EEE213 Power Electronics and Electromechanism
Controlled Rectifiers
(Three-phase)
Dr. Suneel Kommuri
Email: Suneel.Kommuri@xjtlu.edu.cn
Dept. Electrical & Electronic Engineering
1
Outline
– Review of last week lecture
1. Three-phase Half-wave controlled rectifiers
1. Firing/triggering angle 𝜶;
2. Resistive loading;
3. Inductive loading;
2. Full-wave (bridge)
1. Resistive loading;
2. Inductive loading.
2
Power semiconductor devices – Review
• Terminals of a controllable power electronic device
Power in Power out
Device
Control
A third terminal – control terminal Two terminals to allow
terminal, to control the states high power current flow
of the device. through it.
Anode Cathode
(A) (K)
Control
(G)
3
SCR in a rectification circuit – Review
• SCR/Thyristor: Acts like a diode where you can select when
conduction will start, but not when it stops.
– Semi-controlled: we control the turn on point, but only turns off when
circuit conditions force it to.
4
SCR Turn-On Analysis – Review
• Two conditions must be met before the SCR can conduct:
1. The SCR must be forward biased (𝑣𝐴𝐾 > 0).
2. A current must be applied to the gate of SCR.
• A SCR is turned ON by increasing the anode current. This can be
accomplished in one of the following ways:
1. Forward voltage triggering
2. Gate triggering
3. The 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 triggering
4. Temperature triggering
5. Light triggering
5
Phase Control – Review
• In this circuit, the control of the output DC voltage is
realized by modifying the triggering pulse phase or firing
angle, this is called Phase Control.
• Change the firing angle α from 0 to π:
6
1.1 Firing angle (triggering angle) – Recall
• In controlled rectifier, controllability of
the circuit is realized by triggering the α=0
vs
thyristors at different phases, which is
called the firing/triggering angle. It
π π π ωt
is usually represented by “𝜶”;
2π 5π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
π 2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– This trigger signal is a current pulse at the
“gate” terminal of thyristors; α=0
Vm
va vb vc
– For single phase circuit, 𝛼 = 0 means
trigger signal is sent at 𝜔𝑡 = 0;
π π π 2π 5π
π
7π 4π 3π 5π 11π ωt
– For three-phase circuit, 𝛼 = 0 means
2π
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
trigger signal is sent at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/6, which
is the first natural commutation (phase
changing) point.
7
1.1 Three-phase, half-wave, R-load
• Resistive load
❖ Three phase supply – primary
in delta and secondary in star
connection.
❖ Common-cathode connection.
• Natural commutation (phase-
changing) point α=0
va vb vc
Vm
– It is considered as the starting
point for thyristor triggering angle α
𝛼, i.e. 𝛼 = 00 .
π π π 2π 5π
π
7π 4π 3π 5π 11π
2π ωt
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
– Phase-shift range: 𝛼 <= 120 0
.
8
1.1 Three-phase, half-wave, R-load
• When 𝛼 = 00 (Same as the
uncontrolled, 3-phase, half-wave)
– Example: At 𝛼 = 0 (𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/6), as
soon as 𝑇𝑎 is forward biased (red line
va becomes the largest one), a
trigger signal is provided to 𝑇𝑎 , so 𝑇𝑎
starts to conduct;
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 5𝜋/6, when vb becomes the
largest one, another trigger signal is
provided to 𝑇𝑏 , so 𝑇𝑏 starts to
conduct;
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 3𝜋/2, when vc becomes the
largest one, the trigger signal to 𝑇𝑐 is
provided, so 𝑇𝑐 starts to conduct.
9
1.1 Three-phase, half-wave, R-load
• When 𝛼 = 300
– From 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/6 to 𝜋/3, although 𝑇𝑎 is
forward biased (red line va is the largest
one), no trigger signal is provided to 𝑇𝑎 ,
so 𝑇𝑎 cannot conduct;
– At 𝛼 = 300 (𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/3), a trigger
signal is provided to 𝑇𝑎 , so 𝑇𝑎 starts to
conduct;
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 5𝜋/6, when vb becomes the
largest one, since no trigger signal is
provided to 𝑇𝑏 , it will not conduct until
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋. It will conduct only when the
trigger signal provided.
10
1.1 Three-phase, half-wave, R-load
• When 𝛼 = 600
– From 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/6 to 𝜋/2, although 𝑇𝑎 is
forward biased (red line va is the largest
one), no trigger signal is provided to 𝑇𝑎 ,
so it cannot conduct;
– At 𝛼 = 600 (𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/2), a trigger signal
is provided to 𝑇𝑎 , therefore it starts to
conduct;
– From 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋 𝑡𝑜 7𝜋/6, va is no longer
the largest one, 𝑇𝑎 stops; since no trigger
signal is provided to 𝑇𝑏 , it will not
conduct either. In this region no SCR will
conduct.
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 7𝜋/6, 𝑇𝑏 is triggered and
forward biased, therefore it conducts.
No SCR conducts
11
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
• When 𝛼 ≤ 300 ,
1 𝛼+5𝜋/6 3 3
- Average value of output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑉 cos 𝛼
2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6 2𝜋 𝑚
1/2 1/2
1 𝛼+5𝜋/6 2 2 1 3
- RMS voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 3𝑉𝑚
6
+
8𝜋
cos 2𝛼
𝑉𝑜 3 3𝑉𝑚
- Average load current, 𝐼𝑜 = 𝑅
=
2𝜋𝑅
cos 𝛼
1/2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 3𝑉𝑚 1 3
- RMS load current, 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑅
=
𝑅 6
+
8𝜋
cos 2𝛼
• When 𝛼 > 300 ,
1 𝜋 3𝑉𝑚
- Average output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 1 + cos 𝛼 + 300
2𝜋
1 𝜋 1/2 3𝑉𝑚 5𝜋 1 1/2
2 2
- RMS voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑉
2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6 𝑚
sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) =
2 𝜋 6
− 𝛼 + sin 2𝛼 + 𝜋/3
2
12
1.2 Three-phase, half-wave, RL-load
• Inductive load (R-L)
– The load inductance L is large enough,
the output current 𝑖𝑜 is continuous and
almost flat;
– When 𝛼 ≤ 300 , the rectified voltage
waveform is similar to resistive load;
– When 𝛼 > 300 (eg. 𝛼 = 600 ):
• At 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋, 𝑣𝑎 is zero but 𝑖𝑎 is not
zero due to RL load. So, 𝑇𝑎 keeps
conducting beyond 𝜋.
• 𝑣𝑜 goes negative beyond 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋.
– When 𝑇𝑏 is turned on, load current
shifts from 𝑇𝑎 to 𝑇𝑏 .
13
Inductive load, quantitative analysis
• Load current 𝑖𝑜 is always continuous, and
1 𝛼+5𝜋/6 3 3
Average value of output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 𝑉 cos 𝛼
2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6 2𝜋 𝑚
1/2 1/2
1 𝛼+5𝜋/6 2 2 1 3
RMS voltage, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 =
2𝜋/3 𝛼+𝜋/6
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = 3𝑉𝑚
6
+
8𝜋
cos 2𝛼
• The average value of thyristor current = Average value of
(𝐼𝑜 ×120)
source current, 𝐼𝑆𝐴 =
360
How?
• RMS value of thyristor current:
1/2
𝐼𝑜2 ×120 𝐼𝑜
𝐼𝑇,𝑅𝑀𝑆 = =
360 3
14
2 Three-phase bridge fully-controlled rectifier
Common-cathode group
(Positive group) d1
Common-anode group d2
(Negative group)
• Numbering of the 6 thyristors indicates the trigger sequence:
𝑇1 → 𝑇2 → 𝑇3 → 𝑇4 → 𝑇5 → 𝑇6
Commutation occurs every 60º interval, alternatively in upper
and lower group of SCRs. 15
Positive and negative groups of
2.1 Resistive load SCRs are fired at an interval of 120º
• Resistive load
– α = 0º
– Thyristors behave like
diodes
– 𝑇1 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 =
𝜋/6, 𝑇2 starts at 𝜋/2…
– Load (output) voltage is
similar to uncontrolled
case
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑉𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 1200 )
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 2400 )
16
2.1 Resistive load
• Resistive load
– α = 30º
– 𝑇1 starts conducting at 𝜔𝑡 =
60º, 𝑇2 conducts at 120º, 𝑇3
conducts 180º and so on....
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 60º, 𝑇1 connected
to line “a” from positive
group and 𝑇6 connected to
line “b” would conduct,
therefore output voltage
follows the line voltage 𝑣𝑎𝑏 .
– Output voltage is
continuous
17
2.1 Resistive load
• Resistive load
– α = 60º
– 𝑇1 starts conducting at
𝜔𝑡 = 90º, 𝑇2 conducts at
150º, 𝑇3 conducts 210º
and so on....
– Output voltage is
continuous
18
2.1 Resistive load
• Resistive load
– α = 90º
– T1 starts conducting at
𝜔𝑡 = 120º
– Output is discontinuous
due to resistive load
– At 𝜔𝑡 = 150º, output
voltage,
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 − 𝑉𝑏𝑛
= 𝑉𝑚 sin 1500
− 𝑉𝑚 sin 1500 − 1200 = 0
19
2.2 Inductive load
• Inductive load
(R-L load)
– α = 0º
– Note that load inductance
L is large so that the load
current is continuous and
constant at magnitude.
– 𝑇1 is triggered at 𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/6
– Output voltage is
continuous
20
2.2 Inductive load
• Inductive load
(R-L load)
– α = 30º
– 𝑇1 is triggered at
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/3
– Output voltage is
continuous
21
2.2 Inductive load
• Inductive load
(R-L load)
– α = 60º
– 𝑇1 is triggered at
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/2
– Output voltage is
continuous
22
2.2 Inductive load
• Inductive load
(R-L load)
– α = 90º
– 𝑇1 is triggered at
𝜔𝑡 = 120
– Output voltage is
continuous and goes
negative due to RL
load
23
Quantitative analysis
• Average output voltage (R-load, for 𝛼 ≤ 600 and any 𝛼 for RL load)
– For resistive load, when 𝛼 > 600 , load current 𝐼𝑜 is discontinuous.
5𝜋
3 6 𝜋 3 3𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 𝜋 3 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑑 𝜔𝑡 = 1 + cos +𝛼
𝜋 +𝛼 6 𝜋 3
6
• RMS output voltage
24
Quantitative analysis – Notes
• 𝑉𝑚 is the peak value of the phase voltage.
𝑣𝑎𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑏𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 1200
𝑣𝑐𝑛 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2400
• Line to line voltages lead the phase
voltage by 300 .
𝑣𝑎𝑏 = 3𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 300
𝑣𝑏𝑐 = 3𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 900
𝑣𝑐𝑎 = 3𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2100
≅ 𝑉𝑚𝑙 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 2100
25
Quantitative analysis
• Average output current (load current) for resistive
load
𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅
• Thyristor voltage and current
– Same as three-phase half-wave rectifier
• For EMF load, 𝐿 is large enough
– All the same as inductive load except the calculation of
𝑉𝑜 −𝐸
average output current 𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅
26
Exercise
• A three-phase half-wave controlled converter is operated from
3-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply with load resistance 𝑅 = 10Ω. An
average output voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output
voltage is required. Determine
a) the firing angle,
b) average and rms values of load current,
c) rectification efficiency
27
Summary
• 3-phase half-wave rectifier with R−load: 1) Continuous conduction
mode when 𝛼 < 300 , 2) Discontinuous mode when 𝛼 > 300 .
• 3-phase full-wave rectifier: Triggering pulses should be
– According the sequence of VT1 → VT2 → VT3 → VT4 → VT5 → VT6
– With 60o phase difference
– 6 pulses in one period;
– Continuous conduction mode for 𝛼 ≤ 600 in R-load and for any 𝛼 in RL load,
otherwise, discontinuous mode.
• The output voltage waveforms for 𝛼 = 00 , 300 , 600 of 3-phase fully
controlled bridge rectifier with RL load will be same as the
waveforms for 𝛼 = 00 , 300 , 600 of 3-phase fully controlled bridge
rectifier with R load.
28
See you in the next class (April 02nd)
Tutorial in the next lecture
The End
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