Hi

stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e
UNI
TTHREE

THEMAKI
NGOFTHEMODERNETHI
OPI
ANEMPI
RE,
1855-
1935

3.
1.Ri
seoft
heModer
nEt
hiopi
anEmpi
re

3.
1.1.At
temptatReuni
fi
cat
ionThr
ought
heUseofFor
ce,
1855-
1868

 Theperi
odofnati
onalcr
isi
s/ZemeneMesafi
nt/EraofLor
dscamet
oanendwi
tht
he
ri
seofKasaHay
luwhowascr ownedTewodr
osIIi
n1855.

 Asachi
l
dhegr
ewupi
nthecar
eofhi
shal
f-br
otherDej
azmachKi
nfu.

 Asay
oungmanhewasdeni
edgov
ernor
shi
pov
erhi
sfami
l
yfi
eft
hedi
str
ictofQuar
a.

 Fol
lowi
ngthedeat hofKi
nfu,Kasabecameabandi tont
wooccasi
onsint
hesamer egi
on
wherehelaterfoughtagai
nstEgy pt
iantr
oops.In1848,att
hebatt
leofDebar
qi,Kasa
Hai
lusuff
eredtheonlyseri
ousdefeatinhi
searl
ycareer
.

 Thisdef
eatinthehandsofEgypt
iansshapedtheatti
tudeoft
hef
utur
eTewodr
oswi
th
regar
dtofor
eignpol
icy
,di
sci
pli
neandmoder nf
irear
ms.

 Hisper
sist
entchall
engestotheregi
mei nGondarresul
tedi
napol
i
ticalmarri
agewith
TewabechAli
,daughteroft
heguardi
anandthel
astoftheYej
uOr
omoRas- Bi
twodeds..

 Hewasf ol
lowedf or
cefulmeasurement
stounif
yEthi
opi
a.Thefi
rstmil
i
tar
yexpedi
ti
on
forpol
it
icalreuni
fi
cati
onwasdi r
ectedagai
nstt
heregi
onofWoll
olast
edforsi
xmonths
anditwast ooharsh.

 Thecampai gninWoll
owasf oll
owedbyanotherser
iouswarwi
tht
heaut
onomous
Kingdom ofShoa,
whi
chlast
edforfi
vemont
hs.

 InNovember1855,TewodrosreturnedtoMaqdal
awi t
hthebeli
efthathehadsettl
ed
matt
ersi nShoa.However,l
ocalrival
srebel
l
edagainstahand-pi
ckedappointeeof
Tewodros,Meri
dazmach Hai
leMi chael
,and f
rom 1865 onwar
dsShoar egai
ned i
ts
i
ndependencewit
hKingMeneli
k,whohadescapedfr
om Maqdelai
nthatyear
.

 Theini
ti
almil
it
aryv
ict
ori
esofTewodr
osdi
dnotr
esul
tinpol
it
icalst
abi
li
tyandef
fect
ive,
cent
ralcont
rol
.

 Localdynast
iesdi
dnotwantt
oloset
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onaleconomi
c,mi
l
itar
yandpol
i
tical
autonomy.

 Hetr
eat
edr ebel
li
ousregionsver
yharshl
y,puni
shi
ngmostcommonl ywit
hthecutti
ng
of
fcapt
ives’l
imbs,bur
ninghousesandharvest
stoashesandl
oot
ingthel
ocalpeopl
e.

 Thecumul
ati
veef
fectofwhi
chwasacompl
etef
ail
ureofhi
spol
i
cyofuni
fi
cat
ion.

2014E.
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stor
yGr
ade12Shor
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e
Fal
lofTewodr
osI
I:r
easonsf
orhi
sfal
lwer
e:

1.Opposi
ti
onf
rom t
hechur
ch:

 Duet
oreducet
henumberofpr
iest
sanddeaconst
otwoort
hree.

 Duet
oreducet
hechur
chl
and

 Duet
oincr
easet
het
axe

 Pr
isonedBi
shopAbuneSel
amawhodi
edi
npr
isont
hreey
ear
slat
er.

2.Opposi
ti
onf
rom r
egi
onal
lor
ds

3.Hi
sdesi
retobui
ldmoder
nar
m maderevi
ledwi
tht
heBrit
ish:hegather
edtheEuropean
mi
ssi
oner
stobui
ldmoder
nar
myandtheytri
edt
obuil
dli
keSebastapolf
oundinGafat.

 Thebri
ti
shsentthei
rmili
tar
yexpedi
ti
onledbySirRobertNapi
ertoMeqdell
ainthel
ast
of1867andfoughtatthebatt
leofErogeinApri
l1868andEt hi
opiansdef
eat
edinthe
bat
tl
easaresultEmper
orTewodroscommi t
tedsui
cideon13April1868.

 Ref
ormsofTewodr
osI
I

1.Het
ri
edt
ost
opdi
vi
sionswi
thi
nthechur
ch

2.St
opt
hesl
avet
rade

3.Bandi
tr
yandl
oot
ingofpeasant
sbyt
roops

4.Tr
iedt
ost
oppol
ygamyandot
hersoci
alev
il
s.

5.Tr
iedt
obui
l
dmoder
nar
my

3.
1.2.NewAppr
oacht
oBui
ldi
ngI
mper
ial
Power
,1872-
1889

 EmperorTakla-Gi
orgi
s(1868-71)hadcont
roloft
hecentr
alAmhar
aregi
ons,buthedi
d
notexer
cisepowerovert
heriv
al r
egi
onsofTigr
ayandShoa.

 Hisatt
empttoextendhi
scont
roloverTi
grayendedinhi
sowndefeatatthebat
tl
eof
Assam inJul
y1871.Hewasdefeat
edandcapturedbyKasaMer
chalatercr
ownedas
YohannesI
Vin1872.

 Hetri
ed reunif
icat
ionbydi
rect
ingmi
li
tar
yexpedi
ti
onsagai
nstther
egi
onsofGondar
,
Goj
j
am, Yej
u,andHamasenbutgotonl
ytempor
aryt
hesubmissi
on

 Yohanneswasf lexi
ble/f
ollowedpseudof ederal
ism anddidnotoftenfightrepeated
warswiththesamer egionsandhemadepeacewi thAdalandr
ecognizedhisauthorit
y
overGojj
am.Bysodoi ng,theemperort
urnedanenemyi nt
oafri
end.Adalwasrewar ded
bybeingcrownedasKi ngofGojj
am andKef a,
wi t
hthenameTaklaHaymanotinJanuar y

2014E.
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 Hi
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e
1881.

 Hewasr eadyt
osharepowerwit
hregionall
ords,i
nasf
arast
heyr
ecogni
zedhi
sov
er
l
ordshi
pexamplewi
thMenel
ikofShoa.

 Meneli
kwascall
inghi
mselfki
ngofki ngs,expandi
nghisterr
it
ori
estowardsWoll
oand
cont
acti
ngf
orei
gncountr
iesi
ndependentl
y.Healsodidnotpaytri
but
etotheemperor
.

 YohannesandMenel
i
kwasr
esol
vedbyt
heLecheAgr
eementof20Mar
ch1878.That
deal
sabout:

1.Menel
i
kagr
eedt
opayt
ri
but
etoYohannes

2.dr
opt
het
it
leki
ngofki
ngsandt
ouseonl
ythet
it
leki
ngofShoa

3.t
ost
ophi
sindependentdeal
i
ngswi
thf
orei
gner
s

4.Menel
i
ktor
uleWol
l
oandShoa

5.Tohel
peachot
heragai
nstcommonenemi
es.Byt
hispeacef
ular
rangement

 However,Yohanneswasnotabletowi
nt heabsol
uteloy
alt
yofMenel
ikprepar
ehimself
totaketheimper i
althr
oneforhi
msel
f.EvenTakla-Haymanotdi
dnotremainloyalt
o
Yohannesthroughouthi
srei
gn.

 In1888bothMeneli
kandTakla-Hay
manotpl otagainstt
heemperor
.Thatwasatat
ime
whentheemperorwastroubl
edbythedoubl ethreatofIt
ali
anaggr
essi
onandMahdist
host
il
it
yint
henorthandNorthWestrespect
ivel
y.

 Yohannesgotpermanentcontr
oloverShoathr
oughhispr
oxy,Menil
ikandcontr
ol,of
ter
ri
tori
esasfarasthesouthwester
nprovi
ncesofpr
esent
-dayEt
hiopi
a,inaddi
ti
ont o
theoldcent
ral
andNorther
nprovi
nces.

 ButYohanni
swashar
shi
nrel
i
giousi
ssues.

1.Hedecl
aredor
thodoxasst
atedr
eli
gionatt
heBor
umedaCounci
li
nMay1878.

2.Heor der
edal
lMusl
imt oconv
erti
ntoChr
ist
iani
tyundert
het
hreatofper
secut
ionand
conf
iscati
onofpr
oper
ty.

3.
1.3.Resi
stancet
oEgy
pti
anandMahdi
stAggr
essi
ons

 I
tcamef
rom sev
eral
dir
ect
ions;
Egy
pt,
Mahdi
stSudanandI
tal
y.

 Egy
ptembarkedonavigor
ousexpansi
oni
ntot
heHor
nofAf
ri
ca,
whi
chi
ncl
udedEt
hiopi
a
asthesour
ceoftheBl
ueNil
e.

2014E.
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 Hi
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e

 Thusi
n1821Egy
ptoccupi
edSudan.

 Ast
hesour
ceoft
heBl
ueNi
l
e,Et
hiopi
awasal
sov
ict
im ofEgy
pti
anexpansi
on

 Ethi
o-Egy pt
ianconf l
ictswereintensi
fi
eddur i
ngt herei
gnofEmper orTewodr os.In1865
theEgy pti
anst ookov erthepossessi
onoft hepor tofMassawafrom theOttomanTur ks
onthebasi sofal easecont r
act.TheEgyptianst henbegantocoll
ectheavyt axesfr
om
Ethi
opi an merchant s and blocked the impor toff i
rear
ms.Ev en worse,f r
om 1872
onwar dsEgy ptiant roopsbegant oadvancei nt
oandcont rolot
herRedSeapor tsand
coastal r
egions, aswel lastheborderprovi
ncesofMat ammaandBogos.

 Thet henrul
erofEgy
pt,Khediv
eIsmail(
1863-79)
,int
ensi
fi
edt hetr
adi
ti
onalEgy
pti
an
expansiont
oamoreaggressi
veatt
emptatoccupat
ionofal
lEt
hiopi
a.

 Khedi
veIsmai
lwasabletogetsupportfr
om Europeanpowersusi
ngthesearguments.
I
ndeed,t
hestrat
egicsi
gni
fi
canceofEgypt
,duetothenewlyopenedSuezCanalin1869,
wasmoreattr
acti
vetoEur
opeansthanChri
sti
anEthi
opia.

 Theport
soft
heGulfofAdenandMassawaser
vedasl
aunchi
ngpadsf
ort
het
hree-
fr
ont
i
nvasi
onofEt
hiopi
abyEgypt
iant
roopsi
n1875.

 AnEgypt
ianarmycommandedbyMohammedRaufPashaoccupi
edt
heMusl
i
m Ci
ty
St
ateofHarari
nOct
ober1875wi
thv
eryl
i
ttl
edi
ff
icul
ty.

 A Swi ss-German named Wer nerMunzinger

,oft
en r
eferr
ed t
o asthearchit
ectof
Egypt
ianaggr essioninEt
hiopi
a,adv
ancedtothecent
erfrom t
hedir
ecti
onofTadjur
a.
Howev er,Munzingerandhi
sarmyofabout500men,wereambushedanddestroyedby
theAfarpeopleont hei
rwaytoShoa.

 Anot
herverywellarmedEgy pt
iancontingentl
edbyaDani
shcolonel
,Arendr
up,moved
i
ntothei
nteri
orMer ebMelashr egi
onf rom t
hepor
tofMassawa.Bylat
eOctober1875
hi
sarmyhadr eachedthebanksofriverMereb.

 Yohanneswrotealett
ertoEgyptandot
herEur
opeancountr
iest
owithdr
awt
heEgy
pti
an
tr
oopsfrom t
heEthiopi
anborder
sbutnoonecanrespondposi
ti
vel
y.

 On23Oct ober1875,hei ssuedamobi lizationorder.Incommandof20, 000troops,

EmperorYohannescr ossed theRiverMer eb.On16 Nov emberhef oughtwit
ht he
Egypti
anarmyatt hebat tl
eofGundet .Aboutt wohour sofeffecti
veat t
ackont he
enci
rcl
edEgypt
iantroopsresultedi
naninst antvi
ctoryforEt
hiopi
ans.ColonelAr
endrup
andabout1320Egyptiantroopswerekil
ledi nthebattl
e.

 KhediveI smailbeganpreparati
onsforanotherattackonEt hi
opi
at oav engehisearl
i
er
setback.The f oll
owing year,about15,000 well-armed Egypt
ian troops underthe
commandofMohammedRat i
bandt heAmer icanGener alLori
ngi nvadedEt hi
opi
an
ter
rit
oriesinthenor t
h.Thust hesecondEthio-
Egyptianbat
tlewasf oughton7- 9March

2014E.
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 Hi
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e
1876ataplaceknownasGur a,
notfarfr
om Gundet.Thebatt
leofGuraresultedi
nheavy
l
ossesonbot hsi
des,butonceagainvi
ctorywenttoEthi
opians.Withthelossofabout
3500deadand2500t akenaspri
soner
s,thesur
viv
ingEgypti
antroopsretr
eated.

 Fr
om t
heearl
y1880s,however,Egy
ptsoughtadi
plomat
ical
li
ancewi
thEt
hiopi
a.Two
ev
ent
saccount
edfort
hischangeofstand.

 Fi
rst
ly,
Egy
ptf
ellt
oBr
it
ishoccupat
ioni
n1882.

 Secondl
y,theri
seofar el
igi
ousrevi
val
istandnati
onal
istmovementint he
Sudanbythe,Mahadi
sts,
begantodi
smant l
eEgy
pti
ancont
roloft
hatcount
ry.

 Tot hisendaBr iti

shenv oy .Rear–Admi ralSirWi l
li
am Hewet tsignedat reat
y,later
call
edt heHewet tTreaty ,wi thYohanneson3June1884.TheHewet tTreatyisalso
known, f r
om t henameoft hepl acewher eitwassigned, ast heAdwaTr eaty.Itendedthe
Ethi
o- Egy pti
an conf li
ctt hr ough Bri
ti
sh di pl
omat i
ci ntervention.The f i
rstt wo maj or
arti
clesoft hist reatypromi sedtoEt hiopiafree-
transitv iathepor tofMassawaand
restorationofoccupi edr egi onstoEthiopiafol
lowingt hewi thdrawalofEgy ptiantroops.
Bythet hi rdarti
cle,Ethiopiapr omisedt ofacil
it
atetheev acuationoft heEgy pti
antroops
from thei rencircledposi tioni neast
ernSudan, t
hroughEt hiopianterri
torytoMassawa,
andt hent oEgypt .

 Itpromisedrestorat
ionofoccupiedregionsandopeningaseaout l
et.Yohannest
hus
chosetobecomeanal l
yofEgypt.Butthi
searnedEthi
opiaaseri
ousenemy ,
Mahdist
sof
theSudan.ForYohannes,whatheneededf ur
therwasBrit
ishdipl
omaticsuppor
tto
rest
orethepor tofMassawat oEthiopi
a.YohanneswrotetoQueenVictor
iaofEngl
and
tohelphim getbackMassawa.

 Yohannesor
der
edRasAl
ulat
orescuet
heEgy
pti
anar
myt
rappedi
ntheSudan.

 RasAlul
aaccompl
i
shedhi
smi
ssi
onf
ight
ingwi
thMahdi
stt
roopsatt
hebat
tl
eofKuf
iti
n
Januar
y1885.

 Egy
ptonlypart
lyfulf
il
ledherpromise.Bogoswasret
urnedtoEthi
opi
a,butMassawa
washandedtoIt
aly.Egypt
iant
roopsalsowithdr
ewf
rom Taj
ura,
Zeil
aandBerber
a.

 TheBr i
tish,whohadal r
eadybeeni ncontrolofAdensi nce1839,occupiedtheport
sof
Zeil
aandBer bera.Theyexpandedi nt
ot heinteri
orandcr eat
edtheircolonyofBri
tish
Somal i
l
and.TheFr enchdidthesameandf ormedt hei
rcolonyofFrenchSomalil
andby
expanding from t hei
r1862 possessi on ofObock.The por tofAssab whi ch was
purchasedbyapr i
vat
eItal
ianShippi
ngCompany( theRubbat i
noCompany )in1869had
al
readybeent akenbythegov er
nmentofI tal
yin1882.

 Againstthe cl
aim ofYohannes and i
nv i
olat
ion ofthe HewettTr
eaty,the Bri
ti
sh
governmentsecret
lyinvi
tedI
tal
ytooccupyMassawa.I tal
ytookcontrolofMassawa
whent heEgypt
ianslef
titon5Februar
y1885.Evenworse,i
tblockedi
mpor tofar
mst o

2014E.
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 Hi
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e
Ethi
opi
a,col
lectedheavycustomsdutiesandbegant
oexpandi
ntot
hehi
ghl
andr
egi
on
ofMareb,MelashofpresentdayEr
it
rea.

 But,i
n1888t heMahdists,agai
n,st
artedat
tacksthroughthewester
nbor
ders.The
dangerint
ensi
fi
ed i
n 1889.And Yohannesturned t
owardsthe Mahdi
stt
hreatand
marchedtoMatamma.

 Warbecamei nev
itabl
e,andon9Mar ch1889theEthi
opianarmyandt heMahdi st
troops orAnsar sf oughtatt he batt
le ofMatamma.Despit
einit
ialsuccess t
he
Ethiopi
ansl ostthe battl
e,because Yohanneswasfatal
lywounded and hi
sar my
retreat
ed.Yohannesdi edt
henextday .

3.
2.I
mper
ial
Expansi
ont
otheSout
h,Sout
h-WestandSout
h-East

o Bot
hTewodr osIIandYohannesIVuseddifferentapproachestoachi
evethei
rgoalsof
nat
ionalr
eunif
icati
on.Whil
eTewodr osfai
led,Yohanneswasr el
ativ
elysuccessf
ulin
bui
ldi
nganempi rewithr
egi
onaldynast
iesenjoyingint
ernalaut
onomy .

o TheprocessofEt
hiopi
anempi
ref
ormat
ionwashowev
er,compl
etedunderEmper
or
Menel
ikII
.

o Menel
ik’
sexpansi
onwasdirect
edagai
nsti
ndependentpeopl
esandst
atesi
nthear
eaof
pr
esentsout
hwester
n,sout
hernandsout
heast
ernEthiopi
a.

o Asacont enderforthethr
onefortwodecades,Menel
ikneededt
obuil
duphismil
i
tary
musclet hr
ough conquestoft he pr
osper
ous regi
ons ofsout
her
n Ethi
opi
a,which
possessedvaluabl
eitemsoft
rade.

o TheprocessofMeneli
k'
sexpansi
onbeganwhenhewasKingofShoa.Fi
rst
,hesubdued
theOromoofShoai nt
heearl
y1870s.Then,hi
sar
mygott
hepeacef
ulsubmissi
onofthe
nort
hernGuragepeopl
eknownastheKistane.

o Thesituat
ioni
nsout her
nGur age,mor
eproper
lytheSil
ti
,was,however
,di
ff
erentf
rom
thatofthenor
th.Here,Meneli
k’sar
myfacedfi
erceresi
stancef
rom t
heMusli
m Gurage
organi
zedunderalocall
eaderknownasHassanEnjamo.

o Ther egi
onsbey ondtheGibebasinwereaboneofcont ent
ionbet
weentheriv
altroopsof
the two kings,Menel i
k ofShoa and Takl a-
HaymanotofGoj jam.As a resultthe
southwesternregionsbecameabat t
legroundfort
hetwor iv
alki
ngs.Af
teraminorclash
betweent hei
rtroopsinLimu,adecisi
vebat t
lewasfoughtatEmbabo( i
nWal l
aga)on6
June1882andTekl eHay manotdef
eatedatthebat
tle.

2014E.
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 Hi
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e
o AbaJi f
farI
IofJi
mma, JoteTuluofLeqaQel
l
am andKumsaMorodaofLeqaNaqamte
belongtotheli
stoflocalrul
erswhosubmitt
edpeacef
ull
ywi
ththei
rlocalaut
onomy
respect
ed,i
ntheyear
s1882-84.

o Ont hecontrary,t
hecampaignsofMenelik’
sar
myi nt
hesouthandsout
heaster
nregi
ons
wer everycostlyandbloody.Ther
egionofArsiwassubduedi
n1886afterf
ouryear
sof
struggl
e,dur i
ngwhi chsixunsuccessfulmil
it
aryexpedi
ti
onsweresentagainstthat
region.

o Thefi
nalbatt
leofAzulewaswonbyt hear
myofRasDarge,t
hecousi
nofMenel
i
k,due
mainl
ytoit
ssuperi
ori
tyint
hepossessi
onofmoder
nfi
rear
ms.

o Thef at
eoft heEmirat
eofHararwasnoexcept
ion.Itwassubduedaf
tert
hebloody
batt
lefoughtbetweenthear
myofMeneli
kandEmi rAbdul
l
ahiatChal
anqo,ear
lyin
January1887.

o Expansiontot hesouthwasal sosoughtasasol

utiont
othedevastat
ingGreatFamine
(1889-
92)alsoknownbyt henameKef uQan,whichhadseri
ousl
yaffl
i
ctedthenort
hern
andcentralregionsofEthiopi
a.Theimmediatecauseofthefamineisatt
ribut
edtoa
catt
ledi
sease,calledr
inder
pest ,
import
edwit
hinf
ectedcat
tl
efrom I
ndi
a.

o TheconquestofWolay
tai n1894wasoneoft hebl oodi
estoft
hecampai
gnsofMenel
i
k
underthei
rkingKawoTona,defendedWolaytafr
om t hecombinedar
myofnot
abl
ewar
l
eadersofMenel i
ksuchasRasMi chael
,FitawrariGebayehu,Li
qaMakwasAbate,
DejachBalcha,RasWol da-
Giorgi
sandAbaJi farI I
.KawoTonawaswoundedand
captur
edtobecomeaprisonerfort
herestofhisl
ife.

o I
n1897t heoldKingdom ofKaf f
awasi ncor
por
atedaft
ergreatbl
oodshedint
hewar
betweenthel
ocalpeople,undert
hei
rrul
erTatoGekiSer
echo,andt
hear myofMenel
i
k
underRasWoldeGior
gis.

o Thesuppor
toflocalrul
ersofnewlyi
ncorpor
atedregi
onsinthefoll
owingconquest
sof
Menel
ikwasalsoevidenti
ntheconquestofAssosa,BeniShangulandKomoshaar eas
al
ongtheEt
hio-
Sudaneseborder.

o Theincorporat
ionoft
hesout
hern,sout
hwest
ernandsoutheast
ernregi
onsinvol
vedbot
h
peacefulsubmissi
onthr
oughpersuasi
onanddevast
ati
ngwar sofconquest.

o Thepol
it
icalstabi
l
itythatfol
lowedtheest
abl
i
shmentofanexpandedempi
ref
aci
l
itat
ed
ther
evi
valoflocalandforei
gntrade.

o Addi
sAbabawasf oundedbyEmpressTaytui
nNov
ember1886,andbecamet
he
cent
reofgov
ernmentandeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

3.
3.I
tal
ianAggr
essi
onagai
nstEt
hiopi
aandt
heBat
tl
eofAdwa

3.
3.1.Fi
rstSt
ronghol
dsofI
tal
yinEt
hiopi
a

2014E.
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 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

 TheItal
i
anGov er
nmenttookcontr
olofAssabf
rom t
heRusbati
noShi
ppi
ngCompanyin
1882.Then,i
n1885I t
alyoccupi
edMassawa,andbeganat
temptst
openet
rat
eint
othe
i
nter
iorfr
om thecoast
.

 On26Januar y1887Al ula,atapl acecall

edDogal
i,cr
ushedanI t
ali
ancont
ingent
consist
ingofabout500It
aliansol
diers,whi
chwer
egoingasrei
nfor
cementst
otheSaati
for
tressthathehadatt
empt edtoat
t ack.

 Withinaf ew weeks,about80,000menf oll

owedYohannesonhi smar chacr
osst he
Mer ebri
vert ofi
ghttheI t
ali
ansatt heirfor
tressofSaat iinMarch1888.TheSaat i
confront
ationdi
dnott urntoactualfighti
ng,however,becauset
heI t
ali
ansref
usedt o
comeoutoft hei
rf or
ti
fi
edpositi
onandmeett heEthiopi
anarmyi ntheopenfiel
d.A
deadlockwascreatedthatl
astedforamont h.

3.
3.2.TheBi
rt
hoft
heI
tal
ianCol
onyofEr
it
rea

 Treat
yofWuchal
e,si
gnedbet
weenEmper
orMenel
i
kandt
heI
tal
i
anenv
oyCountPi
etr
o
Antonel
li
on2May1889

 Treat
yofCommer ceandFr
iendshi
pwassi
gnedbet
weenKi
ngMenel
ikandAnt
onel
liof
I
talyi
nOctober1883.

 Thethir
dItal
o-Shoant
reatycamein1887,fol
lowi
ngtheDogal
iInci
dentwhenI
tal
i
ans
neededthehel
pofMeneli
kmor et
hanheneededthei
rs.

 TheWuchal eTr eat

ywasdr aftedbyAnt onel
liandsignedbyMenel
ikandAntonel
liin
May1889,i nMenel ik’
scurrentcamp,i nWol l
o.TheTr eat
yofWuchalehadt wenty
art
icl
es,butt he two verysigni f
icantones i nterms ofthei
rcont
ri
but
ion tot he
subsequentI
talo-Et
hiopi
anconf l
ict
swer earti
clesI
IIandXVII
.

 Arti
cleII
I,
del
imitedtheboundarybetweenIt
ali
an-occupiedregi
onsofMerebMelashand
therestofEt
hiopia.Thevi
l
lagesofArafai
li
,Segeneit
i,Asmar a,
AdiYohani
s-f
rom eastto
west-serv
edasaboundar ylinefortheIt
ali
anpossessi onsandArti
cle17wasanot her
i
ssuewhi let
ranslati
ngtoAmharic.

 I
ndeed,agai
nsttheprotestofMenel
ik,t
heItal
i
ansoccupi
edthewholeregi
onasf
aras
t
heMer ebri
ver
,whichtheydecl
aredasthei
rcol
onyofEri
tr
eaon1Januar
y1890.

3.
3.3.I
tal
ianAmbi
ti
onov
ert
heRestofEt
hiopi
a

 Theyusedacal culatedcont
radi
cti
oni ntheAmhar i
candI t
ali
anv ersi
onofAr ti
cleXVIIof
theWuchal eTreat y.TheAmhar i
cv er
sionofthisarti
cler
eadst hatEthi
opiacanuset he
helpofI tal
yinherdi pl
omaticrelat
ionswi t
hot herEuropeanpower s.Howev er,the
Ital
iantextcontainedanobl i
gatorycommi tmentofEt hi
opiatouset hegoodof fi
cesof
Ital
yforherrelati
onswi t
hEurope;andtherebyitdeni
edEt hi
opiahersov er
eignty.

 I
nApr
il1891hedi
spat
chedaci
rcul
arl
ett
ert
oal
lEur
opeanpower
s.Hei
nfor
medt
hem

2014E.
CPage8
 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e
aboutI
tali
andipl
omat
icdi
shonest
yandt
hathehadnoobl
i
gat
iont
orespectI
tal
i
an
prot
ect
orater
ight
s.

 I
nFebr
uar
y1893,
Menel
i
kabr
ogat
ed(
cancel
l
ed)t
heTr
eat
yofWuchal
e.

 Thef i
rstsigni
fi
cantblow t othesubversiveplanofI t
alycamei nJune1894,whenRas
MengeshaandRasAl ular enewedtheirloyal
tyt oMenel ik.Evenwor sefortheItali
ans,in
December1894,Dej azmachBaht aHagos,t hei rformercol laboratorandgov ernorof
AkaleGuzayi nEri
tr
ea, startedapeasantr ebel
lionagai nsttheItal
ians.Thi
sr ebell
i
onwas
suppressed,butitgav et hesparktoanar medr esist
ancet hatf oll
owedagai nstItal
i
an
col
oniali
sm.

 RasMengeshaandRasAl ulacrossedther i
verMerebandfoughtt heItal
i
ansatQoati
t
andSenafeearlyi
n1895.Asar evenge,theIt
ali
anarmyinv
adedt hewhol eofTigr
ay,i
n
September1895.Ital
yopenlybegant ousemi l
it
arymeanst or eali
zet hedr
eam of
becomingacoloni
almast
eroverEthiopi
a.

 On17Sept ember1895,Meneli
kissuedamobi lizat
ionor deri nwhichhest atedthe
It
ali
anunlawfulinv
asi
onofhi scountr
y.Hegotaposi ti
ver esponsefrom hispeople
whichenabledhimtoleadanarmyofabout100, 000r ecrui
tedf r
om allcl
auses,ethni
c
groupsand regi
onsincludi
ng t
henewl yconquered areasofsout h,southwestand
southeast
.

3.
3.4.TheBat
tl
eofAdwa

TheBat
tl
e

 Bef
oret
hef i
naldeci
siv
eencount
eratAdwa,t
heI
tal
i
anandt
heEt
hiopi
ant
roopsf
ought
att
woplaces.

1.Thef i
rstbattl
ewasf oughton7December1895atAmbaAl age,i
nsout hernTigray,
betweenacont i
ngentoft heEthi
opianvanguardforcel edbyFitawrariGebeyehuand
anItali
anf orceundert hecommandofMaj orTosel l
i.TheItali
answer ecompl etely
defeatedandl ostabout2000t r
oops,incl
udingMaj orTosellihi
mself,fr
om t hetotal
of2350I t
alianstroops.Localsourcessuggest286deadandabout300woundedon
theEthiopiansi de.Thus,t heItal
iansweref orcedt or et
reatnor t
hwar dst otheir
str
ongf ort
ifi
cati
onatMekel l
ewhichwasdef endedby4cannons.

2.From 7-21January1896,Mekel
lewasundersiege.TheItal
i
anar
myst at
ionedthere
suff
eredagr eatdealf
rom shor
tageofwater
.TheI t
ali
answeref
orcedtosurrender
thefort
ress.Menel
ikal
lowedtheIt
ali
ansasaf
eev acuat
ion.

 About20,000troopsformedintof
ourbri
gades,underthesupremecommandofGener al
OresteBarati
eri
,werereadyforwar.Hal
foftheItal
iantr
oopsconsist
edofaskar
isfr
om
Erit
rea.Thr
eeItal
ianbri
gadeswereledbyGeneralsAlbert
one,Ari
mondiandDabormida
respecti
vel
y.GeneralAl
bert
onewasi nchar
geoft herear
guard.

2014E.
CPage9
 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e
 SundayMar ch1,1896,t hedayofcommemor ati
onofSt.George,wassel ect
edast
he
dateoft hemajorbattle,aft
ertwoweeksoft ensi
onandconf rontat
ionbetweent
he
Ethiopianandt heItal
iant r
oops.Anext r
emenlybloodybatt
lewasf oughtunti
lmid-
afternoon.TheEthi
opianar myfoughtbr
avelyandscoredasmashi ngvict
ory.

Reasonsf
ort
heEt
hiopi
anv
ict
oryofAdwawer
e:

1.I
tal
i
anf
aul
tyr
eadi
ngofmaps,

2.f
alsei
nfor
mat
ionf
rom l
ocal
“spi
es”cal
l
eddoubl
eagentBashaAwal
om,

3. under
est
imat
ionofEt
hiopi
anuni
ty,

4.wr
ongmi
l
itar
yst
rat
egyandpoorl
eader
shi
p

5.t
opogr
aphyofAdwa

TheConsequencesandHi
stor
ical
Signi
fi
canceoft
heAdwaVi
ctor
y

 Thesov er
eignst
atusofEt
hiopi
agoti
nter
nat
ionalr
ecogni
ti
on.Thi
srecogni
ti
onwas
expr
essedintwoways.

1.Fir
stl
y,di
ff
erentpowersopened thei
rlegati
ons/Embassyin AddisAbaba:I
tal
y
(1896)
,Br
it
ainandFrance(
1897)
,theUSA( 1903)
,Ger
many(1905),
etc.

2.Secondly,Europeanpower
spossessi
ngcoloniesadjacenttoEthi
opi
adeli
mitedt
heir
respecti
vecommonboundar i
esbetweenEt hiopi
aandt heircol
onies,i
ntheyear
s
from 1897-1908.Thi
sgavebi
rt
htothepresentshapeofEt hi
opi
a.

 Becomethev
ictor
yofblacksagai
nstt
hewhi
te.Ther
efor
e,t
heAdwav
ict
oryhasbeena
symbol
ofnat
ionalpr
ide.

 I
nconsequence,Cr
ispir
esi
gnedi
mmedi
atel
y.Bar
ati
erihadt
oleav
ethear
myandended
upi
npri
son.

 AnIt
ali
andipl
omati
cmissi
oncamet oEthiopi
aandsignedt
heTr
eat
yofAddi
sAbaba
wi
thEmperorMenel
ikon26October1896.Aimedat
:

1.Thet
reat
yconcl
udedt
heI
tal
i
o-Et
hiopi
andi
sput
e.

2.I
tal
yagreedtothecancel
lat
ionoft
heWuchal
eTr
eat
yandr
ecogni
zedt
hecompl
ete
i
ndependenceofEt
hiopi
a.

3.Ethi
opia,t
oo,agreedt
ot hecont
inuat
ionofI
tal
i
ancol
oni
alcont
rolov
erEr
it
reaand
therel
easeofIt
ali
anpr
isoner
sofwar .

 Br
it
ainwasf
orcedt
orev
iseherf
ormerpol
i
cyofwai
tandseewi
thr
egar
dto

2014E.
CPage10
 Hi
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yGr
ade12Shor
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e
MahdistSudan (1885-96).As a resultthe Br
it
ish governmenthast ened to
conquerSudani nthenameofEgy pt,andaj oi
ntar myofBr itai
nandEgy pt
i
nvadedtheSudani n1896.TheBat tl
eofOmdur man( 1898)mar kedthef al
lof
the Mahdi
stst at
e and t he est
abli
shmentoft he so-cal
led Anglo-
Egy pt
ian
Condomini
um ruleovertheSudan.

 AsmallFr
enchfor
ceunderMarchandandal ar
geBri
ti
shforcefacedeachot
her
atapl
acecall
edFashodaintheSudanin1898.Bl
oodshedatFashodaandwar
bet
weenBri
tai
nandFrancewereavoi
dedbythewit
hdrawaloft
heFr ench.

 Anotherexpressi
onofthevaluegi
ventoAdwavict
oryasatorch-
bear
erofBlack
National
iststruggl
e was t
he emergence ofr
eli
giousseparat
istmovements
col
lecti
velyknownasEthi
opiani
sm.

3.
4.TheEt
hiopi
anEmpi
reSt
atei
nthePost
-AdwaPer
iod,
upt
o1935

3.
4.1.Soci
o-Economi
cCondi
ti
ons

 Rel
ati
vel
yther
ewasbet
tersoci
o-economi
cdev
elopment
s

 Thegebbarsystem wasdevel
opedwhi
chwasal
andhol
dingpeasantwhohad
topaygi
birortr
ibut
etothestat
epai
dinki
nd.

 Theintroduct
ionoflandmeasur ementknownasqal adinthesout hernEthi
opia
aimedt onotonl yi
nt heappr opriat
ionofmuchl andbyt hest ate,butalso
faci
li
tatedpri
v at
izat
ionofland.Thecumul ati
veef
fectoftheexpl oit
ativ
enature
of the modes of sur pl
us appr opri
ati
on was negat i
ve on t he economi c
developmentofthecount r
y.I
t,seri
ouslyaffect
edagri
cult
uralproducti
v i
ty.

 Sl
aver
ywascont
inuedi
nEt
hiopi
a.

 Asar esul
tofslaver
yandgebbarsyst
em,bothi
nter
nalandexternalopposi
ti
on
wasout br
eak.Andthisl
edtoabol
it
ionofsl
avetr
adewhileEt
hiopiabecomesa
memberofLeagueofNat i
onon31Mar ch1924andpaymenti nkindchanged
i
ntocash

 Tr
adebecomesani
mpor
tantsour
ceofeconomyi
nEt
hiopi
a.

 TheEmpr
essTay
tual
soopenedt
hef
ir
sthot
eli
nAddi
sAbaba,I
tegeHot
eli
n
1907.

 Mostoft
her
oyal
classbecomesbusyi
nbusi
ness.

 Ur
bani
zat
ionr
elat
ivel
ybecomesf
astdev
eloped.

2014E.
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 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

 Dji
bout
i-
AddisAbabarai
l
way ,whichreachedAddi
sAbabain1917t
hisal
sol
ed
fort
heformati
onofnewcit
iesli
keDir
eDawa, Nazr
ethandModj
o,

 Moder nnov el
ti
esint
roducedi ntheear
ly20thcent
uryincludedthemotorcar
(1904),pri
nti
ngmachi nery(1912)andtheaeroplane( 1929).Tel
egr
aphand
postalservi
ceswereintr
oducedbeforet
hecloseofthe19thcentury
.Ahospit
al
wasf oundedin1910.

 I
n1908, thefi
rstmodernschool ,Meneli
kIISchool,wasopenedi nAddi
sAbaba.
I
twasst aff
edbyEgyptianCopt i
cOrthodoxChrist
ianteacher
s.I
n1925, t
heTafari
Mekonunschoolwasf oundedbyRasTaf ariMekonnen( lat
erEmper orHail
e
Selassi
eI).Thatwasledt oforthecreat
ionofscholarsandskil
ledmanpowerin
Ethiopi
a.

3.
4.2.Pol
it
icalCondi
ti
ons

Consol
idat
ionofPol
it
ical
Power

o Between1896and1909,t
herul
i
ngclassofI
mperialEthi
opi
a,headedbyMenel
i
k
I
I,enjoy
edthetr
iumphantmoodtheAdwav i
ctor
ycr eat
ed.Itwassecur
einit
s
posit
ion

o Ethiopia’
sboundar ieswi thnei ghbor l
ycount r
ieswer edel imi
tedbyboundar y
agreement swi tht heEur opeancol onialpower st hatwer eincont r
oloft hose
colonies.Theboundar ywi tht heI tali
ancol onyofEr itr
eawasdel i
mi tedbya
seriesofagr eement sconcl udedwi thI tal
yin1900,1902and1908.Si mi l
arl
y,by
theagr eementwi thFr ancei nMar ch1907t heboundar ywit
hFr enchSomal i
land
(Dji
bout i
)wasdel i
mi t
ed.Theboundar i
eswi thAngl o-Egypti
anSudanandBr iti
sh
EastAf ri
ca(Keny a)wer edel imitedbyaser iesofagr eementswit hBri
tai
ni n1902
and 1907,r espectively
.I n 1908 t he boundar ywi thItal
ian Somal i
land was
deli
mi tedbyanagr eementwi thItaly
.Ther efore,Ethi
opiahadsecur edherbor ders
andgai nedinternati
onal recogni ti
onf orthem.

o Addi
sAbabafoundedascapit
ali
n1886,asi
ndi
cat
edabov
e,gotper
manence
duet
othefol
l
owingfact
ors:

1.Issueofl
andchar
ter
s,tol
andowner si
nAddi
sAbababyt
hest
atest
art
ingf
rom
1970guar
ant
eedsecur
it
yoftenur
e..

2.The int
roducti
on ofthe eucal
ypt
us t
ree f
rom Aust
ral
ia hel
ped t
o sol
vet
he
probl
em oftheshort
ageoffi
rewoodinAddi
sAbaba.

3.Ther
ail
wayconnect
ionbet
weenAddi
sAbabaandt
heout
sidewor
ldsi
nce1917

2014E.
CPage12
 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

gav
eAddi
sAbabagr
eati
mpor
tanceasacent
erofcommer
ce,
newi
deas,
etc.

4. Ther
esidenceofforei
gnmer
chant
sinAddi
sAbabaal
sohel
pedi
nthei
ncr
eased
impor
tanceofthecit
y.

5.The openi
ng offorei
gn l
egat
ions i
n Addi
s Ababa i
ncr
eased Addi
s Ababa’
s
i
mportanceasadi
plomati
ccent
erfort
hecount
ry.

I
ncept
ionofPol
it
icalRi
val
ryandFor
eignThr
eat

o Fol
lowingt heill
nessofMenel i
kin1906powersuccessionstruggl
el edtothe
pol
iti
calinstabil
it
yofEt hi
opi
aandMenel
iknol
ongerexercisedhisusualpol
it
ical
aut
horityuntil
hisfinal
deathi
n1913.

o TheTri
par
ti
teTreatywassi
gnedbyBrit
ain,Fr
anceandI
tal
yinDecember1906
soast
oparti
ti
onEthi
opi
a.Bythi
str
eat
y:

1.Ther
ail
wayl
inepasseswasgi
venf
orFr
ance.

2.TheNi
lebasi
nandi
tssour
cecameundert
hei
nfl
uenceofBr
it
ain.

3.It
alywasallowedtoconst
ructar
ail
wayconnect
inghert
wocol
oni
es-Er
it
rea
andItal
ianSomali
land.

o Emper
orMenel
i
ksett
wosol
uti
onsdur
ingt
hatt
ime:

1.Fi
r st
ly,in October1907,he est abl
ished t
he fi
rstCounci lofMi nist
ers
consisti
ngofni neministr
iesforWar,Commer ceandFor ei
gnAff
airs,Publi
c
Wor ks,Agri
cult
ure,Fi
nance,Justi
ce,thePen,thePalace,andtheInter
iorto
stabil
izethepoli
ti
cali
nstabil
i
tyofthecount
ry.

2.Secondl
y ,i
nMay1909Menelikdesi
gnatedhei
rt ohist
hroneandaregent
ai
mi ng ata smoot
h powertransi
ti
on upon hi
s deat
ht o Li
jEy
asu but
opposedbyEmpressTayt
u,andtheShoannobi
lit
y.

TheChal
lengeofTay
tu

 EmpressTaytuhopedt ohav epoli

ti
calpowerforherf
ami
lythr
oughpol
i
tical
marri
age.Example,MentwabWol l
e,toRasMekonnenbutRasMekonnedied,
GugsaWolle,t
othedaughterofMenel
ik,
Zewdit
u,.

 In 1909 Menel
ik desi
gnated hi
s gr
andson,LijI
yasu Mi
chaelthe son of
Shewareged,
(Meni
li
k'sdaught
er),
asheir
.Iyasuwasonl
y12-year
sold,
Menelik

2014E.
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 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

al
soappoi
ntedRasBi
twadedTessemaNadewasr
egent
.

 TheShoannobil
it
ywer enothappywithIyasu,ashewast hesonoft
hestr
ong
regi
onall
ordofWoll
o.Theyfear
edthatRasMi chaelmightuset
heposi
ti
onofhi
s
son,whowassti
ll
ami nor,
forhi
sownpolit
icalascendancy.

 Againstt
heinter
estoftheCouncilofMini
sters,
Tay t
ubehavedasanact ualhead
ofstatemakingdecisi
onsonbehalfofhersickhusbandandf oll
owedshum- shi
r
(pr
omot i
onanddemot i
on)incl
udedtheoldnobi l
i
tylikeFi
tawrariHabteGi orgi
s
andNegadrasHai l
eGiorgi
s,Mini
stersofWarandCommer cer espect
ively.

 I
nMarch1910Empr essTaytuwasremov edfrom governmentaff
air
s,shewas
r
est
ri
ctedtotaki
ngcareofherdy
inghusband.Andsince1910shewasexi l
edto
t
heChurchofSt.MaryatEnt
oto,
whereshestayeduntilherdeat
hin1918.

 Thesecondphaseofpowerst
ruggl
eandpoli
ti
cali
nst
abil
i
tyi
nthel
eader
shi
pwas
whi
leLijEyasur ej
ect
edanot
heragentaf
terthedeathofRasTesemaNadew
di
edinApril1911.

Li
jIy
asu1913-
1916:Ref
ormsandt
heCoupD’
étatagai
nstHi
m

 Thedeath ofRasTessemagav eIyasu t

heoppor
tunit
yto exerci
sepoli
ti
cal
aut
hor
ityonhisownf r
om 1911to1916.Theonl
yser
iouschal
l
enget ohi
spower
camefrom RasAbateBuayal
ew,aShoanobl emanl
ateri
mprisonedatMekdala
andst
ayedunti
l1916.

Ref
ormsofLi
jEy
asu

1.Pract
icedEthiopianMusl i
msequalst
atust
hroughi
ntegr
ati
ngt
hem i
nto hi
s
administ
rat
ivehierar
chyandbui
l
dmosques

2.est
abli
shedasyst
em ofaudit
inggov
ernmentpr
oper
ty,andf
ormedamuni
cipal
pol
iceni
cknamedTer
unbule

3.At
temptatt
hesecul
ari
zat
ionofmoder
neducat
ioni
nEt
hiopi
a.

4.I
ntr
oducet
radi
ti
onal
pract
icesofLebaShay(
met
hodoft
hiefdet
ect
ion)

5.endedt
hepr acti
ceofQuragnainwhi
chbot
htheaccuserandt
heaccusedwer
e
chai
nedtogetherunt
ilj
ust
icewasdel
i
ver
ed

6.Hei
ntr
oducedasr
at(
ti
the)
,est
imat
edbef
orehar
vest
edt
ost
opcheat
ing.

WeaknessofLi
jEy
asut
hatl
edt
ofal
l:

2014E.
CPage14
 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

1.Pol
ygamousmar
ri
age

2.Lackofr
esponsi
bil
it
y

3.St
rongr
elat
ionwi
thEt
hiopi
anMusl
imsandl
edt
oquar
rel
wit
htheChr
ist
ians

4.Theaudi
ti
ngofgov ernmentproper
tyexposedtheembezzl
ementcar
ri
edonby
ol
doffi
ci
als,whobecameenemi esofIyasuwhentheywer
eorder
edtopayback
whatt
heyhadmi sappropr
iat
ed

5.I
n1914Li jI
yasucrownedhisf at
herasNegusov ert
henor
ther
npr ovi
ncesof
Tigr
ay,and Woll
o.In 1915 Gojj
am and Begemdi
rwereadded t
ot hem and
quarr
eledwi
thShoanMekwanints(nobi
l
ity
)

6.HetookSidamof r
om DejachBal
chaSaf
o,andgav
eitt
oanewal
l
yandbr
other
-
i
n-l
aw,NegadrasHail
eGiorgi
s

7.I
yasuappear
edtobecomeaclosefri
endofOt
tomanTurkeyandGer
many,who
weremort
alenemi
esofthet
ri
part
it
epowersi
ntheFi
rstWorl
dWar(1914-
18)
.

8.TheMahalSef ar
iacted agai
nstIyasu,and theAbun and theEchege,too,
bl
essedthecoup.Wi
thallthesesupport,I
yasuwasdeposedon27Sept ember
1916.Hemadeanattempttorever
set hecoupbuthewasdefeatedatthebatt
le
ofMieso,l
ocat
edonthewayt oHararandimprisonedf
rom 1921tohisdeathin
1936.

TheDi
archy1917–30

 Thebat t
leofSegel
e,whi
chclai
medtheli
feofmoret han12,
000troopsfr
om
bothsides,mar
kedthebl
oodycompl
eti
onofthest
ruggleagai
nstt
hechall
enge
ofLij
Iyasu.

 Thefal
lofI
yasualsomar kedther est
orat
ionofShewanpol i
ti
calsupr
emacy
.
Thecoupmakerscrownedt hedaughterofMenel
ik,Zewdi
tu,asEmpresson1
Febr
uar
y1917.RasTefer
iMekonnenwasmadehei rt othet
hrone.

 Zewdi
tuandTeferiwor
kedwelltogether
.Zewdi
tupr
esi
dedov
eral
ldel
i
ber
ati
ons
i
nwhichi
mportantdeci
sionswer
et aken.

 The diarchyordualr ule marked the uni

tyofShoan for
ces i
nt he cent
ral
gover
nment .TheCouncilofMinster
swasr eor
gani
zedundert
hechair
manshipof
theMinisterofWar,Fi
tawr ar
iHabteGior
gis.

 Theconser
vat
ivel
edbyZewdi
tuandt
hepr
ogr
essi
vel
edbyTef
eri
Mekonnen.

2014E.
CPage15
 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

Thechi
efev
ent
sinhi
sri
set
opowerwer
ethef
oll
owi
ng,
inchr
onol
ogi
calor
der
.

1.In1918,t
welvemember softheCounci
lofMi ni
stersr
emov edfrom powerexcept
Onl
yt he Minst
er of War,Fit
awrar
iHabt e Gi
orgis,accused of corrupti
on and
embezzl
ement*Thecapt
ureofLi
jIy
asuin1921eli
minatedonerival
fort
hethr one.

2.I
n1923Et hi
opiabecameamemberoft heLeagueofNat
ionsundert
hepr
econdi
ti
on
ofabol
i
tionofthesl
avetradeandsl
aver
y.

3.In1924RasTefer
iandsomeofhisnobi
l
itymadeagrandt
ourt
oEur ope,seeki
ngf
ir
st
handexposur
et owester
ncivi
l
izat
ionaswellastr
yingtogetaccesst otheseafor
Ethi
opia.

4.ThenaturaldeathsofFitawrar
iHabteGiorgisandAbuneMet ewosi n1926werealso
agol denopportunit
yf orRasTef er
i,ast het wo ver
yst r
ong mi l
i
taryand rel
i
gious
chal
lenger
st ohispol i
ti
calambiti
onswerer emovedinsuccession.Het ookoverthe
armyofFitawrar
iHabteGi orgi
sanddist
ri
butedhislar
getractoflandtoall
ies.

5.In1927RasTef erisucceededingett
ingtheuncondit
ionalsurr
enderofanother
str
ongopponenttohisgrowingpower,DejachBalchaSaf
o,thegov er
norofSidamo.
Thatprosper
ousprov
incewasgi venf
ir
sttoanallyandthent otheson-i
n-l
aw ofRas
Tefer
i,RasDest
aDamtew.

6.In1928DejachAbaWuqaw, commanderoftheImper
ialBodyguard,r
ev olt
edagai
nst
RasTeferii
ndef enceofthedecreasi
ngpowerofEmpressZewdi tu.But,hewassoon
for
cedt osurrenderandhewasatf i
rstsent
encedtodeath,thoughl aterthi
swas
changedtol
ifeimprisonment
..

7.I
nOct ober1928Zewdit
ufor
mal
lycr
ownedTef
erNegus.Hewasmade“
kingof
Et
hiopi
a,Hei
rtotheThr
one”

8.On31March1930theimper
ialar
myunderthecommandofthenewMinist
erofWar ,
RasMuluget
aYigezu,f
oughtthearmyofGugsaatt hebatt
leofAnchem,neart he
Last
a-Begemdi
rborder
.Gugsadiedinact
ion.Twoday
slat
erZewdit
udied,repor
tedl
y
ofdi
abet
es.

9.TeferiwascrownedEmper
orHai
leSel
lassi
eIofEt
hiopi
aon2Nov
ember
,1930byan
i
mpr essiv
ecoronat
ioncer
emony
.

3.
4.3.TheEmer
genceoft
heAbsol
uti
stSt
ate,
1930-
35

1. I
n1931helai
dal egalbasi
sfort
heabsol
uti
stst
atebyi
ssui
ngt
hef
ir
stwr
it
ten
Const
it
uti
onf
orEt
hiopi
a.

2014E.
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 Hi
stor
yGr
ade12Shor
tNot
e

2.Hai
l
eSel
l
assi
ecompl
etedt
hepr
ocessofbui
l
dingcent
ral
i
zedadmi
nist
rat
ion.

3.The absolut
istst
ate wor
ked har
d atf
iscalcent
ral
izat
ion,mai
nlyi
n cust
oms
admi
nist
rati
on.

4.Theemergingabsoluti
ststategavedueattent
iontothemoder ni
zati
onofitsarmy.
Moreover
,in1934theEt hi
opiangovernmentopenedthefi
rstof
fi
cert r
aini
ngschoolat
Holet
aGannatbyrecruit
ingit
steachi
ngstafff
rom Swedi
shoffi
cers.

Tel
egr
am f
tps:
//t
.me/
fana_
educat
ion

ከ9-
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2014E.
CPage17