the organic nature of fibers processed from agricultural waste, new techniques are needed to delay
or avoid the decomposition of agricultural wastes in green composites. Therefore, the link between the
material properties of green composites and the resulting durability of their structural performance is an
area which needs to be explored in detail.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 23

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• Manufacturing of green composites for use in civil engineering applications

• Material properties of green composites, including FRC (fiber reinforced concrete) and FRCM
(fiber reinforced cementitious matrix)

• The extraction, processing, and characterization, as well as the properties, of natural fibers used in
civil engineering applications

• The processing of agricultural wastes for use as construction materials

• Multiple fiber reinforced composites for structural elements in civil engineering applications

• Durability of green composites in civil engineering applications

• Performance of green composites in structures, including damage identification, dynamic

behavior and fatigue behavior, and structural health monitoring (SHM) of strengthened structures
by green composites

• Economic and environmental impacts of green composites used in civil engineering applications

• Nonstructural applications of green composites, especially those made from agricultural waste
products, in civil engineering

• Commercialization of green composites in civil engineering, especially strategies for large-scale

commercial synthesis of green composites from agricultural waste products

Water Utilisation in Buildings

Water utilization in buildings refers to the management and use of water resources within residential,
commercial, industrial, and institutional structures. Effective water utilization in buildings is crucial for
both environmental sustainability and cost efficiency. It involves various aspects, including water supply,
distribution, consumption, conservation, and wastewater management. Here are some key points related
to water utilization in buildings:

1. Water Supply and Distribution: Buildings are connected to municipal or private water supplies that
provide fresh water for various purposes. Water distribution systems within buildings include pipes,
pumps, valves, and fixtures that deliver water to different areas like bathrooms, kitchens, and laundry
rooms.

2. Indoor Water Consumption: Indoor water consumption in buildings includes activities such as
drinking, cooking, cleaning, bathing, flushing toilets, and washing clothes. Different fixtures like faucets,
showers, toilets, and appliances determine the amount of water used for these purposes.

3. Efficient Fixtures and Appliances: Installing water-efficient fixtures and appliances can significantly
reduce water consumption. Examples include low-flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets, as well as
energy-efficient washing machines and dishwashers.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 24

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

4. Greywater and Rainwater Harvesting: Greywater refers to wastewater from non-toilet plumbing
fixtures like sinks, showers, and washing machines. Rainwater harvesting involves collecting and storing
rainwater for non-potable uses such as irrigation and toilet flushing. Both approaches reduce the demand
on freshwater resources.

5. Water Conservation Strategies: Implementing water conservation strategies such as fixing leaks
promptly, using water-saving technologies, and encouraging water-conscious behaviors among occupants
can lead to significant water savings.

6. Wastewater Management: Proper management of wastewater, also known as sewage or effluent, is

crucial. Wastewater from buildings typically goes through treatment processes to remove pollutants
before being released into the environment or reused.

7. Cooling and HVAC Systems: Some buildings use water for cooling and heating systems, such as
cooling towers and air conditioning. Efficient design and maintenance of these systems can help reduce
water usage.

8. Codes and Regulations: Many regions have building codes and regulations that dictate water efficiency
standards for new construction and renovation projects. These codes often specify requirements for
fixtures, appliances, and irrigation systems.

9. Education and Awareness: Educating building occupants about water conservation practices and the
importance of reducing water waste can encourage responsible water use.

10. Monitoring and Data Analysis: Implementing water monitoring systems can help track consumption
patterns and identify areas where improvements can be made. Data analysis can lead to better strategies
for water management.

Efficient water utilization in buildings contributes to resource conservation, reduced energy consumption
(since pumping and heating water require energy), and cost savings for both occupants and building
owners. As environmental concerns grow, adopting sustainable water utilization practices becomes
increasingly important.

 Domestic water: This includes water used for drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry.
 Cooling and heating: Water is used in cooling and heating systems to transfer heat.
 Fire protection: Water is used in fire sprinkler systems and fire hydrants to fight fires.
 Landscape irrigation: Water is used to irrigate lawns, gardens, and other landscaping.
 Commercial and industrial water: This includes water used for manufacturing, processing, and
cleaning.

Low Energy Approaches to Water Management

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off.
Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation. Dew and fog can also be collected with nets or other
tools. Rainwater harvesting differs from stormwater harvesting as the runoff is collected from roofs,

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 25

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

rather than creeks, drains, roads, or any other land surfaces. Its uses include watering gardens, livestock,
irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be
committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge.

Tamil Nadu was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for every building to avoid
groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched in 2001 and has been implemented in all rural areas of
Tamil Nadu. Posters all over Tamil Nadu including rural areas create awareness about harvesting
rainwater. TN Govt site. It gave excellent results within five years, and slowly every state took it as a role
model. Since its implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water quality
significantly improved. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people
of the Thar Desert. Many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan have now been revived. At
present, in Pune, rainwater harvesting is compulsory for any new housing society to be registered.

Groundwater recharge

Groundwater recharge is the enhancement of natural groundwater supplies using man-made conveyances
such as infiltration basins, trenches, dams, or injection wells. Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a
specific type of groundwater recharge practiced with the purpose of both augmenting groundwater
resources and recovering the water in the future for various uses.

Groundwater is recharged naturally by rain and snowmelt and to a smaller extent by surface water (rivers
and lakes). Recharge may be impeded somewhat by human activities including paving, development, or
logging. These activities can result in loss of topsoil resulting in reduced water infiltration, enhanced
surface runoff and reduction in recharge. The use of groundwaters, especially for irrigation, may also
lower the water tables. Groundwater recharge is an important process for sustainable groundwater
management since the volume-rate abstracted from an aquifer in the long term should be less than or
equal to the volume-rate that is recharged. Recharge can help move excess salts that accumulate in the
root zone to deeper soil layers, or into the groundwater system. Tree roots increase water saturation into
groundwater reducing water runoff. Flooding temporarily increases river bed permeability by moving
clay soils downstream, and this increases aquifer recharge.

Artificial groundwater recharge

Groundwater levels are declining across the country as our withdrawals exceed the rate of aquifers to
naturally replenish themselves, called recharge. One method of controlling declining water levels is by
using artificial groundwater recharge. Artificial recharge is the practice of increasing the amount of water
that enters an aquifer through human-controlled means. For example, groundwater can be artificially
recharged by redirecting water across the land surface through canals, infiltration basins, or ponds; adding
irrigation furrows or sprinkler systems; or simply injecting water directly into the subsurface through
injection wells. Artificial groundwater recharge is becoming increasingly important in India, where the
over-pumping of groundwater by farmers has led to underground resources becoming depleted. In 2007,
on the recommendations of the International Water Management Institute, the Indian government
allocated ₹1,800 crores to fund dug-well recharge projects (a dug-well is a wide, shallow well, often lined
with concrete) in 100 districts within seven states where water stored in hard-rock aquifers had been over-
exploited. Another environmental issue is the disposal of waste through water flux such as dairy farms,
industrial, and urban runoff.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 26

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Drip irrigation

Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the potential to save water and nutrients by
allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or buried below the
surface. The goal is to place water directly into the root zone and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation
systems distribute water through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Depending on how well
designed, installed, maintained, and operated it is, a drip irrigation system can be more efficient than other
types of irrigation systems, such as surface irrigation or sprinkler irrigation.

In the drip irrigation process, water and nutrients are delivered across the field in pipes called ‘dripper
lines’ featuring smaller units known as ‘drippers’. Each dripper emits drops containing water and
fertilizers, resulting in the uniform application of water and nutrients directly to each plant’s root zone,
across an entire field. Drip irrigation system delivers water to the crop using a network of mainlines, sub-
mains and lateral lines with emission points spaced along their lengths. Each dripper/emitter orifice
supplies a measured, precisely controlled uniform application of water, nutrients, and other required
growth substances directly into the root zone of the plant.

Greywater

Greywater is gently used water from your bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines. It is not
water that has come into contact with feces, either from the toilet or from washing diapers. Greywater
may contain traces of dirt, food, grease, hair, and certain household cleaning products. While greywater
may look “dirty,” it is a safe and even beneficial source of irrigation water in a yard.

Greywater is water from basins, baths and showers that is piped to a surge tank. The greywater is held
briefly in the tank before being discharged to an irrigation or treatment system. The greywater can be
diverted either by gravity or by using a pump. The surge tank can be any type of container that is suitable
for holding (but not storing) the initial surge of water. The surge tank must be emptied completely each
time greywater is dispersed to the irrigation or treatment system – greywater must not sit for extended
periods of time in the tank. A gravity system can only be used when there is sufficient fall from the
laundry/bathroom drain to the surge tank.

Sewage water treatment

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from municipal wastewater, containing mainly
household sewage plus some industrial wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used
to remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safe enough for
release into the environment. A by-product of sewage treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called
sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or
application to land.

For most cities, the sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the sewage
treatment plant which has usually received pretreatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant
load. If the sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff (stormwater) to the
sewage treatment plant. Sewage water can travel towards treatment plants via piping and in a flow aided
by gravity and pumps. The first part of the filtration of sewage typically includes a bar screen to filter

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 27

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

solids and large objects which are then collected in dumpsters and disposed of in landfills. Fat and grease
are also removed before the primary treatment of sewage.

Conjunctive use

Conjunctive use is a catch-phrase for coordinated use of surface water and groundwater— literally going
with the flow to maximize sufficient yield. Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in an
irrigation setting is the process of using water from the two different sources for consumptive purposes.
Conjunctive use can refer to the practice at the farm level of sourcing water from both a well and from an
irrigation delivery canal, or can refer to a strategic approach at the irrigation command level where
surface water and groundwater inputs are centrally managed as an input to irrigation systems.

The planned conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water has the potential to offer benefits in terms
of economic and social outcomes through significantly increased water use efficiency. It supports greater
food and fibre yield per unit of water use, an important consideration within the international policy arena
given the critical concerns for food security that prevail in many parts of the world. At the resource level,
groundwater pumping for irrigation used in conjunction with surface water provides benefits that increase
the water supply or mitigate undesirable fluctuations in the supply (Tsur, 1990) and control shallow water
table levels and consequent soil salinity.

Aquifer storage and recovery

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is the direct injection of surface water supplies such as potable water,
reclaimed water (i.e. rainwater), or river water into an aquifer for later recovery and use. The injection
and extraction is often done by means of a well. In areas where the rainwater cannot percolate the soil or
where it is not capable of percolating it fast enough (i.e. urban areas) and where the rainwater is thus
diverted to rivers, rainwater ASR could help to keep the rainwater within an area. ASR is used for
municipal, industrial and agricultural purposes.

The objective of AR is to replenish water in an aquifer. Injecting water into AR wells can prevent
saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers and control land subsidence. In contrast, ASR wells are used
to store water in the ground and recover the stored water for drinking water supplies, irrigation, industrial
needs, or ecosystem restoration projects. The stored water may be recovered from the same well used for
injection or from nearby injection or recovery wells.

Desalination

Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination,
which is an issue for agriculture. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human
consumption or irrigation. The by-product of the desalination process is brine. Desalination is used on
many seagoing ships and submarines. Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on the cost-
effective provision of freshwater for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few
rainfall-independent water sources.

The process may be used for municipal, industrial, or any commercial uses. Water desalination processes
separate dissolved salts and other minerals from water. Feedwater sources may include brackish,

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 28

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

seawater, wells, surface (rivers and streams), wastewater, and industrial feed and process waters.
Membrane separation requires driving forces including pressure (applied and vapor), electric potential,
and concentration to overcome natural osmotic pressures and effectively force water through membrane
processes. As such, the technology is energy intensive and research is continually evolving to improve
efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

Management of Solid Wastes

Managing solid wastes in green buildings involves implementing sustainable practices to reduce waste
generation, promote recycling and reuse, and minimize the environmental impact of waste disposal.
Green buildings prioritize resource efficiency, waste reduction, and environmental responsibility. Here's
how solid waste management is typically approached in green buildings:

1. Design for Waste Reduction: Green building design focuses on reducing waste generation from the
start. This includes using materials that are durable, low-waste, and environmentally friendly. Designing
for deconstruction and easy disassembly allows for efficient salvage and reuse of materials during
renovation or demolition.

2. Material Selection: Choosing materials with a low environmental impact, such as recycled content,
rapidly renewable resources, and non-toxic materials, can decrease waste and promote recycling.

3. Waste Separation and Collection: Green buildings often provide designated areas for waste separation
and collection. On-site bins or containers for different waste streams like recyclables, compostable
materials, and non-recyclable waste encourage proper waste sorting.

4. Recycling and Reuse: Prioritizing recycling and reuse of materials is a key aspect of waste
management in green buildings. Salvaging and repurposing materials during construction and renovation
reduces the need for new resources.

5. Composting: Composting organic waste like food scraps and landscaping debris can divert a significant
portion of waste from landfills. On-site composting facilities or arrangements with local composting
services contribute to waste reduction and soil enrichment.

6. Waste Management Plans: Green building projects often include comprehensive waste management
plans that outline waste reduction goals, recycling targets, strategies for diversion from landfills, and
responsibilities for waste management throughout the construction and operation phases.

7. Demolition and Deconstruction: When retrofitting or demolishing a green building, deconstruction is

preferred over traditional demolition. This method involves carefully dismantling structures to salvage
usable materials for reuse, reducing waste and environmental impact.

8. E-Waste Management: Proper disposal and recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) is crucial in green
buildings. E-waste contains hazardous materials that can harm the environment if not managed properly.

9. Waste Tracking and Reporting: Monitoring waste generation, diversion rates, and tracking progress
toward waste reduction goals helps ensure that green buildings are effectively managing their waste
streams and achieving sustainability targets.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 29

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

10. Collaboration and Education: Engaging building occupants, staff, and contractors through education
and awareness campaigns about proper waste management practices encourages responsible waste sorting
and disposal.

11. Certification Programs: Green building certification programs, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design), often include criteria related to waste management. Projects aiming for
certification need to demonstrate effective waste reduction and recycling efforts.

12. Local Regulations and Partnerships: Green buildings align their waste management practices with
local regulations and collaborate with waste management companies that prioritize recycling and
sustainability.

Management of Sullage Water and Sewage

Managing sullage water (also known as graywater) and sewage in green design involves implementing
sustainable and environmentally responsible strategies to minimize water usage, treat wastewater, and
reduce the environmental impact of sewage disposal. Green design prioritizes water conservation,
pollution prevention, and the efficient use of resources. Here's how sullage water and sewage
management is typically approached in green design:

1. Sullage Water Separation: Graywater is wastewater generated from non-toilet sources such as sinks,
showers, and laundry. Green design promotes the separation of graywater from blackwater (toilet waste)
to allow for separate treatment and reuse of relatively cleaner graywater.

2. On-Site Treatment and Reuse: Green designs often incorporate on-site treatment systems to purify
graywater for non-potable uses such as irrigation, toilet flushing, and even cooling systems. These
systems can include filters, biological treatment, and disinfection processes.

3. Water-Efficient Fixtures: The use of water-efficient fixtures and appliances, such as low-flow faucets,
showerheads, and toilets, reduces the overall demand for water, minimizing the volume of graywater
generated.

4. Treatment Technologies: Green design may employ various treatment technologies for graywater, such
as membrane bioreactors, constructed wetlands, and sand filters. These methods help remove
contaminants and make the water suitable for reuse.

5. Designing for Dual Plumbing: In green buildings, dual plumbing systems can be installed to segregate
graywater from blackwater. This allows for separate collection and treatment, optimizing water reuse
opportunities.

6. Education and Awareness: Building occupants need to understand the importance of proper graywater
use and handling. Educating them about the safe and effective use of graywater for specific purposes
promotes responsible water conservation.

7. Permitting and Regulations: Green design projects must comply with local regulations and obtain
necessary permits for the collection, treatment, and reuse of graywater. Regulations vary by region and
may dictate how graywater can be used.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 30

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

8. Sewage Treatment and Resource Recovery: In green designs, sewage treatment systems can
incorporate innovative technologies to treat blackwater. Some systems focus on resource recovery, such
as extracting energy from wastewater or producing biogas through anaerobic digestion.

9. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment: Green design may explore decentralized wastewater treatment
options, which involve smaller-scale treatment systems that are closer to the point of generation. This can
reduce the strain on centralized sewage systems and decrease the need for long-distance transportation of
wastewater.

10. Reclaimed Water for Non-Potable Use: Some green design projects consider using reclaimed water,
which includes both treated graywater and treated sewage effluent, for non-potable purposes like
irrigation, industrial processes, and toilet flushing.

11. Ecosystem-based Approaches: Ecosystem-based approaches like constructed wetlands and ecological
sanitation systems mimic natural processes to treat wastewater and sewage, minimizing the need for
energy-intensive treatment methods.

12. Monitoring and Maintenance: Regular monitoring and maintenance of graywater and sewage
treatment systems ensure their proper functioning and help prevent pollution or system failures.

By integrating effective sullage water and sewage management practices into green design, buildings can
contribute to water conservation, reduce the strain on municipal water and sewage systems, and support a
more sustainable approach to water resources.

Urban Environment and Green Buildings.

The relationship between the urban environment and green buildings is a critical aspect of sustainable
urban development. Green buildings play a significant role in shaping and enhancing the urban
environment by promoting resource efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and improving the overall
quality of life for residents. Here's how green buildings and the urban environment are interconnected:

1. Resource Efficiency: Green buildings are designed to maximize resource efficiency by minimizing
water and energy consumption, reducing waste generation, and using sustainable materials. This efficient
use of resources contributes to a more sustainable urban environment by reducing the strain on local
infrastructure and resources.

2. Energy Conservation: Green buildings incorporate energy-efficient technologies and design strategies
that lead to lower energy consumption. This helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and the
demand for electricity, positively impacting the urban air quality and overall environmental health.

3. Air and Water Quality: Green buildings often include features such as improved ventilation systems,
low-emission materials, and indoor plants that enhance indoor air quality. Additionally, sustainable water
management practices within green buildings can help improve local water quality by reducing the
discharge of pollutants.

4. Urban Heat Island Effect: Green buildings can contribute to mitigating the urban heat island effect by
incorporating features like green roofs, reflective materials, and proper urban planning. These strategies

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 31

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

help reduce the heat absorption and retention in urban areas, creating more comfortable and cooler
environments.

5. Biodiversity and Green Spaces: Some green building designs integrate green spaces, such as rooftop
gardens and vertical gardens, that support urban biodiversity by providing habitats for plants and animals.
These features also enhance the aesthetic appeal of the urban environment.

6. Water Management: Green buildings often implement water-efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting
systems, and permeable surfaces that help manage stormwater runoff and reduce the risk of flooding in
urban areas.

7. Community Health and Well-being: Green buildings contribute to the well-being of urban residents by
providing healthier indoor environments, better access to natural light, and spaces that encourage physical
activity. This improves the overall quality of life for people living and working in cities.

8. Urban Regeneration: Integrating green building practices into urban regeneration projects can revitalize
older or blighted areas, improve infrastructure, and create more sustainable and livable neighborhoods.

9. Sustainable Transport: Green building projects often consider accessibility and connectivity to public
transportation, cycling lanes, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, encouraging sustainable commuting
options and reducing urban traffic congestion.

10. Community Engagement: Green building projects can involve community members in the design and
planning process, ensuring that the built environment aligns with local needs, values, and aspirations.

11. Leadership and Awareness: Green buildings serve as examples of sustainable practices and raise
awareness about the benefits of environmentally friendly design. They can inspire other construction
projects and influence urban planning policies.

12. Urban Resilience: By incorporating features like energy-efficient technologies and renewable energy
sources, green buildings contribute to urban resilience by reducing the vulnerability of cities to
disruptions in energy supply and environmental changes.

The integration of green buildings into the urban fabric is essential for creating more sustainable, resilient,
and livable cities. As cities continue to grow, adopting green building practices becomes increasingly
important for mitigating environmental challenges and ensuring a better quality of life for urban residents.

Green Cover and Built Environment.

Green cover refers to the presence of vegetation, such as trees, shrubs, grass, and other plant life, in a
particular area. The built environment, on the other hand, comprises human-made structures like
buildings, roads, infrastructure, and urban spaces. The relationship between green cover and the built
environment is crucial for creating sustainable and livable cities. Here's how the two are interconnected:

1. Urban Heat Island Effect Mitigation: Green cover helps mitigate the urban heat island effect, where
urban areas are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas due to human activities and heat-
absorbing surfaces. Trees and vegetation provide shade, cool the air through evapotranspiration, and
reduce the overall temperature in cities.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 32

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

2. Air Quality Improvement: Green cover helps filter pollutants from the air, improving air quality and
reducing the impact of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and other pollutants generated by vehicular
emissions and industrial activities in the built environment.

3. Biodiversity and Habitat Creation: Green spaces provide habitats for various plant and animal species,
supporting urban biodiversity. Incorporating green cover into the built environment creates pockets of
nature that can attract birds, insects, and other wildlife, enhancing urban ecosystems.

4. Stormwater Management: Vegetation and green spaces help manage stormwater runoff by absorbing
rainwater and reducing the risk of flooding and erosion. This reduces the strain on urban drainage systems
and helps recharge groundwater.

5. Aesthetic Value and Quality of Life: Green spaces and landscaping contribute to the aesthetic appeal of
the built environment, making cities more visually attractive and providing recreational spaces for
residents. Access to green areas enhances the quality of life by providing places for relaxation and social
interaction.

6. Noise Reduction: Trees and plants can act as natural sound barriers, absorbing and deflecting noise
generated by traffic, construction, and other urban activities, thereby reducing noise pollution.

7. Psychological Well-being: Green spaces have been shown to have positive effects on mental health and
well-being. Exposure to nature and green environments can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression,
enhancing the overall psychological health of urban dwellers.

8. Energy Conservation: Trees and vegetation provide natural shade and insulation, reducing the need for
air conditioning and heating in buildings. This leads to energy savings and contributes to a more
sustainable built environment.

9. Urban Agriculture and Food Security: Green cover can include urban gardens, community farms, and
rooftop gardens, which promote urban agriculture and contribute to local food production, improving
food security in urban areas.

10. Carbon Sequestration: Plants capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis,
which helps mitigate climate change. Urban green cover contributes to carbon sequestration and helps
offset the carbon emissions from the built environment.

11. Community Engagement: Green spaces provide opportunities for community gatherings, events, and
outdoor activities, fostering social cohesion and community engagement.

12. Ecological Balance: The integration of green cover in urban areas helps restore ecological balance that
may be disrupted by extensive urbanization and development.

Incorporating green cover into the built environment is essential for creating sustainable and resilient
cities. Urban planning and design that prioritize green spaces, parks, and trees can lead to healthier, more
enjoyable, and environmentally friendly urban environments.

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 33

 Green Buildings – 21CV485: Module 5

Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Page 34