Learning Goals

• Proving trigonometric identities

• Graph the base sine and cosine functions over any domain

• Graphing sine and cosine with transformations

• Graph sine and cosine functions given an amplitude, a period,

Chapter 5: Trigonometry II a vertical displacement, and phase shift in the form of ((*) =

- sin(2(* − ℎ)) + 6
• Determine the equation in terms of sine or cosine given any

sinusoidal function

• Understand the relationship between the sine and cosine

graphs

• Determine periodic equations from given information and a

point

• Graph a sinusoidal function given information regarding the

key properties

• Create a sinusoidal function that models the height vs. time of

a person on a Ferris wheel

86
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.1 Trigonometric Identities I
5.1 Trigonometric Identities I The Pythagorean Identity
Learning Goals
• Understand what an identity is and how to prove simple identities sin! è + cos! è = 1
• Prove simple identities using a left side/right side approach
Proof.
The Reciprocal Formulas
1 1 1 Left Side Right Side
csc è = sec è = cot è =
sin è cos è cot è

The Quotient Formulas

sin è cos è
tan è = cot è =
cos è sin è

FGH I
Proof of tan è = JKF I.

Left Side Right Side

(Try proving the second identity on your own.)

87
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.1 Trigonometric Identities I
Example 1 Example 3
Prove that Prove that
tan = cos = = sin =
tan! = − sin! = = sin! = tan! =

Example 2
Prove that
1
cos = + cos = tan! = =
cos =

88
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.2 Trigonometric Identities II
Example 2
5.2 Trigonometric Identities II Prove that
Learning Goals sec ! è + csc ! è = sec ! è csc ! è
• Prove identities with multiple steps

Example 1
Prove that
1 + cot =
= sin = + cos =
csc =

89
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.2 Trigonometric Identities II
Example 3
Prove that the following is not true

cos è − 1 cos è + 1
=
1 − sec è 1 − sec è

90
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine
Properties of Sine Curve
5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine Five fixed points for graphing the base sine function
Learning Goals
• Graph the base sine and cosine functions over any domain with a period of
x sin =
360°
0o
• Understand the properties of these graphs: range, maximum and minimum
90o
points, fixed points, period, amplitude, increasing or decreasing
• Understand what it means for functions to be periodic 180o
270o
Definition. A periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals 360o
or periods.
Maximum value: Minimum value: Amplitude:
Investigation
Graph the function Ç(=) = sin = , −360E ≤ = ≤ 360E , by completing the table of values Domain:
and plotting the points.
Range:
= Ç(=) = sin = = Ç(=) = sin =
Period:
0o 180o
30o 270o
Sinusoidal axis:
60o 360o
90o

y
Definitions. The period of a sinusoidal function is the distance required for the function
to complete one full cycle. The sinusoidal axis is the “middle” of the graph of the
function. The amplitude is the height from the sinusoidal axis of the function to its
1 maximum or minimum.

Graph the function Ç(=) = cos = , −360E ≤ = ≤ 360E , by completing the table of values
x
and plotting the points.
-360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

= Ç(=) = cos = = Ç(=) = cos =

0o 180o
-1 30o 270o
60o 360o
90o

91
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine

-360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

-1

Properties of Cosine Curve

Five fixed points for graphing the base cosine function

x cos =
0o
90o
180o
270o
360o

Maximum value: Minimum value: Amplitude:

Domain:

Range:

Period:

Sinusoidal axis:

92
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I

−sin "

2
1

3 sin "

sin "
Learning Goals

sin "

x
• Graph sine and cosine functions given a vertical stretch or compression over
any domain and understands how this affects the amplitude
• Graph sine and cosine functions given a vertical stretch or compression with
a vertical displacement and a horizontal phase shift over any domain

0o
• Determine the range, maximum or minimum values of each transformed
function

90o
Investigation
Changing the value of a in Ç(=) = a sin =.

Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all 4

180o
functions in different colours.

y
3

270o
2

360o
1

Max
0 90 180 270 360 450

-1

Min
-2

Amplitude
-3

What properties are affected by changing the value of a?

Period
What properties are not affected by changing the value of a?

Sinusoidal
Axis
93
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Changing the value of k in Ç(=) = sin = + c.

sin " − 1

sin " + 2

sin "
Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all

x
3 functions in different colours.

0o
3

90o
1

180o
x

0 90 180 270 360 450

-1

270o
-2

360o
-3

Max
What properties are affected by changing the value of k?

Min
What properties are not affected by changing the value of k?

Amplitude
Period
Sinusoidal
Axis
94
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Changing the value of h in Ç(=) = sin(= − ℎ).

Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all
3 functions in different colours.

− 30, )
sin("

+ 90, )
sin("

sin "

x
y
3

-90o
30o

0o
2

120o

90o
0o
1

210o

180o
90o
x

-90 0 90 180 270 360

300o

180o

270o
-1

390o

270o

360o
-2

Max
-3

Min
What properties are affected by changing the value of h?

Amplitude
What properties are not affected by changing the value of h?

Period
Sinusoidal
Axis
95
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Summary of Transformations
y
4
a>1 Vertical stretch by a factor of a
3
0<a<1 %
Horizontal compression by a factor of @
2

a<0 Reflection in the = axis

1
x
c>0 Vertical shift up c units.
-90 0 90 180 270 360
c<0 Vertical shift down c units. -1

-2
ℎ>0 Horizontal shift right ℎ units
-3
ℎ<0 Horizontal shift left ℎ units
-4

Example 1
When graphing, apply the mapping transformation used in Unit 3 to the base points
State the transformations of the function
of the base graph for d = sin =.
Ç(è) = −2 sin(è − 30E ) + 1 1
and then sketch one cycle of the graph. (=, d) → ( = − ℎ, ad + c)
`

Transformations:

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Range: Phase shift:

96
 sin %

sin 2%

sin %
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I

x
2
1
Example 2
State the transformations of the function

0o
Ç(è) = 0.5 cos(è + 45°) − 3
and then sketch one cycle of the graph.

45o
Transformations:

90o
135o
180o
Graph

225o
y
4

270o
3

315o
2

360o
x

-90 0 90 180 270 360

Maximum Minimum Amplitude Period Sinusoidal

-1

-2

-3

-4

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Range: Phase shift:

Axis
97
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
%
On the graph below, graph the function Ç(=) = sin ! =.
5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Learning Goals y
• Graph sine and cosine functions given a change in the k value over any
domain and understand how this affects the graph 1
• Graph sine and cosine functions given an amplitude, a period, a vertical
displacement and a phase shift in the form of f(x) = a sin (b(x-h)) + k x

• Determine the range of each transformed function 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

Investigate what k does in the function Ç(=) = a sin `(= – b) + ì and Ç(=) = -1

a cos `(= – ℎ) + c

Investigation
Changing the value of b in d = sin `=. What properties are affected by changing b?

Complete the following table, where 0E ≤ = ≤ 180°.

On the grid below, graph the function f(x) = sin x. What properties are not affected by changing b?

Period = __________ rearranging the equation makes b = ________

1

`<0 Reflection in x axis

0<`<1 %
Horizontal stretch by a factor of A
x

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

`>1 Horizontal compression by a factor of b
-1

Review of sine and cosine function. What a, b, h, k tell us in the equation

Ç(=) = a sin`(= – ℎ) + c

On the graph below, graph the function f(x) = sin 2x. Ç(=) = a sin`(= – ℎ) + c Transformation

y
a Vertical stretch or compression

x
b Horizontal stretch or compression
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-1 h Horizontal (or phase) shift

k Vertical shift

98
 Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Example 1. Graphing “one step at a time” or “the long way” Example 2
Graph the function %
Graph the function Ç(=) = 3cos V! = − 45E W − 1, −90 ≤ = ≤ 180E and state the
amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift.
Ç(=) = −2sin 3(= + 30E ) + 2, 0 ≤ = ≤ 180E
% %
and state the amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift. Ç(=) = 3cos V! = − 45°W − 1 Ç(=) = 3cos V! (= − 90°)W − 1

Transformations: Factor out b first.

Transformations:

%
When graphing, first sketch any reflections, stretches and compression (amplitude and Apply the mapping transformation (=, d) → (A = − ℎ, ad + c) to the base points of the
period). Then sketch the translations (horizontal and vertical) from the previous graph. base graph for d = cos =.

y y
4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1
x x

-90 0 90 180 270 360 -90 0 90 180 270 360

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

-4 -4

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis: Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Range: Phase shift: Range: Phase shift:

99
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Example 3
Graph the function Ç(è) = −2sin(6è − 180E ) + 2, 0E ≤ è ≤ 180E and state the
amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift. Don’t forget to factor out b.

Ç(è) = −2sin(6è − 180E ) + 2

Transformations:

0 90 180 270

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Range: Phase shift:

100
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
5.6 Finding the Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph What properties can we list?
Learning Goals
• Determine the equation in terms of sine or cosine given any sinusoidal Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:
function
• Understand the relationship between the sine and cosine graphs
Range: Phase shift:
Warm Up
Graph the function Ç(è) = −2cos(2è + 90E ) + 1, −180E ≤ è ≤ 180E and state the a= k= b=
amplitude, period, range, equation of axis and phase shift.

The hardest part is the phase shift. Look at some basic sine and cosine graphs.
3
Ç(=) = sin =
y
2
1.5
Basic !(#) = sin #
1
1 function starts at the
0.5
equation of axis
x
x
0 90 180 270 360 AND is increasing
-180 -90 0 90 180 -0.5

-1
-1
-1.5

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Ç(=) = cos =
y

1.5

Range: Phase shift: 1

Basic Ç(=) = cos=
0.5
function starts at
x
max value
0 90 180 270 360

This lesson asks the opposite of what was done in the warm up. A periodic function -0.5

will be given and you will need to know how to find its properties and equation. -1

-1.5

Example 1
Given the function on the graph
Ç(=) = −sin =
y
y
4
1.5 Basic Ç(=) = −sin=
3 1 function starts at the
0.5 equation of axis
2 x
AND is decreasing
0 90 180 270 360
-0.5
1
-1
x
-1.5
-90 0 90 180 101
-1
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
Ç(=) = −cos = Example 2
y Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below
1.5
y
1 Basic Ç(=) = −bëô =
0.5 function starts a 1
x

0 90 180 270 360 min value x

-0.5
-180 -90 0 90 180
-1
-1
-1.5

-2

Looking back at Example 1, we know a = 2, c = 2, ` = 2 -3

y
4
Step 1: Write down the properties of the function and draw the sinusoidal axis of the
3 graph.

2
Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

x Range:
-90 0 90 180

-1
a= k= b=

Step 2: Label the four points: sinusoidal axis where graph is increasing or decreasing,
There are four different classes of equations based on this graph. By labeling the four maximum and minimum values.
points (maximum value, minimum value, sinusoidal axis where the graph is increasing,
and sinusoidal axis where graph is decreasing) we can then determine the phase shifts.

Draw the sinusoidal axis on the graph. Write the equations with the
phase shifts.

Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift Equations

f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing

f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing

f(x) = cos x Maximum value

f(x) = -cos x Minimum value

102
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
Step 3: List the four equations of the four functions and phase shifts found in step 2. Step 1: Write down the properties of the function and draw the sinusoidal axis of the
graph.
Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift
f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing

Range:
f(x) = cos x Maximum value
a= k= d=
f(x) = -cos x Minimum value
Step 2: Label the four points: sinusoidal axis where graph is increasing or decreasing,
maximum and minimum values.
Use one of the equations to write the transformations of the graph.

Step 3: List the four equations of the four functions and phase shifts found in step 2.

Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift

f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing

Example 3 f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing

Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below
f(x) = cos x Maximum value
y
f(x) = -cos x Minimum value
4
Use one of the equations to write the transformations of the graph.
3

-270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360 450

103
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Point
Finding an Equation Using a Point
5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Example 2
The function Ç(è) = 2 sin è + c passes through the point (90o, 8). What is the equation
Point
of the function?
Learning Goals
• Determine periodic equations from given information and a point

Warm Up
Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below
2 y

1
x

0 90 180 270
-1

-2

-3

-4 Example 3
The function d = sin cè passes through (45o, 1). What is the equation of the function?
-5

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

Range:

Finding an Equation with Given Properties

Example 1
%
A sine function has an amplitude of !, a period of 270o, phase shift of 10o left and a
vertical displacement up 3. Find the equation.

104
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Point
Example 4
A function has a period of 80o, an altitude of 30 and an equation of axis of y = 31.
The function also goes through the point (40o, 61).
a) Find a sine function which satisfies these conditions.

b) Find a cosine function which satisfies these conditions.

105
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.8 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions I
5.8 Word Problems Modeled with Periodic Functions I
Learning Goals b) Write an equation which expresses your height as a function of the elapsed time.
• Graph a sinusoidal function given information regarding the key properties
• Create a sinusoidal function that models the height vs. time of a person on a
ferris wheel
• Given a sinusoidal function, determine when a rider is at a certain height and
vice versa.

Example 1
A Ferris wheel has a radius of 30 m. It rotates once every 80 seconds. The bottom of
the chair is 1 m above level ground. Assume you are at position A when the ride
begins.

a) Draw a graph showing how your height above the ground varies during the first
two cycles.
c) Calculate your height above the ground after 10 seconds.

d) When during the first cycle will you be at a height of 25 m? (Hint: There is more
than one answer.)

106
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.8 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions I
Example 2 c) What is the height of point Q after 4 seconds?
A windmill has its centre 10 m above the ground and blades
2 m in length. When the blades of the windmill are moving,
the tip of any one blade (call it point Q) makes a complete
rotation in 12 sec.

a) Sketch the graph for two complete rotations if point Q is

located at the lowest possible point at time t = 0.

d) At what time(s) will Q be exactly 9 m above the ground?

b) Determine an equation that gives the height of point Q at any time t.

107
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.9 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions II
5.9 Word Problems Modeled by Periodic Functions II d) Use your equation to determine the depth of the water at 5 pm.

Example 1
On a certain day at 2 pm, the depth of water off a pier at high tide (maximum) was 8
m. After 8 hours it reached its lowest depth of 2 m. (Assume time equals zero (t = 0)
at 12 pm).

a) What is the period of one complete cycle?

b) Draw a graph of the depth of water versus time for a 24 hour period of time. e) At what times during a 24 hours period is the depth of the tide 6 m?

c) Find an equation for the depth of water in relation to time elapsed in hours.

108
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.9 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions II
Example 2
The depth of the ocean at a swim buoy can be modelled by y = 3 sin 30t, where y is
the water depth in metres and t is the time in hours. Consider a day for which t = 0
represents 12:00 midnight. For that day, when do high and low tides occur?

109
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.9 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions II

110