WRITING MATERIALS

WRITING MATERIALS are used primarily for writing or

recording such as papers, cardboard, board papers, Morocco
paper, etc.

PAPERS are sheets of interlaced fibers-usually cellulose

fibers from plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other
fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and
causing to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.

MACHINE PAPERMAKING is a large papermaking

machine at the Kraft paper mill In Missoula, Montana,
converts wood pulp into paper. The first successful
papermaking machine was developed in the early 19th
century and Improvements on newer machines continue to be
developed.

KINDS OF INDIGENOUS PAPER

1. PAPYRUS - writing material used by the ancient

Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans that was made from the pith
of the stern of a water plant called Sedge (also known as
Cyperus Paperus). Papyrus came from the Latin word
Papuros, meaning "Papyrus Plant," that reaches 12-25 feet in
height.

2. PARCHMENT - a creamy or yellowish material made from

dried and treated sheepskin, goatskin, or other animal hide,
formerly used for books and documents. This is widely used
in Perganum City, Anatolia during the 2nd century BC.
3. VELLUM - a paper which is high quality made from
calfskin (fine leader), kidskin, or lambskin (wooly pelt of a
lamb). Codex - early form of book, consisting of bound sheaf
of handwritten pages.

INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZES

• Paper is usually sold by the ream in sheets of standard sizes.

A ream of paper usually contains 500 sheets,

• Book paper and newsprint for flat-plate printing are sold in

reams of 500 sheets and in perfect reams of 516 sheets. The
most common book-paper size is Octavo (112 by 165 cm/44
by 66 in).

• Newsprint for rotary-press printing comes in rolls of varying

sizes; a typical roll of newsprint, as used by large
metropolitan newspapers in the United States, is 188 cm (86
in) wide and 7,925 m (26,000 ft) long, and weighs about 725
kg (1,600 lb.).

HISTORY OF PAPER TIMELINE

• AD 105-Cal Lun/Ts'ai Lun-the inventor of paper, a Chinese

Court Official of China during the time of Emperor Ho TI.
The art of paper making was kept by the Chinese for 500
years.
• AD 610- The Buddhist Monks spread the art of papermaking
to Japan. It was the Japanese people who invented Block
Printing.

• AD 751-Chinese Vs Arab Armies War. The Chinese were

defeated and many of them were taken as prisoners. Some of
the prisoners bargained for their release in a condition that
they will teach the Arabs the Secrets of paper making.

• • AD 1000-1244 - The First Paper Mill was built by the

Arabs in Xativa, Spain. It took 400 years for paper to traverse
Europe.

• AD 1338-1470 - French Monks began producing paper used

in the production of holy texts.

• AD 1411- A flour mill was converted to Paper Mill in

Germany.

• AD 1588-England also built its own Paper Mill and

produced papers for its citizens.

• AD 1680-The first Paper Mill was also built in Culhuacan,

Mexico.

• AD 1690-William Rittenhouse, a German immigrant to

North America founded the first Paper Mill in North America
where the first American Paper Makers were trained.

• AD 1719-Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur, after study,

he suggested that paper could be made from wood or trees.

• AD 1798-Nicholas Robert invented the first Paper Making

Machine. Robert's Machine was improved by the Fourdrinier
Bothers: Henry Fourdrinier and Sealy Fourdrinier, who in
1803 produced the first of the machines that bear their name.

• AD 1850-Friedrich Gottlob Keller, a German who devised

the method of Paper Making from Wood Pulp, however, it
was of poor quality.

• AD 1852-Hugh Burgess, an Englishman who perfected the

use of wood pulp by digesting the wood with chemicals.

• AD 1887 - C.B. Tilghman, an American Chemist, improved

the process of paper making process from wood by using
Sulfites.

• AD 1879-C.F. Dahl, a Swede finally perfected the use of

wood in the production of paper by adding another chemical
known as Sulfate.

• 1880-Hectograph was invented for copying manuscript by

transferring it into a layer of gelatin coated with glycerin.

• AD 1883-Charles Stillwell, invented a machine in making

brown paper for groceries In Philadelphia.

• • 1895 - Carbon Paper became common when typewriter

was introduced

• 1980 - Fax (Facsimile) Machine was invented and became

available to many offices.

• 1911-Photostat was introduced capable of making copies of

photographic documents.
• 1938- Chester Carlson invented the xerographic process
which was developed and commercialized by the Xerox
Corporation.

WRITING INSTRUMENTS

1. PEN - general term for ink-refilled writing instruments

2. BALL PEN - came from the Latin term "Penna" meaning

feather. This refers to a writing instrument with ball rotating
at its nib purposely to equally spread its ink to the writing
material.

3. FOUNTAIN PEN - popularly called today as "Sign pen."

This kind of pen usually has ink reservoir that produces more
ink as compared to ordinary pens.

4. FIBER TIP PEN - refers also to what is popularly called as

"Pentel Pen" and all its variants. This also contains ink
reservoir, where ink come from and passes to the synthesized
fibers before it reaches the writing material.

5. PENCIL - a writing material that has led that is composed

of graphite and clay and located in the central part. The lead is
covered by kaolin that is made up usually from wood mixed
with chemicals to serve as binder.

6. LIQUID LEAD PENCIL - a ball point pencil with an

erasable graphite ink introduced in 1955 but phased out
during the early 1960s.
7. QUILL PEN - writing instrument made from a feather with
a sharpened tip, which is dipped in ink. Used by Jose Rizal in
writing "El Filibusterismo" and "Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me
Not)."

8. STYLOGRAPHIC PEN - a kind of pen used by artist and

draftsmen.

9. REYNOLDS PEN - an Invention of Milton Reynolds in

1945 in New York, USA.

10. METAL PEN, GLASS PEN, PEN KNIFE - kinds of pen

according to flourishing designs during manufacture

THE INK

INK - is any liquid or viscous pigmented substance used for

writing, printing, or drawing.

DIFFERENT INKS

1. CARBON INK - is also known as Indian ink and Chinese

ink which is known as the oldest form of ink.

2. LOG-WOOD INKS - They were made from an aqueous

extract of logwood chips and potassium chromate type in
1848.

3. IRON GALLOTANATE INKS - the popular version of this

is the "blue and black ink," which is the greatest number of
commercial inks today. This kind of ink turns to brown after
sometime due to its corrosive properties in the ink.

4. NIGROSINE INK - also known as Aniline, Indulin, or

Black aniline. This is a colored ink that is composed of
synthetic dyes. Discovered by the Perkins in 1885 and first
used by the Britons in 1878.

5. COPPERAS INK - an aqueous decoction of an iron salt,

hydrated with Ferrous Sulfate.

6. DYESTUFF INKS - composed of aqueous solutions of

synthetic dyestuffs, to which a preservative and a flux are
added.

7. ALKALINE WRITING INKS - These are quick drying

inks which possess a ph from 9 to about 11.

8. SUPER CHROME INKS - were already obtainable since

1950. The ink that contains phthalocyanine used in the
determination of the age of a document.

9. SKRIP INK - is manufactured by WA Chaffer Pen

Company since 1955. It contains a substance which is
colorless in visible light and has a strong affinity for the fibers
of the paper, and yet is not bleached by hypochlorite ink
eradicators or washed out by soaking on water.

10. STAMP PAD INKS - Made with the acid of substances

such as glycerol, glycol, acetin or benzyl alcohol and water.
Airline dyes are added as coloring matter. For quick drying
stamp pad inks, more volatile organic solvents are used as
acetone, ethanol, etc.
11. TYPEWRITER RIBBON INKS - These inks are usually
composed of a blend of aniline dyes, carbon black and oil
such as olein or castor oil. The two-tone ribbons however
contain no dyes, but pigments suspended in oil base.

12. CANCELING INKS - These inks often contain carbon

and this fact should be borne in mind when it is required to
decipher faint cancellation marks on a postage stamp and
wrappers.

13. HENRY STEVEN - he patented the blue-black ink which

is widely used this century.

TYPEWRITERS

TYPEWRITER - A machine designed to print or impress type

characters on paper, as a speedier and more legible substitute
for handwriting. Since the introduction of practical
typewriters in the 1870s, the machines have come into
universal use and have played an important part in the
development of modern business and in the great
dissemination of written and printed information that has
characterized the 20th century.

EARLY TYPEWRITERS

1. The first recorded attempt to produce a writing machine

was made by the British inventor Henry Mill, who obtained a
British patent by Majesty Queen Anne on January 7, 1714.
2. The next patent issued for a typewriter was granted to the
American inventor William Austin Burt of Detroit, Michigan
in 1829 for a machine with type arranged on a semicircular
wheel.

3. In 1833 a French patent was given to the French inventor

Xavier Progin for a machine that embodied for the first time
one of the principles employed in modern typewriters: the use
for each letter or symbol of separate type bars, actuated by
separate lever keys.

 CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES (1819-1890) -

Developed the Sholes and Glidden Typewriteron June 23,
1867 that only impress uppercase letters. He is credited as the
US inventor of typewriter. His typewriters were developed by
other inventors like Carlos Glidden

 CHARLES GROVER THURBER - an American Inventor

Made use of the device used for moving the paper between
letters and between lines on almost all modern typewriters is a
cylindrical platen, against which the paper is held firmly. The
platen moves horizontally to produce the spacing between
lines.

 MARK TWAIN (SAMUEL L. CLEMENS) - was the first

author to publish a novel in a typed form The title was "Life at
Mississippi" in 1883.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TYPEWRITER AS TO
TYPEFACE
1. PICA - a type of typewriter that may contain at least 10
characters in an inch. It has bigger characters as compared to
elite typewriters.

2. ELITE - another type of typewriter in which in a horizontal

Inch may contain at least 12 characters.

TERMS ON TYPEWRITING IDENTIFICATION

1. ALIGNMENT DEFECT - the presence of twisted letters,

horizontal and vertical mal-alignment, which can be corrected
by special adjustments to the type bar.

2. CLOGGED TYPEFACE - refers to the dirty typefaces that

may alter the formation or design of letters.

3. ESCAPEMENT - also known as pitch. Refers to the

abnormal uneven spacing of letters in a typed document.

4.MACHINE DEFECT - any defect of the typewriting

resulting from the malfunctioning of the machine rather than
the type bar or type element.

5. OFF-ITS-FEET - the condition of a typeface or letter

heavier on one side or corner than the remainder of its outline.

6. REBOUND a defect in which a character prints a double

impression with the lighter part slightly offset to the right or
left.
7. TRANSITORY DEFECT - refers to the condition of a
typewriter which has dirty typefaces, and clogged parts that
may affect the quality of the characters printed

8. TYPEFACE DEFECT-refers to the actual damage, usually

a break to the typeface of a typewriter.

ALBERT S. OSBORN - An American and arguably the most

influential document examined published his book entitled
"Questioned Document." He is considered as the father of
handwriting examination.

RELATED LAWS AND REGULATIONS

1. Commonwealth Act 142 -Amended by RA 6085 Known as

the anti-allas law, approved on August 4, 1969.

2. Act No. 1697 - the Act for the Punishment of Perjury in

official investigation, now covered by Art 183 of RPC

3. Act No. 1754 - Law on counterfeiting and forgery, now

covered by Arts. 160-169 of RPC.

4. BSP Circular No. 61 S. 1995 - Consolidated Rules and

Regulations on Currency Notes and Coins.

5. RA No. 7653 - The New Central Bank Law

6. RA No. 8293 - The intellectual property code of the

Philippines. This contains the copyright provisions on
inventions, patents and discoveries.
USING FICTITIOUS NAME (Art 178, RPC)

FICTITIOUS NAME is any other name which a person

publicly applies to himself without authority of law.

Elements of Using Fictitious Name:

1. That the offender uses a name other than his real name;

2. That he uses the fictitious name publicly.

3. That the purpose of the offender is:

a. to conceal a crime;

b. to evade the execution of a judgment;

c. to cause damage to public interest.

CONCEALING TRUE NAME (Art 178, RPC)

Elements:

1.That the offender conceals

• his true name

• All other personal circumstances

2. That the purpose is to conceal only his identity.

NOTE: NOT punishable if purpose is for concealing true
name for the purpose of cesto a na a person usually done by
people in the Show Business Industry. SCREEN NAME
refers to a name of a person used for show business.

FALSE TESTIMONY

Elements of False Testimony

1. is under oath

2. gave testimony in court

3. that the testimony was untrue

Forms of False Testimony

1. Criminal cases (Arts 180-181 RPC)

2. Civil cases (Art 182 RPC)

3. Other cases (Art 183 RPC)

PERJURY

It is the willful and corrupt assertion of falsehood under oath

or affirmation administered by authority of law on a material
matter.
Elements:

1. That the accused made a statement under oath or executed

an affidavit upon a material

2. That the statement of affidavit was made before a

competent officer,

3. That the accused made a willful and deliberate assertion of

falsehood; and

4. That the sworn statement or affidavit containing the falsity

is required by law. (People vs matter, Bautista CA., 40 O.G.
2491)

What is Subornation of Perjury?

• This is committed by a person, who knowingly and

willfully procures another to swear falsely.

• The witness suborned does testify under the circumstances

rendering him guilty of perjury.

LABORATORY MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

1. Optical Microscope - Stereoscopic examination with low

and high-power objectives is used to detect Retouching,
Patching, and Unnatural pen lift in signature analysis.
2. Transmitted Light Box - Documents are objected this type
of examination to determine the presence of erasures,
matching of serration and some other types of alteration.

3. Ultra Violet Lamp (Portable UV Lamp)

• Reveals mechanical and chemical erasures.

• With the exposure of a document the ultra violet light is

useful when it consists of several pages and substitution is
detected.

• The color and intensity of fluorescence reaction is very

apparent in case of substituted page.

4.ESDA (ELECTRO-STATIC DETECTION APPARATUS)

• The modern well-equipped forensic laboratory employs

electrostatic detection to recover indented writing. The
equipment is referred to as an ESDA, for Electrostatic
Detection Apparatus.

• By employing the ESDA, indented writing may be

recovered three, four, or even more pages below the original
writing.

5. Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)

• document fraud detector

• can also be used in fingerprint and other subjects

6. Forensic Light Sources (FLS)

• Used to detect strange writings on paper. • Used to detect
presence of stains such as blood and others on floors,
windows and other surfaces.

7. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

• Requires the removal of a short section test of an ink stroke

for analysis, l.e. this is a "destructive"

• This procedure is generally used as a last resort after all

other examinations by all parties' experts and then only with
the written permission of the owner of the document in
question on instruction by the Court.