PER UNIT

CALCULATIONS
SI NG LE LIN E D IA G RA M, N EED FOR PER UN IT AN A L YSIS ,
FOR MUL AE, CH A NG E OF B A SE A N D PROB L EMS

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
RE PR ES ENT A T ION OF T H REE PH AS E BA LA NC ED S YS T EM

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 BALANCED THREE PHASE POWER
SYSTEM

The transmission system, sub-transmission system and distribution

systems are designed as balanced 3-phase systems.

Major loads are 3-phase. Even the single-phase loads are grouped
in such a way to make the “composite bus loads” 3-phase
balanced loads.

Most power systems remains at “normal” operating state during 95

percent of the time.

Steady-state analysis of the power network using 3-phase bus

admittance matrix is very complex and time consuming, especially
for large scale power system.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
PER PHASE ANALYSIS OF A BALANCED
THREE PHASE SYSTEM

This method considerably

The powerful method of
simplifies the power
“Per Phase Analysis” is
network representation
invariably used to
through a “Single line
analyze a balanced
diagram” and reduces
three-phase system.
the computation time.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEM

FIGURE 2.1 : A BALANCED THREE – PHASE SYSTEM

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SINGLE PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The Generator and load neutrals are at the same potential since
all the elements of the network are balanced.

Hence the neutral current In = 0 , irrespective of the value of

neutral feeder impedance Zn.

For Phase a: Ea= (Zg + Z + ZL)Ia (2.1)

The currents and voltages in phases b and c have the same

magnitude but a phase lag of 120o and 240o respectively.

Equation (2.1) corresponds to Fig.2.2 which is considered as a

single – phase equivalent to the three – phase network.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
SINGLE PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM

zg

zL
Eg

FIGURE 2.2

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
PER PHASE ANALYSIS OF A BALANCED
THREE PHASE SYSTEM

Hence analysis of large scale three – phase

balanced power network is carried out using Per
Phase Analysis and the network is represented by
a single –line diagram which is a single – phase
equivalent of the three – phase network.

Analysis and interpretation of such three–phase

systems are further made easy by the use of Per –
Unit system.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

The component parts are

Since per-phase analysis is carried represented by standard symbols
out for a 3-phase balanced and not by their equivalent circuit.
system, it is enough to show one Circuit parameters are not shown
phase and the neutral return to and a transmission line is simply
portray the assembly of represented by a single line
components to model the between its two ends. Such a
complete system. diagram is called a single –line or
one –line diagram

The purpose of the single line

diagram is to provide the
complete information about how
the various components are Even the completed circuit
connected together. The location through the neutral is omitted.
of circuit breakers and relays are
not shown for a power flow study
but are given for stability study.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

T1 1
3 T2

Load 2
Load 1

Fig 2.3 SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM FOR A SYSTEM

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
IMPEDANCE OR REACTANCE DIAGRAM

To enable computing the

performance of a system the single-
line diagram is replaced by an
impedance/reactance diagram
Wherein the symbols of the
components are replaced by their
equivalent circuits. The parameters
are expressed in per unit values.
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 REACTANCE DIAGRAM

xT2 xL xT1

xg3 xg2 xg1

+ + +
E3 E2 E1
- - -

Neutral Line
Fig 2.4 REACTANCE DIAGRAM FOR THE EXAMPLE SYSTEM
Shown in Fig 2.3- ForDr.Short circuit
Arunachalam analysis
Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
PER UNIT ANALYSIS
F O RM U L A E

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 WHAT IS PER UNIT VALUE?

• The numerical per unit value of any quantity is

defined as the ratio of its actual value to base value
of the same quantity of the same dimension.
• Per unit values are dimensionless.

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PER UNIT SYSTEM

• Per unit representation of a quantity gives relative

magnitude information which is more meaningful
and useful when dealing with power system
components with different voltage and power
ratings.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING PER UNIT
SYSTEM

Draw the single line diagram.

First fix the Base (Reference) values for

the various quantities.

Convert the value of all the quantities

from fundamental unit to per unit.

Carry out the analysis in per unit system.

Reconvert the values of all the

quantities to fundamental unit.
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 HOW TO CHOSE BASE VALUE?

We use
Voltage, current, power and •Line to line KV with three phase
impedance are so related •Line to neutral KV with single phase
that selection of base value
for any two quantities
determines the base value
for remaining two.

Impedance value and other

parameters of a
component, when given in
per unit without specified
bases are understood to be
based on the MVA and KV
ratings of the component
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 ADVANTAGES

The ordinary parameters with wide range of variations are converted in to per
unit impedance values which lie within a narrow range.

They provide more meaningful information

The chance of confusion between line and phase, star and delta values in a
three phase balanced system is reduced.

The impedance of the machines are specified by the manufactures in terms

of per unit values to its own base.

The per unit impedance referred to either side of a single phase transformer is
the same.

The per unit impedance referred to either side of a three phase transformer is
the same regardless of the three phase connection

Computational effort in power system is very much reduced with the use of
per unit quantity Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM

• Current refers to line current

• Voltage refers to voltage to neutral
• MVA refers MVA per phase
• Base Power in Mw=base MVA
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉 𝑘𝑉 2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 Ω = =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴 𝑀𝑉𝐴

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 THREE PHASE SYSTEM

Balanced three phase system are solved as a single line with neutral
return.

The base quantities are MVA/phase and line to neutral KV

Data is usually given in total three phase MVA and Line to line KV

Since the given voltage is in line to line and the base quantity of voltage
in the single phase circuit is voltage to neutral, the base voltage of neutral
is the base voltage from line to line divided by 1.732

Unless otherwise specified a given value of base voltage in a three phase

system is line to line voltage and the given value of base MVA is the total
three phase base. Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 CALCULATION OF BASE VALUES
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴3𝜙
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴 =
3 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐿−𝐿

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐿−𝑁

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 Ω =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐴

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐿−𝐿

× 3 × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑉𝐿−𝐿
3
=
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴3𝜙
2
𝑘𝑉𝐿−𝐿
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 Ω =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴3𝜙

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 CHANGING THE BASE OF PER UNIT
QUANTITIES
Sometimes the per unit impedance of a
component of a system is expressed an a base
other than the one selected on base for the part of
the system in which the component is located.
Since all the impedance in any one part of the
system must be expressed on the same
impedance base when making computations it is
necessary to convert per unit impedance from one
base to another.
2
𝑘𝑉𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑤(𝑝.𝑢.) = 𝑍𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛(𝑝.𝑢) × 2 ×
𝑘𝑉𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PROBLEM

• The reactance of a generator designated x” is

given as 0.25 p.u. based on generators name plate
rating of 18 KV, 500MVA. The base for calculations is
20 KV, 100 MVA. Find x” on the new base.
• Solution
X”=0.0405 p.u.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PER UNIT IMPEDANCE OF SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
• The per unit impedance of a transformer is the
same regardless of whether it is determined to the
high voltage or low voltage side of the transformer.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PROBLEM

• A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 v, 2.5

KVA. Leakage reactance measured from the low-
voltage side is 0.06 ohms. Determine the leakage
reactance in per unit.
Solution
Impedance in p.u. (low voltage side)=0.0124
Impedance in p.u. (high voltage side)=0.0124

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 P.U. IMPEDANCE IN A SYSTEM WITH
DIFFERENT VOLTAGE LEVELS

Compute the
“BKV” for the “P.U.
base Convert the
other sections Impedance
Choose a Choose “BKV” impedances impedances
are computed diagram” can
common for one of the “BZ” of from ohm to
using the turns be drawn
“BMVA” for sections of the various p.u. using the
ratio of the using the
the system. system. sections using respective
respective values
the respective “BZ”.
transformers. computed.
“BKV”.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PROBLEM 1

• It is proposed to conduct short circuit analysis on

the power system given in Fig. 2.5

• Choose Base values for power and voltage and

compute p.u. impedances of different
components.

• Draw a P.U. Impedance (Reactance) diagram.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 L1
G2
G1
D2
L2
T1 T2

FIGURE 2.5 : SINGLE - LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER SYSTEM

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN SHORT
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
• Generator modelled by a voltage source in series
with the sub-transient reactance.
• Bus demands are neglected.
• Lines and Transformers modelled by series
reactance only.

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 DATA FOR SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

• Gen. G1 : 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X’’=1.6 ohm

• Gen. G2 : 15 MVA, 6.6 KV, X’’=1.2 ohm
• Trans.T1: 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X=15.2 ohm (H.T side)
• Trans.T2: 15 MVA, 33/6.2 KV, X=16 ohm (H.T side)
• LineL1,L2: 20.5 ohm/phase

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

Base Values
• Choose a common “BMVA” of 30 MVA.

• Choose “BKV” of 33 KV in the transmission line.

• “BKV” of other sections are:

G1 : 11 KV
G2 : 6.2 KV

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 20.5 X 30
Each Transmission Line (L1, L2) : = 0.564
(33) 2

15.2 X 30
Transformer T1 = = 0.418
(33) 2

16 X 30
Transformer T2 = = 0.44
(33) 2

1.6 X 30
Generator G1 = = 0.396
(11) 2

= 1.2 X 30 = 0.936
Generator G2
(6.2 )2
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 0.564

0.418 0.44

0.396 0.564 0.936

+ +
E1 = 1.0 p.u. E2 = 1.0 p.u.
- -

• Figure 2.6 : Per-unit Reactance Diagram

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 DATA IN P.U. VALUES

In Example 2.2 : Data for generators and transformers

are given in p.u. to their own base
• T1 : 0.209 (15 MVA, 33 KV)
• T2 : 0.220 (15 MVA, 33 KV)
• G1 : 0.435 (30 MVA, 10.5 KV)
• G2 : 0.4113 (15 MVA, 6.6 KV )

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 P.U. TO THE NEW BASE: (BMVA=30)
(33)2 30
T1 = 0.209 x x = 0.418
15 (33)2
(33)2 30
T2 = 0.220 x x = 0.44
15 (33)2
(10.5)2 30
G1 = 0.435 x x = 0.396
15 (11)2
(6.6)2 30
G2 = 0.4113 x x = 0.936
15 (6.2)2
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 PROBLEM
• The three phase power and line to line voltage
rating of a electric power systems is given in table.
Draw an impedance diagram showing all
impedances in p.u. on a 100MVA base. Chose 20
KV as the base voltage for generator.
Component MVA KV Reactanc Impedance
e
Generator 1 60 20 X”=9% -
Transformer 1 50 20/200 X=10% -
Transformer 2 50 200/20 X=10% -
Motor 43.2 18 X”=8%
Line - 200 - 120+j200 ohms
Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,
Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
COMPLETE THIS DIAGRAM WITH PER
UNIT VALUES

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA
 REFERENCES

• Lecture Notes of Dr. M. Abdullah Khan, Professor of

Eminence, B. S. Abur Rahman University, Chennai
• Power System Analysis by John J Grainger and
William D Stevenson Jr. Mcgraw Hill Publication ISBN
0-07-113338-0

Dr. Arunachalam Sundaram,

Associate Professor, Dept. of ELET.,
JIC, KSA