Single line diagram of typical power system Definition: Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol for each component, The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows the main connections and arrangement of the systam components along with their data (such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc,) Yertstke dk ‘Single Line Representation of a Typical Power Syitem + Itis nat necessary to show all the components of the system on a single line diagram. Ex: circuit breaker need not be shown in the load flow study but are the must for a protection study + Inthe single line diagram, the system component is usually drawn in the form of their symbols.Impedance Diagram = itis difficult to draw the line diagram of the few components. + 0 for simplification, the impedance diagram is used for representing the pawer system components. + In impedance diagram, each component is represented by its equivalent circuit. @. Synchronous generator at the generating station by a voltage source in series with the resistance and reactance, ‘Transformer by a nominal-T equivalent circuit, €. Transmission line is represented by nominal-T] equivalent circuit. d, Load is assumed to be passive and are represented by a resistive and inductive reactance in the series, Neutral earthing impedance does not appear in the diagram as the balanced condition |s assumed, ‘The diagram shown below is the balanced 3-phase diagram. Itis also called positive sequence diagram, ‘Three separate diagrams are also used for representing the positive, negative and zero sequence networks, ‘The three separate impedance diagrams are used in the short circult for the studies of unsymmetrical fault,Impedance Diagram Transmission Transformer =e = ee = i Impedance Diagram For The Power System + The impedance diagram can further be simplified by making certain assumptions and reduced to simplified reactance. + Reaetance diagram is drawn by neglecting the effective resistance of generator armature, transformer winding resistance, transmission line resistance line charging and the magnetizing circuit of transformers. Reactance diagram of the power system is shown below.Reactance Diagram The reactance diagram gives an accurate result for many power system studies, such as short- circuit studies, ete. The winding resistance, including the line resistance, are quite small in comparison with leakage reactance and shunt path which includes line charging and transformer magnetizing circuit provide a very high parallel impedance with fault. Tiandfoivay Traidormer Yamiorer " - i Reactance Diagram For Power Systern Itis considered that if the resistance is less than one-third of the reactance, and resistance is ignored, then the error introduced will be not more than § %, If the resistance and reactance ignored errors up to 12% may be introduced. The errors mean their calculation gives a higher value than the actual value.Per-Unit (PU) Systems Need for per unit system: + Reduces the complexity of analysis by simplifying the calculations. ver side of it. + The method of connection (star-delta (or) star-star, ..ete.) da not affect the per unit impedance of + Per unit impedance of the transformer is same referred to: the transformer. * Usually, the machine name plate details will have the per unit impedance values with respect to the valtage and power ratings of the machine. if we choose the base values of the same machine, those impedances can be used for as it is for the calculations. + Easy ta simulate the steady state and transient models using P.U quantities. Actual value of the quantity in any unit The per unit value = 7 or once (or)Base value of the quantity inthe same unitPer-Unit (PU) Equation Let, Base Volt-Ampere as (Vly and base voltage as Vp ‘Therefore, the base current is, fy= ie sal - My Theb dance Is, Zy= endl base impedances, Z4= Yt (2) By substituting the equation (2) in (2) The base impedance is, tev ir (hve) 2a" inva), Let, the actual impedance value Is = Zacruat (3) ‘The per unit impedance, Zy.u* ZactuathZe eV) The per unit impedance, Zpu = Zaccuat/ TVA), The per unitimpedance, Zs Single phase system ‘The per unit impedance, Zp.u = Zactuat Three phase system [MVA] Frceuat x Ala (kVp) (MVA)ns_pnace — (kVotine)Change of Base in Per-Unit (PU) Method + Change of base is required to connect an individual equipment/ old system inte. a new system Let, An existing / old network Zaceuai MVAsiotay An new netwark/system Zacruat MV Agnew) ‘The per unit value of old system is MVAncota) Foautotdy = Zacrual * “Ryser? _ KVatotd)? Zocewat = Zpautoid) * waieai KV cota Zpuiota) KY pinew) Zunew) The per unit value of mew system Is MVAb (new! Z, =f, x Saba) pargnew) = Zactwal * eva reyy? 2 a KV benew)" wal) ‘ectuat = Zpu(new) * (2) MVAn(new)Change of Base in Per-Unit (PU) Method ‘The LHS of equations (1) and (2) are same, so that their RHS can be equated, Therefore; KVpcnew)” KVicota)” Z, x =4, x ‘p.u(new) MVAacnew ‘pat(old) MVAxcoiay KV ogoun 5, MVAninew) = x Zputnew) = Zp.utotd) KVo(new)? MV Apcotd) MVA Hen) ( Yin KV y¢o1a, = gg (ben: Zpu(new) = Zpa(otd) GreAdvantages and Disadvantages of P.u. system Advantages and Drawbacks of Por-Unit (PU) Method: Advantages: Coleulations are simplified. ‘The characteristics of machines (generotors. trensformers, motors etc.) when described in perunit system are specified by ‘almost the same number, regardless of the rating of the machines. In other words, tha characteristics (or parameters) tendo fil In relatively narov range, making erroneous values conspicuous. Thus per-unit system provides a method of comparison. For circuits connected by transformers, per-unit system is particulay suitable, By choosing suitable base kV's for the circuits the per unit reactance remains the same, referred 10 clther sides of the transformer. Therefore, the various circuits can be ‘connected in the reactance diagram. “This method is useful 1 eliminate deel transformers as circuit compononts since the Iypicsl power system contains hundreds, ‘ol thousands.f transformers, and this is @ none irval savings Drawbacks: ‘Soine equations that hold in the unsealed cases are modified when écaled into persunit, Factors éuch as 3 and 3 are removed 1 added by this method. Equivalent circuits of tha componantis are modified, making thom eomawhat moro abstract Somatimes phase shite that aro ‘early present in the unsealed circuit vanish in the porunit circu