known as the Tro- Cortesianus Codex – is one of the only surviving books attributable to the pre- Columbian Maya culture of around 900–1521 AD. The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42- line Bible
The Celtic Psalter
A Buddhist holy text, the Diamond Sūtra is considered to be the oldest surviving dated printed book in the world.
The Book of Kells is kept in the
Trinity College Library in Dublin, Ireland, and is thought to have been created by Celtic monks around 800 AD Europe’s oldest known surviving intact book is the St Cuthbert Gospel
The Nag Hammadi codices
are currently found at the Coptic Museum in Cairo, Egypt. Found in 1964 in the excavation of a sanctuary in ancient Pyrgi, Italy, the three gold plates date back to 500 BC.
Etruscan Gold Book was
discovered 70 years ago whilst digging a canal off the Strouma river in Bulgaria 2.2 HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF PAPER AND BOOKS
BOOK A.D 610 4,000 BC • Spread by Bhuddist monks. • The words paper ‘comes from the • First country to use the word papyrus by the Greeks technique of block printing. • Ancient Egypt • Uses animal skin A.D 751 • Ziyad ibn Salih lead back the A.D 105 prisoners(China army) which were • Paper invented by Tsai Lun skilled men in crafts. • Show his “invention” of paper to the • From Samarakard their products Han emperor of China and their craft spread gradually • Made from a mash of sodden hemp westward. waste A.D 1009 A.D 1388-1470 • After 400 years, the paper • Begin producing paper for travel from Arab to Europe , holy text which is in Xativa , Spain • Frace become competitive • Paper start to be used wildly paper producer across Christian Europe A.D 1411 A.D 1250 • First paper mill in Germany • First paper made in Europe • In 1453, Johann was produced in Sicily Guternberg invented the • Using linen and cotton movable type printing press A.D 1798 A.D 1588 • French soldier and • England started to mechanical engineer Louis- produce paper Nicolas Robert invented the first papermaking machine A.D 1680-1690 • Work as a clerk and later • First paper mill outside switch the position as the Europe at Culhuacan “inspector of personnel” at • First paper mill founded Pierre-Francois Didot’s by William Rittenhouse in hand paper-making factory USA in Corbeil-Essonnes. A.D 1883 • Charles Stillwell invented machine to make brown paper bag • The brown paper bags is used in supermarkets
A.D 1889-1990 • Economical mass produced paper become a reality • Doubled production about 2.5 million tons per year
HISTORY OF BOOK(papyrus roll)
• The first documented material, clay, was used heavily the river plains of of Mesopotamia, where many believe writing was born. • These clay fragments were also used by many in Egypt and across Europe. • Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians would revolutionize the literary world by producing a smooth, flexible writing material that could accept and retain ink without a blur or smudge. HISTORY OF BOOK(papyrus roll) • The first documented material, clay, was used heavily in the river plains of Mesopotamia, where many believe writing was born.
• These clay fragments were also used by many in Egypt and
across Europe.
• Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians would revolutionize the literary
world by producing a smooth, flexible writing material that could accept and retain ink without a blur or smudge. •Around 3000 BC, the Egyptians would revolutionize the literary world by producing a smooth, flexible writing material that could accept and retain ink without a blur or smudge.
•This material, papyrus, would remain in use
for longer than any other material in the history of written documents. Islamic Binding • Muslim conquests of the 7th century, which extended from southern Spain, across the Middle East and North Africa. • Archeological evidence suggests a strong Coptic influence on Islamic bookbinding. However, Islamic binders created a number of techniques unseen in other early book forms. • wooden covers, the principles of case-binding, and also highly elaborate decorative techniques using gold tooling and stamping. “Stonyhurst Gospels” • Also known as The St. Cuthbert Gospel of St. John
• A pocket-sized (3.5 x 5 inch) 7th-century gospel book written in Latin is
one of the smallest surviving early Latin manuscripts.
• It belonged to Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne and was discovered in 1104
when Cuthbert's tomb was opened so that his relics could be transferred to a new shrine behind the altar of Durham
Printing and binding machine
• Fifteenth century that Johann Gutenberg decided to end the issues with block printing, and proposed a new and revolutionary movable type print method. Individual type letters were pre-built, and words were composed with them. •Fairly easy to set an entire page, and the printing process time was considerably reduced.
•Another advantage of this method was the
fact that once a specific page had been set, it could easily be stored, distributed and used at a later time. The Original Gutenberg Press • The 1800s indicate the start of the Industrial Revolution, which had its effects on the bookbinding industry as well
• Machines began to be utilized in all manufacturing processes and
started to replace the traditional and effortful hand techniques
•As machine technology was utilized, the bindings also transformed.
• The advent of cloth tapes replaced the cords that were used in the sewing operation.
• This transformed the entire backbone or the side panel of the books. Book Backbone with False Bands • False bands were also attached to retain the look of the old binding, but the same effect could not be achieved. CODEX Example of Codex:
•Codex replaced the earlier rolls of papyrus and wax tablets.
•The earliest type of manuscript in the form of a modern
book (i.e., a collection of written pages stitched together along one side).
•The codex had several advantages over the roll, or scroll. It
could be opened at once to any point in the text, it enabled one to write on both sides of the leaf, and it could contain long texts. The difference can be illustrated with copies of the Bible 2.3 MODERN ARCHIVAL MATERIALS
As the time flies many And of course, the Modern material on which other archival evolution of this is documents are being materials were making the materials created such as audio, visual created that are not at the archive more material, multimedia, films, just paper-based. versatile and diverse magnetic tapes, optical disk 2.3 TYPES OF MODERN ARCHIVAL MATERIALS a) MAGNETIC TAPE • Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film. • Devices that record and play back audio and video using magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders, respectively. A device that stores computer data on magnetic tape is known as a tape drive. • It is used for audio recording, video recording and data storage. Audio
Compact cassette
Tape recorder for
audio Video tape
Kevin From Home
Alone
Video tape recorder
American Computer data on magnetic tape
• It is used to store computer data
on magnetic tape and known as a tape drive. b) MICROFILM
• Microforms are scaled-down reproductions of documents,
typically either films or paper, made for the purposes of transmission, storage, reading, and printing. • Microform images are commonly reduced to about one twenty- fifth of the original document size. • Usually there are two types of them: microfilm(reels) microfiche (flat sheets) • Document that are kept can be letter, newspaper, photos and so on • Need the microform reader to view them Microfiche (Flat Sheets) and Microfilm(reels) [Bergulung) Microform reader c) PHOTOGRAPH
• A picture made using a camera, in which an
image is focused on to light-sensitive material and then made visible and permanent by chemical treatment or stored digitally. • This kind of archives are kept to as a prove other than written prove but also can be used as the evidence that the event really happened. • They could be black and white or colour, printed by a printer or photographic paper A photograph of historical print which require a lot of different ways to moment in 1957 preserve. d) OPTICAL DISK
• Optical disk is any computer disk that uses optical
storage techniques and technology to read and write data. • It is a computer storage disk that stores data digitally and uses laser beams (transmitted from a laser head mounted on an optical disk drive) to read and write data. • Can store movie usually, or just video, also any document like audio (songs), photos and others. e) SLIDE
• A slide show is a presentation of a series of
still images on a projection screen or electronic display device, typically in a prearranged sequence. • The changes may be automatic and at regular intervals or they may be manually controlled by a presenter or the viewer. • Slide shows originally consisted of a series of individual photographic slides projected onto a screen with a slide projector. • Need a tool or viewer to view the slide THANK YOU !!! Any questions?
