UNITTHREE

Et
hiopi
anEmpi
rea
ndTheEme
rge
ceofAut
ocr
acy1906~1935

3.
1.I
nte
rna
lpowe
rSt
ruggl
eandFor
eignI
nte
rve
nti
oni
nea
rly20t
hc.

 Pr
opr
obl
emofSuc
ces
siona
ndTr
ipa
rti
tet
rea
ty

In1906apowe rs t
rugglebega nint hepa l
aceofMenil
ikastheresul
toft he
fol
lowingfact
ors.
;
1.I n1906Empe r
orMe nil
iks uf
feredas tr
okeandhewa sunabl
etole a
dt he
countr
ye f
fec
ti
vely.
2.Ont hesameye a
rt hecousinandr ighthandofMeni
li
k,RasMe konenewho
wasa nexpec
teda ssucc
essordied.
 Thi stwo e ventsope nedt hewa yf orpowerstr
uggl
ea nd poli
ti
cal
inst
abi
li
tyinthec o
untry.

 Tri
partit
etreaty
Fol
lowi ngtot hea boveinternalcris
isthene i
ghbouringcolonialpowersbeganto
worrya boutEthiopianpowe ra ft
erMe nil
ikde a
rth.
 Thet heyde si
gnapa rti
tionofEt hiopiaands i
gnat ripar
ti
tetre
atyi n1906
withoutMe nil
ikacknowl edge.
 Si gnedbyI ta
ly,FranceandBr i
tai
n.
 Br itis
hs phereofi nfl
uenc etoincorporat
edthea r
e a
sa roundBlueNi leandit
s
t
ributari
es.
 Fr enchs phereofinf l
uencea l
ongthea reasofbothsidesofRa i
lwayline.
 Italys phereofi nfluencef orthecons t
ruct
ionofar a
ilwa yli
nkedtheI ta
li
an
colonyofEr i
tre
at oSoma lila
nd.

 Me
asur
est
ake
nbyMe
nil
ikt
osol
vei
nte
rna
lande
xte
rna
lpr
obl
em

 1st hewr oteal ett

ert oas ignat
oryPowe r
soft ri
par
ti
tetreat
ythr
ough
underl
yingtheuni t
yandi nde
pendenceofhi
scountr
y.
nd
 2 hee st
a bl
ishedac ounci
lofMi ni
ste
rsi
n1907t ocarr
youtgov'
tdut
ie
sin
hisabse
nceore nsurethenormalrunni
ngofhisgov'
t.
∆t he
ywe re9i nnumb er.
∆howe verthemi nis
teri
alsys
temr e
ma i
nedsymboli
cthanr
eal.

Eg. Mi
nes
terofJ
usti
ce.
Mi
nest
erofwar..
..
..
..
.Fit
awur
ariHabt
eGi
orgi
sDi
negde
Mi
nest
eroft
heinter
ior
Mi
nest
eroft
radeàndfore
igna
ffai
r

1
 Mi
nes
teroffi
nance..
..
..
..Ne
gadr
asHa
il
eGi
orgi
sW/
Mic
hae
l
Mi
nes
terofagri
cul
tur
e
Mi
nes
terofpen.

 3rd t os olvet heprobl

em ofs ucc
es s
ionMe ni
likoffi
cia
llyannounc
edLi
j
Iyasuashiss uc cess
orinma y1909.
 Hea ppoi
ntRa sBi twodedTe s
s e
maNa dewa sr
egentofLigIyas
u.
B/chewa sa geof12hec oul
dn'texercise
srea
lpowe rbyhimsel
f.
 Me nil
ikha d3c hil
dren.
Sucha sShe wa r
ega,Zewditu,àndAs fawosen

 Powe
rSt
ruggl
eb/
nEmpr
essTa
ytua
ndShoa
nnobi
li
ty.

Mrnilika rr
ange menta sr e ga rdt ohi sfut ures uc cessi
onwont hedi sfavorof
Empr essTa ytu.
Shec omeupwi thhe rownc hoi cef orthei mpe rialsuc c
e s
sion.Buts heha dn'tmale
des
c enda nts.
 B/ cs hefe ar
eda ccessi
ont opowe rofar ulerwi thnobl oodorma rr
iaget i
esto
mi ghta ff
e ct
ehe rfamilyr ol einf uturepol it
icsoft hec ountry.
 Sh epr eferre
de mpr ess( Pr i
nc ess)Ze wdi tua ndma rri
e dwi thhe rnephewRa s
Gugs saWol le.
 Ta yt
ubui ldapowe rc enter eda roundhe rblooda ndma r
italrel
ati
ons .
 The ns hedi smissedMe nilik'solds ervant s.
Suc ha s:
-Ne gadrasHa ileGi orgisW/ Mi chael..
...
.Mi nesterofc omme rce
Wa gshumAba teBa yalew
De jachDe mi sofWol lega
Fitawura r
iHa bteGi yorgis....
..
...
.Mi nest
erofwa r
De jazmac hGe braSe l
lassieBa ryaofAdwa
Al lthea bovere pl
acedbyhe rfavour i
tes.
 He rme asurest
hr eat
ene dt hepol iti
c a
ls uprema c yofShoa nNobi l
ity.
 Fi nal lytheShoa nnobi litya ndRa sMi chaelme eti
nga tTa klaHa yma not
churc hinAddi sAba bapr opos e dtor emov i
nghe rfrompowe r
.
 I nMa r
ch1910Empr essTa ytuwa sremove df romgove rnme ntaffai
rs.
B/ ct otreat
edhe raili
nghus bandi nEnt otount i
Goj ja
m
diedi n1918.
 Fo ll
owi ngt ohe rremova lpol i
tic a
lre arrangeme ntwa sna de.He rappointment
anddi smissalwe r
ec anc elled.

 Exampl
e,Li
jIya
suwasdivorc
ef rom Romanwor
kMe nges
ha(
herni
ce)
andhemar
ri
edSebl
eWongeldaughte
rofRasHail
uofGojj
am

2
  Abat
eBa yal
ew ma r
rie
dRa sTes
semaNadew da
ught
era
nda
ppoi
nta
s
gove
rnorofArsi&Ka mbat
awitht
heti
tl
eofRas
.
 RasGugsawasa r
res
ted.

TheRe
igna
ndRe
for
mofLi
jIya
su(
1913-1916)

InApril1911RasBi t
wode dTessemaNa dewdiedandLijI
ya subecomepowe
r
exe
rcis
ebyhims e
lf.
 Fol
lowingtothi
seventpowers t
rugglebe
gan,
B/n Theol dNobi l
it
ya ndPa l
aceguar
dsofEmper
orMe nil
ik
AndLi jI
asuina not
hers i
de.
Aft
erthedeat
hofhisregentLijIyasuwasref
use
dtoacce
ptanotherr
egent
.

 Oneoftherebellwa sRasAba teBa yale

wope nedwa rove rthepala
c eguards
.
 AbuneMa tewo sandEc he geTe woflosmadeagreeme nttoc e
asefir
e.
 Causeoftheoppos i
ti
onofShoa nnobili
tywa s
:-
 The ywe r
enoti nte
rest
ingt hesuccessi
onofLijIyasu,a nd
 The ydisl
ikedthetransf
e roft hronefromShoat oWol lo.
 Thepol icyofLi jIyas
ua ndhi sa t
ti
tudest
owa r
dsol dme kwanentsaggra
vat
ed
t
heiropposi
tion.
 Hi sspeci
alsupporttoMus limsa ndhispolyga
myma rriage.

 Hi
sRe
for
m

 Heabolishe
dLe bashay;a narc
haicinstit
uti
onsthatwasusedtodet
ect
cr
iminal
s.
 Hei nt
roduced amuni c
ipalpolicef orcec al
le
d Trunbule(Ara
da
zebe
gna)
 Heintr
oducedgov'tacc ountAuditi
ng.
 Heoutlawedthetradi
tionsoftheQur agnasys t
em.
(Whichana ccuse
da ndt heaccuserchainedtoget
herunti
ljust
ic
ewa s
gi
ven)
 Hewa slibe
raltoMus li
ms
 Heforme daseparat
ede partmentofeduc a
tion.

 Decl
ineofLijIyasu
I
nte
rnalopposit
ionandext
ernalpr
ess
urel
edt
ot hedownf
allofLi
jIya
su.
 I.Int
ernalpre
s s
ure,c
amefromShoannobi
li
ty.B/c

3
 -Hea ppoi nthi sfatherasgove rnorofWol lo,Shoa ,Be gemdirandTi grai
.
-Her emove dDe j
a chBa lchaSa fogove r
norofSi damoa ndappointFitawurari
Ha bteGi orgis .
-Hec ouldnotf ullypowe re xerc
isea ndhi sPla yboyc haract
er.
-Hes uppor tth eMus limst ocons tr
uc tMos quesa ndma depol ygamywi t
h
Mus lims.Itl edsc onf l
ictwi thChur chs.
 II
.Exte r
na lpres sure, f romBr i
tai
n,Fr ance,andI t
aly
B/Chewa sthes upporterofGe r
ma na ndOt toma nTur key.
Duringthist i
meEur ope anpowe rsente r
edt oWW Ia ndthe ywe recenteralpower.
LijIyasus uppor ttheSoma l
ianNa ti
ona li
stMoha mma dAbdul ahYa si
na ga i
nstt
he
t
hreepowe rsofc olonialrule.
 The ntheTr ipartit
epowe ra lli
edwi t
ht heShoa nnobilityagains
tLi jIyasuand
ove r
throw.
 Whe nLi jI yasui nHa rari nSe p.27/ 1916t heShoa nnobilityme etand
propos edtoove rthrowLi jI yasu.
 TheAbuneMa the wse xcommuni c
a t
eda ndde pos edLi jIya
su.a
 The ya ppointEmpr essZe wdi tua ndDe j
a zma chTe feriMe konena ppointasa
Re gentoft het hrone .

 LijIyasufoughtwit
htheShoa nnobi l
it
yf or
cea ttheplac
eofMe is
o( D/Ze
it)in
1916.Buthewa sdefe
atedandbe comeaf ugi
tiveunti
lhecaptur
edi
n1921.
 HisfatherRasMi c
haelfoughtwiththeShoa nforcetopres
ervehi
ssonpowe rat
thebattl
eofTor aMesk.Atf i
rsthewa svictorybutlat
erhewa sdefe
ate
da tthe
batt
leofSegeleon27oct.1916byt hefor
c eofFit
awurariHabteGi
orgi
s.

Di
arc
hy(1917-
1930)

InEthi
opia
npol i
ticst het e
rm Di arc
hyr efer
st otheperi
odofDua lrulebyEmpr e
ss
Zewdit
uandRa sTe fer
ibe t
we en1916&1930.
 Fact
orsofc onflictb/
nEmpr essZewdituandRa sTef
eriwasTeferit
ri
edtopower
cent
eredtohi ms e
lf.
 Twopol i
ti
ca lgroupse s
tabli
shed:-
1.ConsecutiveConse c
utive(tradi
ti
onalgroup)
RepresentbyEmpr essZe wdituandol dShoannobil
it
y(incl
udingthebi
shop
AbuneMa t
he ws&e chegeYe wstos)
2.Progre
ssive
RepresentbyRa sTeferiandsomee ducat
ed(el
it
eoffi
ci
al
s )

 Cha
rac
ter
ist
icsofDi
arc
hy,

4
 1.Theuni t
yofShoanforce
s
2.Thec ounci
lofmini
ster
smai
nlycons
ist
softheol
dshoannobi
li
ty
3.Fit
awur ar
iHa bt
eGi or
gis(
wa rmini
ster
)wa sappoi
nte
dCha ir
manoft
he
council
.
4.Theirwa spol
it
ic
alcr
isi
s

 Tose
c uredhi sf uturepl anTe f eris awt hene edtoe li
mi na t
eint er
na lc hal
lenges.
st
 1 Hedi smi s sedt hecounc ilofmi nister
se xceptFita wura r
iH/ Gi orgisin1918.
Me halSe far it herewe res oldier
sa ndc ivilservant sclos e
lya ttac
he dtot he
pala c
e.
Counc i
lofmi nist
ersr epl aced by ane wc ounc ilca l
led Cr own mi ni
ster
,
cons is
tedma inlybyTe feri sf avourites.
Hee ncoura gemode rne duc ati
on.
 In1921Li jIya suwa sca ptur ed.
 In1923hebe comeme mbe rt oLNa ndhede clarea ntisl
a veryc ivillaw.
 1924 hema deagr and t ourwi the xpected off ici
al
st oe xposeWe s
tern
civili
zation.
 In1926t hena t
ionalde athofFi t
awur ar
iH/ Giorgisa ndAbuneMa t
he ws,
Ithe l
phi mbe c omef r
e ef r omc riticis
m.
 In1927une xpe ctedsurre nde reofDe j
achBa lchaSa fogove rnorofSi damo.
 In 1928 t hec omma nde rofpa la cegu a
rd De ja ch ÀbaWuqa w be come
impr is
one da fterrebeloft heTe fe
ri.
 OnMa rch31/ 1930t hel a stCha l
le ngerofTe f
eri,t hee x-hasba ndofZe wditu
defe at
eda tt heba t
tleofAnc himi nBe gemdirbyt hei mpe ri
a la r
myofRa s
Mul l
ugetaYe ge z u(warmi nister
).
 AndRa sGugs awa sd ieda ttheba tt
lea ndtwoda ysla t
tere mpr essZe wditu
alsodi edin1930.
 Fi
nal
lyRa sTe fe r
ic rowne da sEmpe r
orHa ileSellass
ieIonma r
c h1930.

Eme
rge
nceofAut
ocr
acyi
nEt
hiopi
a1930-1935

 Thegover
nme ntofHail
eSel
ass
iewa
sana
uto
cra
ti
cst
at
e.Hebui
lthi
sgov'
twi
tha
hi
ghl
yc e
ntra
li
z edsys
temofrul
e.

1.1931Cons
ti
tut
ion

I
twast
hef
irstwrit
tenconst
it
uti
on,draf
tedbyBe j
irondT/Hawa
ria
tT/
Mar
iam.
I
tse
rve
dasthelegalbasi
softheincept
eaut
oc r
ati
cs t
at
e .
 Accordi
ngtot heEmperortheai
moft heconsti
tuti
onwa
s,

5
 -tor egula t
et her el
ationb/ nt hemona rchya ndt henobi lit
y.
-toe s t
ablishf ri
endlyr elat
ionswi t
hf or ei
gnpowe r
s.
-toke ep" fairrule"a ndj usticef orthepe opl e.
 Butinge neralther easonwa s,
Int
erna l
ly,hewa nttor es olvet hec ha l
le ngeofr egiona lforcestothece nt
ralgov'
t
andpr oblemofs uccession .
Externally,hewa nte
dt ode mons tr
atemode rnizehi scount r
y.
 The1931c onstituti
onputa llpowe rint heha ndsoft hee mpe ror.
 Hebe come ,comma nde ri nc hiefoft hea rmy.
-Chi efjus ti
ce
-le a
derofa lladmi nistr
ati vea ffai
rs&s ocialli
feofthec ountr
y.
 Heha df ullpowe rtodi smi sse dthec ivilse r
vants,thea rmyof f
icer
.
 Thec onstituti
onc onfir
me dt hatHa il
eSe la s
sietoi nheritthethrone.
 Hee stablis
hapa rli
ame ntc ons i
s tedoft woHo uses.
1.Cha mbe rofSe nate,e l
e cte
dbyEmpe rorHa il
eSe la s
sie.
2.Cha mbe rofDe puties ,
 The1931c onstituti
ongr e atlyre duc edthepol iti
calpowe roftheol dnobili
ty.
B/c -t he yc ouldnota ll
owe df ore i
gnt reaty.
-the yc ouldnoti mpor ta r
msa ndde co ra
tet he
ms el
ves.
 Thec onstituti
ona lsocons i
stedt her ighta nddut i
esofc it
izens.

2.Admi
nis
tra
tion

 Hebui ltac ent

ral
izeda dministr
ati
ves yst
em bye l
iminat
edt hepossibl
eregiona
l
chal
le nge s
.
 Aftert hede featofRasMi chae l
,Wollobe comec ent
ralgov'ti
n1916.
 Aftert hede featofRasGugs a
,Be gemdirbe c
omedi rectcontr
olin1930.
 Thel oc aldyna st
yofGoj jami n1932a ndJimma1933l osttheiraut
onomy.
 Theonl yre gionthatwa stoallowedtoc onti
nuet oruledbyhe r
edi
tar
yc he
ifswas
Tigr
a i.
 Gove rne dbygrandsonofEmpe rorYoha nn i
sIV.
 Ra sSe yumMe ngeshaa ndRa sGugs aAra ya
 Gradua t
edf rom locals c
hool swe rea ppointedtoa dmi ni
steredfina
ncia
la nd
depl
oma t
ica ndmi l
ita
rypos ts
.

3.Ec
onomy
 Heintr
oduceddif
ferentt
axcoll
ect
ionsyst
eminkinda
ndpa
yme
nt.
 Landtax,30Ma r
iaTa l
le
rspergas
ha(40he c
tar
es)
Base
donSoi lfer
ti
lit
y.
 Theincomefromgoodst axwascent
ral
iz
ed.

6
  Thegov'te
stabl
is
hedit
sowncust
om postatwhi
chitsownof
fi
ci
al
swe
rei
n
char
ge.
 Landsa
lebecomeacommonpr
act
ic
eunderanewst
ate
.

4.Mi
li
tar
yRe
for
m
 Theelimi
nationofr egi
onalforc
eshe l
pedEmperorHaileSell
asi
etoemba r
kupon
thecr
eati
onofana t
ionalarmy.
 Thearmyc ouldservethea ut
ocrat
icst
a t
easama j
orforceofcont
roloveri
tsown
peopl
e.
 In1930,t
heI mperialbodyguar
dtraine
dbyBe l
gianoffi
cerinAddisAbaba.
st
 In1934,the1 mode rnmi li
ta
rya cadamyoff
icer
swa sopena tHolet
aGe ne
t
tra
ine
dbySwe di
s hoffi
cers.

Soc
ioEc
onomi
cDe
vel
opme
nt
 Ethiopiaalsodeve lopins ocioeconomi csduringthe1st3de c
a sof20thC.
de
 Itincl
udet hede velopme ntofUr ba niz
ati
on.
 In1886Addi sAba bafounde dast heCa pi
talcit
yoft heempire.
 Impor t
antpr ec
ondi ti
onfort hede v'tofA.Awa s
,
 Thei ntroduc t
ionofA. A-Dj iboutirai
lwayi n1917.Itc ont
ribut
eurbande
v't
i
nDi reDa wa ,Me is
o,Na zre
th,Modgoa ndDe braZeyi
t.
 Ther esidentoff orei
gnme r
cha nts.
 Thei ntroductionofEuc a l
yptust re
e.
 Telegrapha ndpos talser
viceintr
oduc edin1900,Mot orcarin1904.
 Abys si
niaBa nki n1 905,Schooli n1908.Mi n
ili
kI Ihospi
tal1910.
 Airplane1929,Ta ytuhotel1910.