Unit 2 • Single phase half and full converters • 3 phase half converters and 3 phase full converter • inverter operation – input power factor • effect of source inductance • use of flywheel diode in controlled rectifier configurations • Thyristor triggering circuits. Classification of Rectifiers: Single Phase Half Controlled Rectifier: • It is used to convert variable AC supply to Variable DC supply.
• Single phase half wave controlled rectifier can be analysied with different loads such as • R Load • RL Load • RL+FWD Single Phase Half Controlled Rectifier with R Load: • A Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier circuit consists of SCR / thyristor, an AC voltage source and load. • The load may be purely resistive, Inductive or a combination of resistance and inductance. • Here we will consider a resistive load. • Following points must be kept in mind while discussing controlled rectifier: The necessary condition for turn ON of SCR is that, it should be forward biased and gate signal must be applied. In other words, an SCR will only get turned ON when it is forward biased and fired or gated. SCR will only turn off when current through it reaches below holding current and reverse voltage is applied for a time period more than the SCR turn off time. • Well, let us go ahead with the above points in mind. Let us assume that thyristor T is fired at a firing angle of α. This means when wt = α, gate signal will be applied and SCR will start conducting. v0 = Load output voltage i0 = Load current VT = Voltage across the thyristor T Since the output load is resistive, i0 = V0 /R • Thyristor T is forward biased for the positive half cycle of supply voltage. • The load output voltage is zero till SCR is fired. Once SCR is fired at an angle of α, SCR starts conducting. • But as soon as the supply voltage becomes zero at ωt = π, the load current will become zero and after ωt = π, SCR is reversed biased. • Thus thyristor T will turn off at ωt = π and will remain in OFF condition till it is fired again at ωt = (2π+α). • Therefore, the load output voltage and current for one complete cycle of input supply voltage may be written as • v0 = VmSinωt for α≤ωt≤ π • i0 = VmSinωt / R for for α≤ωt≤ π Calculation of Average Load Output Voltage: • The average value of any function f(x) cab be calculated using the formula
Calculate the average value of output voltage for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier. • From the expression of average output voltage, it can be seen that, by changing firing angle α, we can change the average output voltage. • The average output voltage is maximum when firing angle is zero and it is minimum when firing angle α = π. • This is the reason, it is called phase controlled rectifier. • Average load current for Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier can easily be calculated by dividing the average load output voltage by load resistance R. • The power transferred to the load will be, Po(av) = V0(av)2 /R • Thus the output average voltage and power delivered by the controlled rectifier can be controlled by phase angle(α). • The phase control in converters means to control the delay angle α. Single Phase Half controlled rectifier with RL load: • This circuit consists of a thyristor T, source Vs and RL load. The output voltage is the voltage across the load and shown as Vo. • Output current is the current through the load is io. • It is assumed that the thyristor T is fired at an angle ωt = α. • As soon as the thyristor T is fired at ωt = α, load voltage equal to the source voltage instantaneously appears across the load terminal. • This is because, the thyristor is forward biased in between ωt = 0 to α. Hence, once the thyristor is gated, it stars conducting. • However, the current does not start at this instant of firing. • This is just because of the nature of load. Since, the load is inductive, it will not allow any sudden change. • Therefore, at ωt = α, the output current will be zero and will gradually increase. The output current will become maximum and then start decreasing. • It should be noted here that, this behavior of load current io will not be observed for purely resistive load. • At ωt = π, the load voltage Vo reduces to zero. However, the load current will not be zero at this instant because of inductance L. • Due to this, thyristor will not turn off, even though it is reversed biased. Rather it will continue to conduct till ωt = β. • At ωt = β, the load current becomes zero and thyristor is reversed biased, hence it will turn off. This is a case of natural commutation. • After ωt = β, vo = 0 and io = 0. At ωt = (2π+α), the SCR is triggered again, vo is applied to the load and load current develops as discussed before. • The angle β where the load current becomes zero is called extinction angle and the angle (β- α) for which thyristor is ON is called conduction angle. • Carefully observe the voltage across the thyristor. The SCR is reverse biased from ωt = β to ωt = 2π. During this period, the current through thyristor is also zero. • Therefore, circuit turn off time is tc = [(2π – β) / ω] second. • This time must be greater than the thyristor turn-off time otherwise thyristor may turn on at undesired instant and will lead to commutation failure. Calculation of Average Load Voltage and Current: • Now, we will apply the above formula to calculate the avg. load voltage of single phase half wave controlled rectifier with RL load. For this, carefully observe the waveform of load voltage. The time period of the voltage waveform is 2π and it is equal to VmSin(wt) for wt = α to wt = β. For 0<wt<α and β<wt<2π, the value of load voltage is zero. • Therefore, the average voltage of this controlled rectifier with RL load may be calculated as • Average load current Io can be calculated by dividing the average load voltage by the circuit resistance. • The average load current means DC quantity, therefore average voltage is divided by circuit resistance R instead of circuit impedance Z. • Therefore, average load current of single phase half wave controlled rectifier is given as
Calculation of RMS Load Voltage:
• RMS load voltage of single phase half wave controlled rectifier is given as Single Phase Half Controlled rectifier with Freewheeling Diode/RL+FWD: • Now let us consider the half wave controlled rectifier with freewheeling diode across RL load. • The SCR is triggered at firing angle of α in positive half cycle of supply. Hence vo = vs . • Observe that from α to π, vo is same as supply voltage vs . • The Freewheeling diode is reverse biased, hence it does not conduct. • To cut off the negative portion of the instantaneous voltage and smooth the output current ripple, a freewheeling diode is used. • When the load voltage tends to reverse, the FWD becomes forward-biased and turns on. • The SCR then becomes reverse-biased and turns-off. Therfore, the current that was flowing from the source to the load through the SCR now freewheeling between the load and diode. • The current continues to flow in the load after the SCR is turned off, due to the energy stored in inductor. The output voltage is the same as in a circuit with a resistive load. Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with R load: ∙ The circuit consist of four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4, a voltage source Vs and a R Load. ∙ During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristors T1 & T2 is forward biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it. ∙ When a gate pulse is given to the thyristors T1 & T2 at ωt = α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. ∙ When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load through the path Vs- T1-Load-T2-Vs. ∙ During the negative half cycle, T3 & T4 is forward biased, the thyristor T1 & T2 gets reverse biased and turns OFF. ∙ When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt = π+α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. ∙ When T3 & T4 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load Vs-T3-Load-T4-Vs. Here the load receives voltage during both the half cycles. ∙ The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α. ∙ The waveform shows the plot of input voltage, gate current, output voltage, output current and voltage across thyristor. Vm Sinωt - Vm Sinωt
Assumption: i) Io = Constant ii) VAB = Vm Sinωt. iii) VBA = - Vm Sinωt. Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with RL load: • The circuit consist of four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4, a voltage source Vs and a RL Load. • During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristors T1 & T2 is forward biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it. • When a gate pulse is given to the thyristors T1 & T2 at ωt = α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. • When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load but due to the inductor present in the load, the current through the load builds up slowly through the path Vs-T1-Load-T2-Vs. • During the negative half cycle, T3 & T4 is forward biased, the thyristor T1 & T2 gets reverse biased but the current through them is not zero due to the inductor and does not turns OFF • The current through the inductor begins to decay to zero and T1 & T2 conducts for a small duration in negative half cycle. • When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt = π+α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. • When the thyristor T3 & T4 is ON, the load current shifts its path to T3 & T4 and turns OFF T1 & T2 at ωt = π+α. • When T3 & T4 is ON, the current through the load builds up slowly through the path Vs-T3-Load-T4-Vs. • So here all the thyristor will conduct for a few duration in the negative half cycle. The load receives voltage during both the half cycles. • The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α. Assumption: i) Io = Constant ii) VAB = Vm Sinωt. iii) VBA = - Vm Sinωt. Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier with RL load with FWD: • The circuit consist of four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4, a voltage source Vs, a RL Load and a freewheeling diode across the load. • During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the thyristors T1 & T2 is forward biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it. • When a gate pulse is given to the thyristors T1 & T2 at ωt = α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. • When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load but due to the inductor present in the load, the current through the load builds up slowly through the path Vs-T1-Load-T2-Vs. • During the negative half cycle (at ωt = π), T3 & T4 is forward biased, the thyristor T1 & T2 gets reverse biased. • The current shifts its path to the freewheeling diode and circulates through the loop FD-R-L-FD. Thus T1 & T2 turns off at ωt = π • When a gate pulse is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt = π+α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. • When T3 & T4 is ON, the current through the load builds up slowly through the path Vs-T3-Load-T4-Vs. • During the next positive half cycle (at ωt = 2π), T1 & T2 is forward biased, the thyristor T3 & T4 gets reverse biased. • The current shifts its path to the freewheeling diode and circulates through the loop FD-R-L-FD. Thus T3 & T4 turns off at ωt = 2π • So here all the thyristor will conduct only in the positive half cycle. • The load receives voltage during both the half cycles. • The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α. Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R load: • The circuit consist of a input supply and 3 thyristors T1, T2, T3 which are connected to a resistive load. • When Va is in positive cycle, T1 becomes forward biased and conducts. During the negative cycle of Va, T1 turns off. • Similarly T2 and T3 conducts only during the positive cycles of Vb and Vc respectively. • The average output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angles of the thyristors. • The waveforms shows the output voltage for various firing angles. • In the waveform, Va is denoted as Van, Vb as Vbn, Vc as Vcn. • To turn on thyristor two condition must be fulfilled, i) VAK > 0 ii)Positive Gate Pulse. In 3 φ supply, 360˚/3 =120˚ α=0˚, T= ωt+ α T1 ωt = 30˚ to ωt = 150˚ T2 ωt = 150˚ to ωt = 270˚ T3 ωt = 270˚ to ωt = 390˚ Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier with RL load: • The circuit consist of a power supply (3 phase supply) and 3 thyristors T1, T2, T3 which are connected to a RL load. • When Va is in positive cycle, T1 becomes forward biased and conducts. During the negative cycle of Va, the current through T1 is not zero due to inductor present in the load. • So T1 will remain ON during the negative cycle of Va. • When Vb is positive, T2 is triggered and the load current gets transferred from T1 to T2. At this instant, T1 turns OFF. • During the negative cycle of Vb, the current through T2 is not zero due to inductor present in the load. • So T2 will remain ON during the negative cycle of Vb. • When T3 is triggered during positive cycle of Vc, the load current is transferred from T2 to T3. At this instant, T2 turns OFF. • Similarly T3 conducts during the negative cycle of Vc and turns OFF when T1 is triggered. • The average output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angles of the thyristors. • The waveforms shows the output voltage for various firing angles. • In the waveform, Va is denoted as Van, Vb as Vbn, Vc as Vcn. Three Phase Full Wave Rectifier with RL load: • The circuit consist of 6 thyristors, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, a three phase supply and a RL load. • The thyristors T1, T3, T5 form the positive group. • The thyristors T4, T6, T2 form the negative group. • Thyristors T1, T3, T4, T6 produces the full wave recitified output of Vab across the load. • Thyristors T3, T5, T6, T2 produces the full wave recitified output of Vbc across the load. • Thyristors T1, T5, T4, T2 produces the full wave recitified output of Vca across the load. • All these 3 outputs are given simultaneously to the same RL load. The effect is that all the 3 individual output mentioned above gets superimposed on each other to get the final output. • The average output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle. • For firing angle < 90, the circuit works as rectifier. • For firing angle > 90, the circuit works as Line commutated inverter.
