XBCS1013 CALCULUS

Chapter 5:
Integration

Hemavathi Ramulu
Department of Computing
School of Computing & Creative Media
KDU University College
 Outline
 Area approximation under curve
 Definition of integrals
 Fundamentals of Theorem Calculus
 Working with Integrals
 Substitution rule
Techniques of Integration
 Integration by substitution

 Integration by parts
 Integration by Substitution
a) Identify the part of the integrand which can be
substituted by u = g(x).
du
b) Compute  g '  x   du  g '  x  dx
dx
c) Express  f  x  dx in term of u and du.
f  g  x  g '  x  dx   f  u  du

d) Perform integration with respect to u.

e) Substitute initial variable x by replacing u with g(x).

   x  2
Example 1: 5
dx
Let u  x  2
du  dx
 u du
5

1 6
 u C
6
 x  2
6

 C
6


Example 2:
One of the clues that we look for is if


we can find a function and its
1  x  2 x dx
2
derivative in the integrand.

The derivative of 1 x 2
is 2 x dx.
1

u Let u  1  x
2 2
du
3 du  2 x dx
2
 u C 2
3
3
2
 1 x
3
 
2 2
C


Example 3:
2
x
 x 1
dx Let u  x  1 x  u 1
du  dx
 u  1
2

 1
du
2
u
u 2  2u  1
 1
du
2
u
 32 1
 
1
   u  2u 2  u 2  du
 
2 52 4 32 1
2 5
4 3 1
 u  u  2u 2  c   x  1 2   x  1 2  2  x  1 2  c
5 3 5 3 
 Integration by parts
d dv du
Product Rule:
 uv   u  v
dx dx dx
d dv du
 dx  uv dx   u dxdx   v dx dx
uv   udv   vdu

 udv  uv   vdu
  udv  uv   vdu
1) Identity u and dv

2) Find du and v

3) Substitute the values and evaluate

  dx
x
Example 1: xe

u=x dv= exdx

du = dx v = ex

 xe dx  xe   e dx
x x x

 xe dx  xe e C
x x x
Example 2:
 ln x dx
u = lnx dv= dx

du = 1/x dx v=x

1
 ln x dx  x ln x   x x dx
 x ln x  1 dx

 ln x dx  x ln x  x  C
 x
2
Example 3: ln xdx
u = lnx dv= x2dx

du = 1/x dx v = x3 /3

3 3
x x 1
 x ln xdx  3 ln x   3 x dx
2

3 2
x x
 ln x   dx
3 3
3 3
x x
 x ln xdx  3 ln x  9  C
2
 Area Under a Graph
ba y  f ( x)
Width: x 
n
(n rect.)

a b
Idea: To find the exact area under the graph of a
function.

Method: Use an infinite number of rectangles of equal

width and compute their area with a limit.
 Area Under a Graph
y  f ( x)

a b
f continuous, nonnegative on [a, b]. The area, A is

A  lim  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  ...  f ( xn ) x
n
xn, xn, …,xn are arbitrary, n subintervals each with
width (b - a)/n.
 Definite Integral
Let f be defined on [a, b]. If

lim  f ( x1 )  f ( x2 )  ...  f ( xn ) x
n

exists for all xn, xn, …,xn in the n subintervals each with
width (b - a)/n, then this limit is called the definite integral
of f from a to b and is denoted:

b
a f ( x)dx

b is the upper limit, a is the lower limit.

Integrability of a Function

Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then f is integrable on [a, b];

that is, b
a f ( x)dx exists.

Geometric Interpretation

y  f ( x)
R1 R3
a R2 b
b
a f ( x)dx  Area of R1 – Area of R2 + Area of R3
 Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Let f be continuous on [a, b]. Then
b
a f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)
where F is any antiderivative of f.
Properties of the Definite Integral
a
1.  a
f ( x)dx  0
b a
2. a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
b
b b
3. a
cf ( x)dx  c  f ( x)dx
a
(c is a constant)

  f ( x)  g ( x)  dx  
b b b
4. f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a a

 a  c  b
b c b
5. a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a c
  f  x  dx  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b c c

a b a

Intervals can be added

(or subtracted.)
y  f  x

a b c
 Substitution for Definite Integrals
Example 1: Evaluate   2 x  3  x  3x  dx
1 1/2
2
0

let u  x2  3x Notice limits

then du   2 x  3 dx change

0  2 x  3  x 
1 4
dx   u1/ 2 du
1/ 2
2
 3x
0
4
2 3/ 2
 u
When x = 0, u = 0 3 0
x = 1, u = 4
16

3
Example 2:
Evaluate u = x2 + 1 du
du = 2x dx  dx
1 2x
 x( x  1) dx
2 3

When x = 0, u = 1
3 du
  x(u ) x = 1, u = 2
2x
2
u  4
 
8
1
4 1

16 1 15
   
x  1
2
 16 1 15
  
8 8 8 8  8 8 8
0