02 Definite Integration

b
A definite integral is denoted by  f ( x )dx
a
which represents the algebraic area bounded by the curve

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the ordinates 𝑥 = a, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥-axis.

Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integral:

b

 f ( x )dx
a
represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figure bounded by curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and

lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏. The areas above the 𝑥 −axis enter into this sum with plus sign, while those below
b
the 𝑥-axis enter it with a minus sign. i.e. If 𝑓(𝑥) > 0  𝑥  [𝑎, 𝑏], then  f ( x )dx is always > 0 (when 𝑎 < 𝑏)
a

b
& if 𝑓(𝑥) < 0  𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], then  f ( x ) dx is always < 0 (when 𝑎 < 𝑏).
a

c1

Let  f ( x)dx = A
a
1 0

c2

 f ( x)dx = A
c1
2 0

c3 b b

 f ( x)dx = A3  0 & 
c3
f ( x )dx = A4  0 then  f ( x)dx = A
a
1 + A2 + A3 + A4
c2

Note :
b
If  f ( x )dx = 0 then the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has atleast one root lying in (𝑎, 𝑏) provided 𝑓 is a continuous
a

function in (𝑎, 𝑏) while the converse is not true.

Illustration 1:

20
2
𝑎 5 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑏
7

then find :-
b a c d e
(i) 
a
f ( x ) dx (ii) 
b
f ( x ) dx (iii) 
e
f ( x ) dx (iv) 
a
f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx
b

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Solution:
A (Sign convention) :
(a) Left to right : above 𝑥-axis → +𝑣𝑒
Left to right : below 𝑥-axis → – 𝑣𝑒
(b) Right to left : above 𝑥-axis → – 𝑣𝑒
Right to left : below 𝑥-axis → +𝑣𝑒
b c d e b
(i) 
a
f ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx
a c d e

= −5 + 20 − 7 + 2
= −12 + 2 + 20 = −10 + 20 = 10
a
(ii)  f ( x) dx = (−2) + (7) + (−20) + 5 = −10
b

c
(iii)  f ( x) dx = 7 + (−20) = −13
e

d e
(iv) 
a
f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx = ( −5 + 20) + ( −2) = 13
b

Illustration 2:
2

 xdx =
0

Solution:

(2, 2)

0 2

1
Area =  2 2 = 2
2
Illustration 3:
2

 xdx =
−1

Solution:
−1 3
Sum of algebraic area = +2 = (2, 2)
2 2
b 1/2 2
–1
on [a, b], then a
f ( x )dx = F (b ) − F ( a )
0 2
where F is any antiderivative
of 𝑓, that is, a function such that 𝐹′ = 𝑓. (– 1, – 1)

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Definite Integration
Definite Integral as The Limit of Sum :
𝑌 S

𝑀 𝐷
𝑄 𝐶 𝐿

𝑋′ 𝑂 𝑎𝑃=𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝑅
𝑥𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑋
𝑥𝑟–1
01 2 𝑛
𝑌′
b
If 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] then the definite integral  f ( x )dx is numerically equal to the area bounded by
a

the curve y = 𝑓(𝑥), the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥 −axis.

To evaluate area of the region 𝑃𝑅𝑆𝑄𝑃 between this curve, 𝑥 −axis and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏,
divide the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛 equal subintervals denoted by
[𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ], [𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ], . . . . . , [𝑥𝑟 –1 , 𝑥𝑟 ] . . . . . . . . [𝑥𝑛 – 1 , 𝑥𝑛 ], where 𝑥0 = 𝑎, 𝑥1 = 𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑥2 = 𝑎 + 2ℎ, . . . . , 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ
b–a
and 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑛ℎ or ℎ = . We note that as 𝑛 → , ℎ → 0.
n
The region 𝑃𝑅𝑆𝑄𝑃 under consideration is the sum of 𝑛 subregions, where each subregion is defined on
subintervals [𝑥𝑟−1 , 𝑥𝑟 ], 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3, ...., 𝑛.
From Figure, we have area of the rectangle (𝐴𝐵𝐿𝐶) <area of the region (𝐴𝐵𝐷𝐶𝐴) < area of the rectangle
(𝐴𝐵𝐷𝑀) ...(1)
Evidently as 𝑥𝑟 − 𝑥𝑟–1 → 0, i.e., ℎ → 0 all the three areas shown in (1) become nearly equal to each other.
Now we form the following sums.
n −1
𝑠𝑛 = ℎ[𝑓(𝑥0 )+ . . . . +𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 )] = h  f ( xr ) ...(2)
r =0
n
and 𝑆𝑛 = ℎ[𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥2 )+ . . . . +𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )] = h f ( xr ) ...(3)
r =1

Hence, 𝑠𝑛 and 𝑆𝑛 denote the sum of areas of all lower rectangles and upper rectangle raised over
subintervals [𝑥𝑟−1 , 𝑥𝑟 ] for 𝑟 = 1, 2, 3, . . . . . , 𝑛, respectively.
In view of the inequality (1) for an arbitrary subinterval [𝑥𝑟–1 , 𝑥𝑟 ], we have
𝑠𝑛 < area of the region 𝑃𝑅𝑆𝑄𝑃 < 𝑆𝑛 ...(4)
As 𝑛 →  strips become narrower and narrower, it is assumed that the limiting values of (2) and (3) are
the same in both cases and the common limiting values is the required area under the curve.
Symbolically, we write
b
lim Sn = lim sn = area of the region PRSQP =  f ( x )dx ...(5)
n → n →
a

It follows that this area is also the limiting value of any area which is between that of the rectangles below
the curve and that of the rectangles above the curve, For the sake of convenience, we shall take rectangles
with height equal to that of the curve at the left hand edge of each subinterval. Thus, we rewrite (5) as
b

 f ( x)dx = lim h[ f (a ) + f (a + h) + .... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]

a
h →0

b
1
or  f ( x)dx = (b − a)lim n [ f (a) + f (a + h) + .... + f (a + (n − 1)h)]
a
n →
...(6)

b−a
where h = → 0 as n → 
n

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The above expression (6) is known as the definition of definite integral as the limit of sum.
Evaluating a definite integral by evaluating the limit of a sum is called evaluating definite integral by first
principle or by ab-initio method.
Remark : The value of the definite integral of a function over any particular interval depends on the
function and the interval, but not on the variable of integration that we choose to represent the
independent variable. If the independent variable is denoted by 𝑡 or 𝑢 instead of 𝑥, we simply write the
b b b
integral as  f (t )dt
a
or  f (u )du
a
instead of  f ( x )dx . Hence, the variable of integration is called a dummy
a

variable.
Illustration 4:
2
Find  ( x2 + 1)dx as the limit of a sum.
0

Solution:
b−a
b
1
By definition  f ( x)dx = (b − a )lim n [ f (a ) + f (a + h) + ...... + f (a + (n − 1)h)] , where h =
a
n → n
2−0 2
Here 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1, ℎ = =
n n
1 2 4  2( n − 1)  
2

( x + 1) dx = 2lim  f (0) + f   + f   + .... + f 

2
Therefore, 
0
n → n
 n n  n 
1   22   42   (2n − 2)2 
= 2lim 1 +  2 + 1  +  2 + 1  + .... +  2
+ 1 
n → n
 n  n   n 
1 1 
= 2lim (1 + 1 + ..... + 1) + 2 (22 + 42 + ..... + (2n − 2)2 )
n → n
 n-terms n 
1  22 
= 2lim  n + 2 (12 + 22 + ..... + ( n − 1)2 )
n → n
 n 
1  22 ( n − 1)n(2n − 1)  1  2 ( n − 1)(2n − 1) 
= 2lim  n + 2  = 2lim  n + 
n → n
 n 6  n → n
 3 n 
 2 1  1   4  14
= 2lim 1 +  1 −  2 −   = 2 1 +  = .
n →
 3 n  n   3 3

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:

𝑌

𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑡)
area
= 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑂 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 𝑡

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Definite Integration
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is appropriately named because it establishes a connection between
the two branches of calculus : differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus arose from
the tangent problem, whereas integral calculus arose from a seemingly unrelated problem, the area
problem. Newton's teacher at Cambridge, Isaac Barrow (1630-1677), discovered that these two problems
are actually closely related. In fact, he realized that differentiation and integration are inverse processes.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus given the precise inverse relationship between the derivative and
the integral. It was Newton and Leibnitz who exploited this relationship and used it to develop calculus
into a systematic mathematical method. In particular, they saw that the Fundamental Theorem enabled
them to compute areas and integrals very easily without having to compute them as limits of sums.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
x
Part 1 : If 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], then the function 𝑔 defined by g( x ) =  f (t )dt
a
a xb

is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏), and 𝑔′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

Proof (Desirable) :
x+h x x+h

g( x + h ) − g( x )  f (t )dt −  f (t )dt  f (t )dt

g '( x ) = lim = lim a a
= lim x
...(i)
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
According to the mean value theorem for integrals the value of the expression in equation (i) is one of the
value taken on by 𝑓 in the interval joining 𝑥 and 𝑥 + ℎ. That is, for some number 𝑐 in this interval [𝑎, 𝑏],
x+h
1
h x
f (t )dt = 𝑓(𝑐) ...(ii)

We can therefore find out what happens to (1/ℎ) times the integral as ℎ → 0 by watching what happens
to 𝑓(𝑐) as ℎ → 0. As ℎ → 0, 𝑐 approaches 𝑥, and, since 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑐) approaches 𝑓(𝑥) :
 lim f (c ) = f ( x ) ...(iii)
h →0

from (i), (ii) & (iii)

x+h
1
g '( x ) = lim
h →0 h x
f (t )dt = lim f (c ) = f ( x )
h →0

b
Part 2 : If 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], then  f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a )
a

where 𝐹 is any antiderivative of 𝑓, that is, a function such that 𝐹 ′ = 𝑓.

Evaluating Definite Integrals by Finding Antiderivatives:

Illustration 5:
2

 2xdx =  x 
2
2
1 =4–1=3
1

Illustration 6:
sin −1 x
1


0 1 − x2
dx

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Solution:
sin–1 𝑥 = 𝑡
at x = 0
dx t =0
= dt
1 − x2 at x = 1
t = /2
/2 /2
 t2  2

0
t dt =  
 2 0
=
8
Illustration 7:
 x, x  1
f ( x) = 
sin x , x  1

find  f ( x) dx .
0

Solution:
1 


0
f ( x ) dx +  f ( x ) dx
1
1 

 x dx +  sin x dx
0 1

= (𝑥)10 + (−cos𝑥)1𝜋 = 2 + cos1

Illustration 8:
n2
ex

0 1 + ex
dx

Solution:
1 + 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑥 =0𝑡 =2
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 = ℓ𝑛2  𝑡 = 1 + 2 = 3
3
3


dt
( n t )2 = n 
3

2
t 2
Illustration 9:
a
x2 dx

0 a6 − x6
,𝑎 >0

Solution:
M-1 : Put 𝑥 3 = 𝑡
3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
 x3 
M-2 : 𝑥 3 = 𝑎3 sin  sin −1  3  = 
a 
d
3x2 = a3 cos 
dx
/2 /2
1 a3 cos d  1 a3 cos d 
3 
0 a6 − a6 sin2 
=
3 
0 a3 cos 
1 /2 
(  )0 =
3 6

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Definite Integration
Illustration 10:

dx

 ( x − )( − x )


Solution:
Put √𝑥 − 𝛼 = 𝑡
𝑥 − 𝛼 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
2t dt dt
t  2
( − (t + ) 2
( − ) − t 2

 t   −1
−1
 x −  
 2sin    2sin   
 −     −    

 
 2 − 0   
2 

Walli’s Theorem:
 /2  /2
( n − 1)( n − 3).....(1 or 2)
 sin n x dx =  cos x dx =
n
(a) K
0 0
n( n − 2).....(1 or 2)

π / 2 if n is even
where K = 
1 if n is odd
 /2
[( n − 1)( n − 3)( n − 5)....1 or 2][(m − 1)(m − 3)....1 or 2]
 sin x.cos m x dx =
n
(b) K
0
( m + n )( m + n − 2)( m + n − 4)....1 or 2

 if both m and n are even ( m , n  N )
Where K =  2

1 otherwise
Illustration 11:
 /2

 cos
6
x dx
0

Solution:
531 
n=6= 
6  4 2 2
Illustration 12:
 /4

 sin
5
2x dx
0

Solution:
put 2𝑥 = 𝑡
 /2  /2
dt 1 1  4  21  4
=  sin5t =  sin t dt
5
=  =
0
2 2 0 2  5  3  1  15

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Illustration 13:
 /2

 sin
4
2x dx
0

Solution:
 /2  /2
 (3  1)(3  1)  

0
(2sincos x )4 dx = 16  sin 4 x  cos4 x dx = 16 
0  8  6  4  2 2 
Illustration 14:
 /2


− /2
sin 4 x cos6 x dx =

3 3 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 572 256 128
Ans. (C)
Solution:
 /2  /2
(3.1)(5.3.1)  3
= 
− /2
sin 4 x cos6 x dx = 2  sin 4 x cos6 x.dx = 2
0
. =
10.8.6.4.2 2 256

Properties of Definite Integral:

b b
P–1 : 
a
f ( x )dx =  f (t ) dt
a
(change of variable does not change value of integral)

b a
P–2 : 
a
f ( x ) dx = −  f ( x ) dx
b

Illustration 15:
4 2
d esin x 2esin x
If f ( x) = , x 0 &  dx = f (k ) − f (1) , then find possible values of 𝑘.
dx x 1
x
Ans. (16)
Solution:
𝑥2 = 𝑡
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2x  esin( x )
4 2 16 16
esin t dt d
1 x2 dx = 1 t dt  2 = 1 dt f (t ) dt = 𝑓(16) – 𝑓(1)
2 

k = 16
Illustration 16:
 /2
tan −1 x 
1

0 x dx =   sin  d  , then find .

0

Ans. 1/2
Solution:
tan −1 x
L.H.S.  x dx
Put tan–1 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑥 = tan𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡

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Definite Integration
 /4  /4  /4
t t 2t dt
=  sec2 t dt =  dt =  dt
0
tan t 0
sin t cos t 0
sin2t
2𝑡 = 
2𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑
 /2
1 
=
2  sin  d 
0

1
 =
2
b c b
P–3 :  a
f ( x ) =  f ( x ) dx +  f ( x )dx
a c

This property is useful when 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] because we can break up the integral into
several integrals at the points of discontinuity so that the function is continuous in the subinterval.
Illustration 17:
 x +3 : x 3 5
If 𝑓(𝑥) =  2 , then find  f ( x ) 𝑑𝑥.
3x + 1 : x  3 2

Solution:
3
5 3 5 3 5
 x2  5
 f ( x ) dx =  f ( x) dx +  f ( x ) dx =  ( x + 3) dx +  (3 x + 1) dx =  + 3x  +  x3 + x 
2

2 2
3
2 2 3 2 3

9−4 211
= + 3 (3 – 2) + 53 – 33 + 5 – 3 =
2 2
Illustration 18:
8
Evaluate | x − 5| dx .
2

Solution:
8 5 8

| x − 5| dx
2
=  ( − x + 5) dx +
2
 ( x –5) dx = 9
5

Illustration 19:
2 5 2
Show that  (2x + 1) dx =  (2x + 1) 𝑑𝑥 +
0 0
 (2x + 1) 𝑑𝑥
5

Solution:
L.H.S. = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥]20 = 4 + 2 = 6 ; R.H.S. = 25 + 5 – 0 + (4 + 2) – (25 + 5) = 6
 L.H.S. = R.H.S
Illustration 20:
 x2 , 0  x  2 3
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 
3x − 4, 2  x  3
then evaluate  f ( x )dx
0

Solution:
3 2 3 2 3


0
f ( x )dx =  f ( x )dx +  f ( x )dx =  x2 dx +  (3x − 4)dx
0 2 0 2
2 3
 x3   3 x 2  8 27
=  + − 4 x  = + − 12 − 6 + 8 = 37 /6
 3 0  2 2 3 2

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Illustration 21:
 | x|
3[ x] − 5 , x  0
2

If 𝑓(𝑥) =  x then  f ( x )dx is equal to ([.] denotes the greatest integer function)
2, x =0 −3/2

11 7 17
(A) – (B) – (C) –6 (D) −
2 2 2
Ans. (A)
Solution:
x
3[𝑥] − 5, = 3[ x] − 5 if 𝑥 > 0 2
x
= 3[𝑥] + 5, if 𝑥 < 0 1
2 −1 0 1 2 −2 3/2 1 2
𝑥
 
−3/2
f ( x )dx = 
−3/2
( −1)dx +  (2)dx +  ( −5)dx +  ( −2)dx
−1 0 1
−2
 3 1 11 −5
= – 1  −1 +  + 2(1) + 1( −5) + ( −2) = − + 2 − 5 − 2 = −
 2 2 2
Illustration 22:
2
The value of  ( x[ x ] + [ x2 ]x )dx , where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is equal to -
2

5 1
(A) + 3 + (2 3 − 2 2 ) + (9 − 3 3 )
4 log3

5 2 1 1
(B) + 3+ + (2 3 − 2 2 ) + (9 − 3 3 )
4 3 log2 log3

5 2 1 1
(C) + + (2 3 − 2 2 ) + (9 − 3 3 )
4 3 log2 log3
(D) none of these
Ans. (B)
Solution:
2 2 3 2
We have, 𝐼 =  ( x[ x ] + [ x2 ]x )dx =  ( x + 1)dx +  ( x2 + 2x )dx +  ( x3 + 3x )dx
2

1 1 2 3

2 3 2
 x2   x3 2x   x4 3x 
=  + x + +  +  + 
 2 1  3 log2  2  4 log3  3

5 2 1 1
= + 3+ + (2 3 − 2 2 ) + (32 − 3 3 )
4 3 log2 log3
Illustration 23:
20

 [cot
−1
Evaluate: x]dx . Here [.] is the greatest integer function.
−10

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Definite Integration
Solution:
20

 [cot x]dx , we know cot –1 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋)  𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

−1
𝐼=
−10

3, x ( − , cot 3)
2, x (cot 3, cot 2)
–1 
Thus [cot 𝑥] = 
1, x (cot 2, cot 1)
0 x (cot 1,  )
cot 3 cot 2 cot 1 20
Hence I = 
−10
3dx + 
cot 3
2dx + 
cot 2
1dx +  0dx = 30 + cot1 + cot2 + cot3
cot 1
Ans.

0 if f ( x ) is odd

a a

P–4 :  f ( x )dx =  ( f ( x ) + f ( − x )) dx =  a
 0
−a 0
2 f ( x )dx if f ( x ) is even

0 a
Proof : I = 
−a
f ( x )dx +  f ( x )dx
0

0 0 a a
Put 𝑥 =– 𝑡 in 
−a
f ( x )dx = −  f ( −t )dt =  f ( − x )dx  I =  ( f ( x ) + f ( − x )) dx
a 0 0

Note:
Odd function : 𝑓(– 𝑥) = – 𝑓(𝑥)
Even function : 𝑓(– 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Even function × Even function = Even function
Odd function × Odd function = Even function
Odd function × Even function = Odd function
Illustration 24:
3x + 3− x
1
Evaluate 
−1 1 + 3x
dx

Solution:
1
3x + 3− x
1
 3x + 3− x 3− x + 3x  1
 3x + 3− x 3x (3− x + 3x ) 

−1 1 + 3x
dx = 
0

 1+3
x
+  dx =
1 + 3− x  
0

 1+3
x
+
1 + 3x


1
1
 3x 3– x   3 3–1   1 1  1  1 8
= 
0
(3x + 3− x ) dx =  –
 n3 n3 0
 =  – – – 
 n3 n3   n3 n3 
= 3–  =
n3  3  3 n3
Illustration 25:

2
Evaluate  
cos x dx .
−
2

Solution:
 
2 2

 cos x dx = 2  cos x dx = 2 ( cos 𝑥 is even function)

 0
−
2

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 26:
 2− x 
1
Evaluate 
−1
log e   dx .
 2+ x 
Solution:
 2− x   2+ x   2− x 
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑒    𝑓(– 𝑥) = loge   = – loge   = – 𝑓(𝑥)
 2+ x   2− x   2+ x 
 2− x 
1
i.e. 𝑓(𝑥) is odd function   log
−1
e  2 + x  dx = 0
 
Illustration 27:
 1+ x 
1/2

Evaluate 
−1/2
cos x n   dx
 1− x 
Solution:
 1− x   1+ x 
𝑓(−𝑥) = cos(−𝑥) n   = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 n   =−𝑓(𝑥)  𝑓(𝑥) is odd
 1+ x   1− x 
Hence, the value of the given integral = 0.
Illustration 28:
2
cos x ex 2x cos2 x / 2  /2

If 𝑓(𝑥) = x2 sec x sin x + x3 , then the value of  ( x2 + 1)( f ( x ) + f ''( x ))dx

1 2 x + tan x − /2

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) none of these

Ans. (D)
Solution:
2
cos x ex 2x cos2 x / 2
As, 𝑓(𝑥) = x2 sec x sin x + x3
1 2 x + tan x
 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)  𝑓(𝑥) is odd
 𝑓′(𝑥) is even  𝑓′′(𝑥) is odd
Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′′(𝑥) is odd function let,
(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1).{𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′′(𝑥)} (–𝑥) = −(𝑥)
i.e. (𝑥) is odd
b b a a
P–5 : 
a
f ( x ) dx =  f ( a + b − x )dx or
a

0
f ( x )dx =  f ( a − x )dx (King)
0

b
Proof :  f ( x )dx
a

Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡
a b b


b
f ( a + b − t )( − dt ) =  f ( a + b − t ) dt =  f ( a + b − x ) dx
a a

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Definite Integration
Illustration 29:
 
2
g(sin x ) 2
g(cos x ) 
Prove that 
0
g(sin x ) + g(cos x )
𝑑𝑥 = 
0
g(sin x ) + g(cos x )
𝑑𝑥 = .
4
Solution:
    
g  sin  − x  
 2 
2 2
g(sin x )
Let I = 
g(sin x ) + g(cos x )
𝑑𝑥  I =        
𝑑𝑥
0 0
g  sin  − x   + g  cos  − x  
 2   2 

2
g(cos x )
= 
0
g(cos x ) + g(sin x )
𝑑𝑥

on adding, we obtain
 
2
 g(sin x ) g(cos x )  2

2I =   g(sin x) + g(cos x) + g(cos x) + g(sin x)  𝑑𝑥 = 
0 0
𝑑𝑥  I =
4
Illustration 30:
3
x

2 5− x + 5
dx

Solution:
3
x
I = dx
2 5− x + x
3+2− x
3
I = dx
2 5 − (3 + 2 − x) + 3 + 2 − x
5− x
3
I = dx
2 x + 5− x
3
 5− x + x  3
2I =    dx  2I = 2 dx
2 x + 5− x 
2I = ( x )2  2𝐼 = 1
3

1
I=
2
Illustration 31:

x sin x
Evaluate 
− e + 1
x
dx

Solution:
0 
x sin x x sin x
𝐼= − e x + 1 dx + 0 e x + 1 dx = I1 + I2
0
x sin x
where 𝐼1 = 
− e + 1
x
dx

Put 𝑥 = −𝑡  𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑡

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics

  x
( −t )sin( −t )( −dt ) t sin t dt  et t sin t dt
0
e x sin x dx
 𝐼1 =  −t
=  −t
=  = 
 e +1 0 e +1  e +1
t
0 ex + 1
0

 
e x x sin x x sin x
Hence 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 
0 e +1
x
dx +  x
0 e +1
dx

  
𝐼 =  x sin xdx =  (  − x ) sin (  − x ) dx =   sin xdx − I
0 0 0



 2𝐼 =  sin xdx =  − cos x 0 = 2  I = 
0

Illustration 32:
2
dx
Evaluate  (17 + 8 x − 4 x
0
2
)[e6(1− x ) + 1]
Solution:
2
dx
Let 𝐼 =  (17 + 8 x − 4 x
0
2
)[e6(1− x ) + 1]

dx
2
 a a

Also 𝐼 =
(17 + 8 x − 4 x )[e
2 −6(1− x )  
+ 1] 0  
0
f ( x )dx =  f ( a − x )dx 
0 
Adding, we get
 
2
1 1 1
2I =  2  6(1− x )
+ −6(1− x )  dx
0 17 + 8 x − 4 x  e + 1 e + 1 
2 2
1 1 dx
= dx = −  2
0 17 + 8 x − 4 x
2
4 0 x − 2x − 17 / 4
2
 21 
2  x −1− 
1 dx 1 1
=−  = −   log 2 
4 0 ( x − 1)2 − 21 / 4 4 21  21 
2 x −1+
2  2 
0
2
 2x − 2 − 21 
1 1  2 − 21 2 + 21 
=− log   𝐼 =− log − log 
4 21  2x − 2 + 21  0 8 21  2 + 21 21 − 2 


1 21 − 2 
=− log 
4 21  2 + 21 
Illustration 33:
1

 cot
−1
(1 − x + x2 )dx equals -
0

 
(A) + log 2 (B) − log 2 (C)  – log 2 (D) none of these
2 2
Ans. (B)

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Definite Integration
Solution:
1
 1 
1
 x + (1 − x ) 
 =  tan −1  2 
dx =  tan −1   dx
0  1 − x + x  0  1 − x(1 − x ) 
1 1
1
=  [tan −1 x + tan −1 (1 − x )] dx =  tan −1 x dx +  tan −1 (1 − x ) dx
0
0 0
1
   
1
1
= 2 tan x dx = 2  x tan −1 x − log(1 + x2 ) = 2 − log2 = − log2
−1

0  2 0 4 2
Illustration 34:
 /2
a sin x + b cos x

0
sin x + cos x
dx

Solution:
 /2
a sin x + b cos x
= 
0
sin x + cos x
dx ...(i)

 /2  /2
a sin(  / 2 − x ) + b cos(  / 2 − x ) a cos x + b sin x
= 
0
sin(  / 2 − x ) + cos(  / 2 − x )
dx = 
0
sin x + cos x
dx ...(ii)

 /2  /2
( a + b )(sin x + cos x )
 2 = 
0
sin x + cos x
dx =  (a + b)dx = (a + b) / 2   = (a + b) / 4
0

Illustration 35:
 /2
2sin x

0 2sin x + 2cos x
dx equals -

 
(A) 2 (B)  (C) (D)
4 2
Ans. (C)
Solution:
 /2  /2  /2
2sin x 2sin ( /2− x ) 2cos x
= 
0 2sin x + 2cos x
dx = 
0 2sin x( /2− x ) + 2cos ( /2− x )
dx = 
0 2cos x + 2sin x
dx

 /2
 
2 =  dx = 2   = 4
0

 0 if f (2a − x ) = − f ( x )

2a a a
P–6 :  f ( x )dx =  f ( x )dx +  f (2a − x )dx =  a (Queen)
0 0 0  2 
0
f ( x ) dx if f (2a − x ) = f ( x )

 /2  /2

Learn :  ln(sin x)dx = − 2
0
n2 = 
0
n(cos x )dx

2a a 2a
Proof: 0
f ( x )dx =  f ( x )dx +  f ( x )dx
0 a

Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑡
a a a a a a
=  f ( x )dx +  f ( a + t )dt =  f ( x )dx +  f (2a − t )dt =  f ( x )dx +  f (2a − x )dx
0 0 0 0 0 0

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 36:

Evaluate  cot x.cos2x dx
0

Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = cot𝑥 cos2𝑥
 𝑓( – 𝑥) = cot(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos2( – 𝑥) = –cot 𝑥 cos2𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)

  cot x cos 2 x dx = 0
0

Illustration 37:

dx
Evaluate  1 + 3cos
0
2
x
𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

1 dx
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =
1 + 3cos 2 x
⇒ 𝑓(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)   1 + 3cos
0
2
x
   

sec x dx  −1  tan x  
2 2 2 2 2 2
dx sec x dx
=2 = 2  1 + tan = 2 = tan  
0
1 + 3cos2 x 0
2
x +3 0
4 + tan2 x   2  0
  tan x   tan0 
 tan is undefined, we take limit = lim tan –1   – tan –1   = /2 – 0 = /2
2 x → /2–
 2   2 
Illustration 38:

Evaluate :  (cot –1 x )2 dx
0

Solution:

Let  =  (cot –1 x )2 dx  Let 𝑥 = cot   𝑑𝑥 = – cosec2 𝑑
0


0 2
 I =   (–cosec )d   I =  2 (co sec2 )d 
2 2

 0
2

 
2 2
= ( 2 (–cot ))
 /2
+ 2  cot  d   I = 0 + 2  cot  d 
0
0 0

  Standard result
2    
= (2 n sin )0
/2
–2  n sin  d   2 –
=0–2×  – 2  n2 = 𝑛2.
 
0   n sin  d  = n2
 0 2

Illustration 39:

xdx
Evaluate  1 + cos
0
2
x

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Definite Integration
Solution:
  
xdx (  − x )dx dx
Let 𝐼 = 0 1 + cos2 x = 0 1 + cos2(  − x) = 0 1 + cos2 x − I
  /2  /2
dx dx sec2 xdx
 2𝐼 =  = 2 0 1 + cos2 x = 2 0 2 + tan2 x
0 1 + cos x
2

Let tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 so that for 𝑥 → 0, 𝑡 → 0 and for 𝑥 → /2, 𝑡 → . Hence we can write,
 
dt 1  −1 t  2
𝐼 =  =  tan  = Ans.
0
2+ t 2
2 2 0 2 2
Illustration 40:
 /2  /2

Prove that 
0
log(sin x )dx =  log(cos x)dx = − 2 log2
0

Solution:
 /2

Let I =  log(sin x)dx

0
...(i)

 /2  /2
 
then 𝐼 = 
0
log sin  − x  dx =
2   log(cos x)dx
0
...(ii)

adding (i) and (ii), we get

 /2  /2  /2

2𝐼 = 
0
log sin x dx + 
0
log cos x dx =  (log sin x + log cos x)dx
0

 /2  /2
 2sin x cos x 
 2𝐼 = 
0
log(sin x cos x )dx =  log 
0
2
 dx

 /2  /2  /2  /2
 sin2x 
 log sin2x . dx − ( log2) ( x )
 /2
= 
0
log 
 2 
 dx = 
0
log(sin2x )dx − 
0
(log2)dx =
0
0

 /2

 2𝐼 =  log(sin2x)dx − 2 log2
0
...(iii)

 /2

Let 𝐼1 =  log(sin2x)dx ,
0
putting 2𝑥 = 𝑡, we get

   /2
dt 1 1
𝐼1 =  log ( sin t ) =  log ( sin t ) dt = .2  log(sin t )dt
0
2 20 2 0
 /2

𝐼1 =  log(sin x)dx
0


 (iii) becomes; 2𝐼 = 𝐼 − log2
2
 /2

Hence  log sin x dx = − 2 log2
0

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 41:
 /2

 (2log sin x − log sin2x)dx equals -

0

(A)  log 2 (B) – log 2 (C) (/2) log 2 (D) –(/2) log 2
Ans. (D)
Solution:
 /2  /2

= 
0
(2log sin x − log2sin x cos x )dx =  (2logsin x − log2 − log sin x − log cos x)dx
0

 /2  /2  /2

= 
0
log sin xdx − 
0
log2dx −  log cos xdx = – (/2) log 2
0

P – 7 Let 𝑓(𝑥) be periodic function with period ‘𝑇’ i.e. 𝑓(𝑇 + 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) (Jack)
Eg. sin𝑥, cos𝑥 : Period 2
tan𝑥, cot𝑥, |sin𝑥|, |cos𝑥|,sin2𝑥 : Period 
{𝑥}, 𝑥 – [𝑥], e{x} : Period 1
nT T
(i) 
0
f ( x )dx = n  f ( x ) dx ,𝑛  𝐼
0
T +a T
(ii) 
a
f (t )dt will be independent of 𝑎 and equal to  f (t )dt
0
a + nT nT T
(iii)  a
f ( x )dx =  0
f ( x )dx = n  f ( x )dx
0
b + nT b
(iv) 
a + nT
f ( x )dx =  f ( x )dx , where 𝑛 ∈ 𝐼.
a
nT T
(v)
mT
 f ( x )dx = ( n − m) f ( x )dx , where 𝑛, 𝑚 ∈ 𝐼.
0
nT nT mT
Proof: 
mT
f ( x )dx = 
0
f ( x )dx − 
0
f ( x )dx

T T
= n  f ( x )dx − m  f ( x )dx
0 0
T
= ( n − m) f ( x )dx
0

Illustration 42:
5

e 𝑑𝑥, where {.} denotes the fractional part function.

{ x}
Evaluate
−3

Solution:
5 1

e 𝑑𝑥 = (5–(–3)) e{ x } dx
{ x}

−3 0
1
= 8 e x dx = 8 ( e x ) = 8 (e –1)
1

0
0

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Definite Integration
Illustration 43:
4
Evaluate  |cos x | dx
0

Solution:
Note that |cos 𝑥| is a periodic function with period . Hence the given integral.


 2 

 
𝐼 = 4  |cos x | dx = 4   cos xdx −  cos xdx  = 4 sin x0 − sin x/2  = 41 + 1 = 8
/2 

0  0 
2


Illustration 44:
16  /3

Evaluate 
0
|sin x | dx

Solution:
16  /3 5 5 + /3   /3


0
|sin x | dx =  |sin x | dx +
0

5
|sin x | dx = 5|sin x | dx +
0
 |sin x | dx
0

 1  21
= 5 − cos x0 + − cos x0
 /3
= 10 +  − + 1  =
 2  2
Illustration 45:
2 n
Evaluate:  [sin x + cos x]dx . Here [.] is the greatest integer function.
0

Solution:
2 n 2
Let 𝐼 =  [sin x + cos x]dx = n  [sin x + cos x]dx
0 0

( [sin𝑥 + cos𝑥] is periodic function with period 2]

 
1, 0 x 
2

0,  3
x
 2 4

 −1, 3
x
 4
[sin x + cos x] = 
 −2, 3
 x
 2
 3 7
 −1, x
 2 4
 7
0,  x  2
 4
 /2 3/4  3/2 7 /4 2

Hence 𝐼 = n   1dx +  0dx +  −1dx +  −2dx +  −1dx +  0dx 
 0 /2 3/4  3/2 7 /4 
 3 7 3 
𝐼 = n  + 0 −  + − 3 + 2 − + + 0 = − n
2 4 4 2 

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 46:
1000 n
Evaluate   |cos2x |dx
n =1 n –1

Solution:
1 2 1000 1000

|cos2x | 𝑑𝑥 + |cos2x | 𝑑𝑥 + ........+

0 1

999
|cos2x | 𝑑𝑥 =  |cos2x | 𝑑𝑥
0

Now |cos2𝜋𝑥| is a periodic function of period 1/2

1
2
I = 2000 |cos2x | dx  I = 2000 × 2 = 4000
0

Illustration 47:
2

 x[ x]dx
−1

Solution:
2 0 1 2
=  x[ x]dx   x[ x]dx +  x[ x]dx +  x[ x]dx
−1 −1 0 1
0 2
0 2 0 2
 x2   x2 
=  x( −1) dx +  0 +  x(1) dx = −  x dx +  x dx  −   +  
−1 1 −1 1  2 −1  2 1
  1   4 1  1 3 4
= −0 −   +  −  = + = = 2
  2  2 2 2 2 2

Leibnitz Theorem:
h( x )
dF ( x )
If 𝐹(𝑥) = 
g( x )
f (t )dt , then
dx
= ℎ′ (𝑥)𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) − 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

h( x )

Proof : Let 𝑃(𝑡) =  f (t )dt  𝐹(𝑥) = 

g( x )
f (t )dt = 𝑃(ℎ(𝑥)) − 𝑃(𝑔(𝑥))

dF ( x )
 = 𝑃′ (ℎ(𝑥))ℎ′ (𝑥) − 𝑃′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(ℎ(𝑥))ℎ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)
dx
Illustration 48:
x2
If 𝐹(𝑥) = 
x
tan tdt , then find 𝐹′(𝑥).

Solution:
𝐹′(𝑥) = 2𝑥. tan x2 – 1. tan x
Illustration 49:
x3
1
If 𝐹(𝑥) =  nt
dt then find 𝐹′(𝑒)
x2

Solution:
3x2 2x x2 x x( x –1) e(e –1)
𝐹′(𝑥) = 3
– 2
= – = , now 𝐹′(𝑒)= = 𝑒(𝑒– 1)
nx nx nx nx nx ne

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Definite Integration
Illustration 50:
x2
sin t tan tdt
Evaluate : lim+ 
x →0
0 x4
Solution:
Applying L’hospital rule
2x sin x tan x
lim+
x →0 4 x3
1  sin x  tan x  1
 lim =
x→ 0 2  x   x  2
Illustration 51:
x
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =  (t –1)(t –2)2 𝑑𝑡, then find a point of minimum
0

Solution:
x
𝑓(𝑥) =  (t –1)(t –2)2 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑓′(𝑥) = (𝑥 – 1)(𝑥 – 2)2

– + +
– 1 2 
 𝑥 = 1 is the point of minimum
 17 
1
1 5 17
𝑓(1) =  (t 3 –5t 2 + 8t – 4)dt = – + 4 – 4 = – . Hence  1,–  is a point of minimum
0
4 3 12  12 
Illustration 52:
x2 2
t − 5t + 4
Find the points of maxima/minima of 
0 2 + et
dt

Solution:
𝑦

𝑥
−2 −1 𝑂 1 2

Graph of 𝑓’(𝑥)
x2 2
t − 5t + 4
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =  dt
0 2 + et
x − 5x2 + 4
4
( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 2)( x + 2)2 x
𝑓′(𝑥) = 2x − 0 =
2+ e x2
2 + ex
2

From the wavy curve, it is clear that 𝑓′(𝑥) changes its sign at 𝑥 = ± 2, ±1, 0 and hence the points of maxima
are –1, 1 and of the minima are –2, 0, 2.

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 53:
t3
d 1
Evaluate 
dt t2 log x
dx

Solution:
t3
d 1 1 d 3 1 d 2 3t 2 2t t(t − 1)
dt 2 log x log t 3 dt
dx = . ( t ) − 2
.
log t dt
( t ) = − =
3 log t 2log t log t
t

Illustration 54:
xb − 1
1
Evaluate , 
0
nx
𝑑𝑥 ‘𝑏’ being parameter.

Solution:
xb − 1 d (b )
1 1
x b nx
Let 𝐼(𝑏) =  0
nx
𝑑𝑥 
db
=
0
nx
𝑑𝑥 + 0 – 0 (using modified Leibnitz Theorem)

1
1
x b +1 
=  x dx =
b
  𝐼(𝑏) = ℓ𝑛(𝑏 + 1) + 𝑐
0 b + 1 0
𝑏 = 0  𝐼(0) = 0
 𝑐=0  𝐼(𝑏) = ℓ𝑛 (𝑏 + 1)
Illustration 55:
x2
t
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 𝑔(𝑥)
and 𝑔(𝑥) = 
2 n(1 + t 2 )
𝑑𝑡, then find the value of 𝑓′(√2).

Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥) = 5 𝑔(𝑥)ℓ𝑛5𝑔′(𝑥)
x2 · 2x
Now 𝑔′(𝑥) =
n(1 + x 4 )
2 x3
 𝑓′(𝑥) = 5 𝑔(𝑥) ℓ𝑛5
n(1 + x 4 )
2( 2)3
 𝑓′(√2) = 5 𝑔(√2) ℓ𝑛5 = 4√2 {since 𝑔(√2) = 0}
n(1 + ( 2)4 )
Illustration 56:
x2
1
Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y =  cos−1t 2 dt at x = 4
x 2
Solution:
x2 x2
dy d
Given curve is 𝑦 =  cos t dt ; = −1 2
 cos
−1 2
t dt
x
dx dx x

using Leibnitz theorem,

dy
= 2x cos−1 x 4 − cos−1 x2
dx
 dy  2 −1 1 −1 1    4 8 1
 dx  1 = 1 4 cos 2 − cos =2 4 − = − 
3

 x = 4 2 2 3 4  3 4 
2

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Definite Integration
Illustration 57:
sin2 x cos2 x

 
−1
If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin tdt + cos−1 tdt , then prove that 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0  𝑥  𝑅.
0 0

Solution:
𝑓′(𝑥) = sin–1 √sin2 𝑥 . 2sin𝑥 cos𝑥 – cos –1 √cos2 𝑥 . 2cos𝑥. sin𝑥
= 𝑥. sin2𝑥 – 𝑥sin2𝑥 = 0.

Sum of Series Using Definite Integration:

Using definite integration as limit of sum

( )
b
lim h[ f ( a ) + f ( a + h ) + f ( a + 2h ) + ..... + f a + n − 1 h ] =  f ( x )dx
n →
a

n −1 b
or lim h f ( a + rh ) =  f ( x )dx , where 𝑏– 𝑎 = 𝑛ℎ
h →
r =0 a

n −1 1
If 𝑎 = 0 & 𝑏 = 1 then, lim h f ( rh ) =  f ( x )dx ; where 𝑛ℎ = 1
n →
r =0 0

1 n −1  r 
1
Hence we have  f ( x ) dx = lim
n → n

r =0
f 
n
0

Steps to express the infinite series as definite integral :

1 r
Step I : Express the given series in the form  n f  n 
1 r
Step II : Then the limit is its sum when 𝑛 → , i.e. lim f 
n → n
n
r 1
Step III : Replace by 𝑥 and by 𝑑𝑥 and lim  by the sign of 
n n n→

r
Step IV : The lower and the upper limit of integration are the limiting values of for the first and the last
n
term of 𝑟 respectively.
Illustration 58:
1 1 1 1
lim + + + ..... +
n → n n +1 n +2 4n → n + 3 n
Solution:
3n
1
lim 
r =0 n + r
n →

3n 3
1 dx
= lim   1+ x = n(1 + x ) 0 = ℓ𝑛4
3
=
r =0  r
n →
n1 +  0

 n
Illustration 59:
2 r 
n 2
r
lim  2
sec  2 
n →
r =1 n n 

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Solution:
2
1 r r 
n 2

lim  · sec   
  n  
n →
r =1 n n 

 x(sec( x
2 2
)) dx
0

dt
Put 𝑥2 = 𝑡 2x =
dx
1
1 1 1 tan1
 sec2t dt  (tan t )0 = (tan1 − tan0) =
1
= 2
20 2 2
Illustration 60:
1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 2 n
lim
n →
n n
Solution:

( )
4
4n
r 1 r 44n ( x )3/2
lim  = lim 
n 0
= x dx  0
n → n →
r =1 n n r =1 n (3/2)
2 3/2 2 2 32
= ( 4)  (2)
3 3
2 16
 8 =
3 3
Illustration 61:
 n +1 n+2 n +3 3
lim  2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 + ..... + 
n → n + 1 n +2 n +3
 5n 
Solution:
 r
n1 + 
n+r 1+ x
2
 n
2n 2n
lim  2 2 = lim  =  dx
n → r =1 n + r   +
2 2
n → r =1
 r  1 x
n2  1 +   
0
 n 
 
2
1 
2 2
dx xdx
( ) ( )
2
= +   tan −1 ( x ) +  n 1 + x2 
0 1+ x 0 1+ x 2 0
2 2 0

1
 tan −1 (2) + n 5
2
Illustration 62:
 1 1 1 
Evaluate lim  + + ......... + 
n →  2n + 1 2n + 2 6n 
Solution:
4n 4n
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let 𝑆𝑛 = +
2n + 1 2n + 2
+ ......... +
6n
= 
r =1 2n + r
= 
r =1 n
.
r
2+  
n
4
dx
 𝑆 = lim S n =  = [ n |2 + x |]04 = n6 − n2 = n3
n →
0
2 + x

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Definite Integration
Illustration 63:
 n n n 1 
Evaluate lim  + + + ....... + 
 (3 + 4 n ) 2 (3 2 + 4 n ) 3 (3 3 + 4 n )
n → 2 2 2
49n 

Solution:
 n n n 
Let 𝑝 = lim  + + ......... + 2
 (3 + 4 n ) 2 (3 2 + 4 n ) n (3 n + 4 n ) 
n → 2 2

Analyzing the expression with the view of increasing integral value we get the expression in terms of 𝑟 as
n n 1
n 1 dx
= lim  = lim  =
r (3 r + 4 n ) x (3 x + 4 )
n → 2 n → 2 2
r =1 r =1 r r  0
n 3 + 4
n n 
3
Put 3 x + 4 = t ,  dx = dt
2 x
7
2 dt 2  1  2  1 1  1
7
Hence 𝑝 =  2 =  −  =  − +  =
34 t 3  t  4 3  7 4  14

Determination of Function:
Illustration 64:

 f '( x)dx = x cos  x and 𝑓(0) = 0

1
then value of f  
3
Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 = 𝑥 cos𝑥
𝑓(0) + 𝐶 = 0 cos 0
0+𝐶 =0
𝐶=0
 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥cos𝑥
1 1  1 1 1
f   = cos   =
 
3 3 3 3 2 6
Illustration 65:
x

 f (t )dt = x cos x , 𝑥 > 0 find 𝑓(4)

0

Solution:
Differentiating or applying Newton Labneitz
𝑓(𝑥) = cos𝑥 + 𝑥(–sin𝑥)·
𝑓(4) = cos4 + 4(–sin4) = 

Estimation of D.I. & General Inequality

(a) If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] and it’s range in this interval is [𝑚, 𝑀], then
b
𝑚(𝑏 − 𝑎)   f ( x)dx  M (b − a )
a

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 66:
3
Prove that 4   3 + x3 dx  2 30
1

Solution:
Since the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + x3 increases monotonically on the interval
[1, 3], 𝑚 = 2, 𝑀 = 30 , 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 2.
3 3
Hence, 2.2   3 + x3 dx  2 30  4   3 + x3 dx  2 30
1 1
b b
(b) If 𝑓(𝑥)   (𝑥) for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 then  f ( x)dx   ( x ) dx
a a

Illustration 67:
 
1
dx
Prove that  
6 0 4 − x 2 − x3 4 2
Solution:
Since 4 – 𝑥 2  4 – 𝑥 2 – 𝑥 3  4 – 2𝑥 2 > 0  𝑥  [0, 1]
4 − x2  4 − x2 − x3  4 − 2x2  0  x [0, 1]
1 1 1
 0    x [0 1]
4 − x2 4 − x 2 − x3 4 − 2x2
1 1 1
dx dx dx
 
0 4− x 2

0 4− x − x2 3

0 4 − 2x2
x [0, 1]

1 1
 x 1  −1 x   
1 1
dx dx
 sin −1      sin     
 2 0 0 4 − x − x
2 3
2 2 0 6 0 4− x − x
2 3
4 2
b b

(c) 
a
f ( x )dx   f ( x ) dx .
a

Illustration 68:
19
sin x
Prove that  1+ x
10
8
dx < 10–7

Solution:
19 19
sin x sin x
To find 𝐼 = 10 1 + x8 dx  10 1 + x8 dx ...(i)

Since |sin x | 1 for x  10

sin x 1
The inequality  ...(ii)
1+ x 8
|1 + x 8 |
also, 10  𝑥  19
 1 + 𝑥 8 > 108
1 1 1
  8 or  10−8 ...(iii)
1+ x 8
10 |1 + x |
8

from (ii) and (iii) ;

sin x
 10−8
1 + x8

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Definite Integration
19 19
sin x
10 1 + x8 dx  10 10 dx
−8

19
sin x

10
 1+ x 8
dx  (19 − 10).10−8  10−7

Illustration 69:
If 𝑓(𝑥) is integrable function such that |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| < |x2 – y2|,  𝑥, 𝑦  [𝑎, 𝑏] then prove that
f ( x) − f (a) ( a − b)2
b

a x + a dx 
2
.

Solution:
f ( x) − f (a) f ( x) − f (a)
b b

Given, 
a
x+a
dx  
a
x+a
dx

x − a2 (a − b)2
b 2 b b
 dx = | x − a | dx =  ( x − a )dx =
a
x+a a a
2
b
(d) If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then  f ( x)dx  0 .
a

Illustration 70:
8
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function such that 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0  𝑥  [2,10] and  f ( x ) dx = 0 , then find 𝑓(6).
4

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥) is above the 𝑥-axis or on the 𝑥-axis for all 𝑥  [2,10]. If 𝑓(𝑥) is greater than zero for any sub interval
8
of [4,8], then  f ( x)dx must be greater than zero.
4
8
But  f ( x)dx = 0  𝑓(𝑥) = 0  𝑥  [4,8]
4

 𝑓(6) = 0.
Illustration 71:
1 1 1
For 𝑥  (0, 1) arrange 𝑓1 (𝑥) = , 𝑓2 (𝑥) = and 𝑓3 (𝑥) = in ascending order and hence
9– x 2
9– 2x 2
9 − x 2 − x3
1
1 1 1
prove that ℓ𝑛2 <  dx < ℓ𝑛5
0 9− x − x
2 3
6 6 2
Solution:
 0 < 𝑥 3 < 𝑥 2 , for all 𝑥  (0,1)  𝑥 2 < 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 < 2𝑥 2
 – 2𝑥 2 < – 𝑥 2 – 𝑥 3 < – 𝑥 2  9 − 2𝑥 2 < 9 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 < 9 − 𝑥 2
1 1 1
  
9– x 9– x – x 9–2x2
2 2 3

𝑓1 (𝑥) < 𝑓3 (𝑥) < 𝑓2 (𝑥) for 𝑥  (0, 1)

1 1 1 1 1 1
dx dx dx
  f ( x ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1 <  f ( x ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3 < 
0
f2 ( x ) 𝑑𝑥  
0 9– x
2

0 9– x – x
2 3

0 9–2 x
2

1 1
1  3+ x  1  3 + 2x 
1
dx
  n  <
6  3– x 0 0 9– x2 – x3 < 6 2  n 3–2x 
0
1
1 1 1
 ℓ𝑛2 <
6  9− x
0
2
−x 3
dx <
6 2
ℓ𝑛5

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 72:
 5– x  6
2
Prove that 1 <   2 
dx 
0  9– x 
5
Solution:
5– x
Let 𝑓(𝑥) =
9 – x2
( x – 9)( x –1)
 𝑓’(𝑥) = –  𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 or not defined  𝑥 = 1
(9– x2 )2
5 1 3
Then 𝑓(0) = , 𝑓(1) = , 𝑓(2) = . The greatest and least values of the integrand in the interval [0,2]
9 2 5
3 1
are respectively, equal to 𝑓(2) = and 𝑓(1) =
5 2
 5– x 
2
1 3
(2 – 0) <  2 
𝑑𝑥 < (2 – 0) .
2 0  9– x  5
 5– x  6
2
Hence 1 <
0
  9– x
2 

dx 
5
Illustration 73:
1

e
x2
Estimate the value of dx using (i) rectangle, (ii) triangle.
0

Solution:
(i) By using rectangle
1
Area 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐷 <  e x dx < Area 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶
2
𝐶
𝑒′ 𝐵
0
1
1 <  e x dx < 1. 𝑒
2
𝐸
0 1𝐷
1 𝑂 1 𝐴
1 <  e dx < 𝑒 x2

(ii) By using triangle

1
Area 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐷 <  e x dx < Area 𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐷 + Area of triangle 𝐷𝐸𝐵
2

e+1
1 1
1
 e dx < 1 + . 1. (𝑒 – 1)1 <  e x dx <
2 2
1 < x

0
2 0 2
Illustration 74:
1 1
Estimate the value of  e x dx by using  e x dx .
2

0 0

Solution: 𝑒
2
For 𝑥  (0,1), 𝑒 𝑥 < 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
1 1 2
 1 × 1 <  e x dx <  e x dx
2
𝑒𝑥
0 0
1
1
1 <  e x dx < 𝑒 – 1
2

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Definite Integration
Reduction Formulae:
Illustration 75:

2
 n −1 
If 𝐼𝑛 =  sin x 𝑑𝑥 , then show that 𝐼𝑛 =   𝐼𝑛−2
n

0  n 
Solution:

2
𝐼𝑛 =  sin x 𝑑𝑥
n

 
 2 2
𝐼𝑛 =  − sin n −1 x cos x  +  ( n − 1) sinn −2 x . cos2 x dx = ( n − 1) sin n −2 x . (1 − sin2 x) dx
2
0
0 0

 
2 2

 sin x dx − (n − 1)  sin n x dx  𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 – 1)𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 – 1)𝐼𝑛–2

n −2
= (𝑛 – 1)
0 0

 n −1 
𝐼𝑛 =   𝐼𝑛–2
 n 
Note :
 
2 2

 sin x dx =  cosn x dx
n
1.
0 0

 n −1   n −3   n −5  
2. 𝐼𝑛 =    n − 2   n − 4  ..... I0 or I1 according as 𝑛 is even or odd. 𝐼0 = , 𝐼1 = 1
 n    2
 n − 1  n − 3  n − 5   1  
 n  n − 2  n − 4  ......  2  . 2 , if n is even
     
Hence 𝐼𝑛 = 

  n − 1 

n − 3  n − 5   2 
  ......   .1, if n is odd
  n  n − 2  n − 4   3 
Illustration 76:

4
1
If 𝐼𝑛 =  tan x dx , then show that 𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛–2 =
n

0
n −1
Solution:
 
4 4

 (tan x) . tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =  (tan x)

n −2 n −2
In = (sec2𝑥 – 1)𝑑𝑥
0 0

  
4 4
 (tan x )n −1  4
 (tan x)  (tan x)
n −2 n −2
= sec2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 – 𝑑𝑥 =   – 𝐼𝑛–2
0 0  n − 1 0
1 1
𝐼𝑛 = – 𝐼𝑛–2  𝐼𝑛 + 𝐼𝑛–2 =
n −1 n −1

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 77:

2
m −1
If 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =  sin x . cosn xdx , then show that 𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = 𝐼𝑚–2,𝑛
m

0
m+n
Solution:

2

 sin
m −1
𝐼𝑚,𝑛 = x (sin x cosn x) 𝑑𝑥
0

 

 sin m −1
x . cos n +1
x
2 2
cosn +1 x
= −
 n +1
 +
0

0
n +1
(𝑚 – 1)sinm–2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 m −1  2

 sin
m −2
=  x.cosn x.cos2 x 𝑑𝑥
 n +1  0


 m −1 
 (sin )
2
m −2
=  x.cosn x − sinm x.cosn x 𝑑𝑥
 n +1  0

 m −1   m −1   m −1   m −1 
=  𝐼𝑚–2,𝑛 –   𝐼𝑚,𝑛   1 +  𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =   𝐼𝑚–2,𝑛
 n +1   n +1   n +1   n +1 
 m −1 
𝐼𝑚,𝑛 =   𝐼𝑚–2,𝑛
 m+n
Illustration 78:
1
In 4n
Let I n =  1 ·( 1 − x4 )n dx , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁 then prove that =
0 II
I n −1 4 n + 1
I
Solution:
1
𝐼𝑛 = (1 − x4 )n · x  –  n(1 − x 4 )n −1 ( −4 x3 )· x dx
0
1
=  x(1 − x 4 )n  + 4n  x 4 (1 − x 4 )n −1 dx = 0 + 4n  (1 − x 4 )n −1 (1 − (1 − x 4 ))dx
1

0
0

1 1

= 4n   (1 − x 4 )n −1 dx −  (1 − x 4 )n dx 
0 0 
𝐼𝑛 = 4𝑛𝐼𝑛–1 – 4𝑛𝐼𝑛
(4𝑛 + 1)𝐼𝑛 = 4𝑛𝐼𝑛–1
In 4n
=
I n −1 4 n + 1
Illustration 79:
 /2
x sin x cos x
The value of  sin
0
4
x + cos4 x
dx is

 2
2 2 32
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 16 16
Ans. (C)

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Definite Integration
Solution:
 /2
x sin x cos x
Let I =  dx
0 sin x + cos x
4 4

       
 2 − x  sin  2 − x  cos  2 − x 
 /2  /2  − x  cos x sin x
=        dx =  2 
       cos 4
x + sin 4 x
dx
0 sin  − x  + cos  − x 
4 4 0

2  2 
  
 /2  x + − x  sin x cos x
 2𝐼 =   
2
dx
0
cos x + sin 4 x
4

 /2  /2
 2sin x cos x dx  2tan x sec2 xdx
=
4 
0 sin 4 x + cos4 x
dx =
4 
0 1 + tan 4 x
dx


 dt      
2

4 0 1 + t 2
= . Put 𝑡 = tan2𝑥 =  tan −1
t  =
0 4  2 − 0 =
 8
4  
2
I =
16
Illustration 80:
x tan −1 x
1
The value of  𝑑𝑥 is
0 (1 + x )
2 3/2

4+ 4−  
(A) (B) (C) (D) –
4 2 4 2 2 2
Ans. (B)
Solution:
dx
Let tan–1 𝑥 = 𝑡  = dt
1 + x2
 /4  /4
t tan t · dt
I= 
1 + tan2 t
0
=  t · sin t dt
0

 1 4– 
=– + =
4 2 2 4 2
Illustration 81:
x
 3
 3
If 𝑓 is a continuous function and 𝜙(𝑥) =   (3t + 4 )  f (u )du  dt and  f ( x)dx = 3, then :
0 t  0

(A)  (0) = 0 (B)  (0) = 13 (C)  (3) = 13 f (3) (D) (3) = –13𝑓(3)
Ans. (D)
Solution:
3
 (𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 4)  f (u )du
x
3
 (𝑥) = 3  f (u ) du + (3𝑥 + 4)( 0 – 𝑓(𝑥))
x
3
so  (0) = (0 + 4)  f (u ) du = 12
x

 (3) = –13𝑓(3)

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Illustration 82:
x
If 𝑓(𝑥) =  (2cos 3t + 3sin2 3t ) 𝑑𝑡, 𝑓(𝑥 + ) is equal to :
2

 
(A) 𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑓() (B) 𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑓   (C) 𝑓(𝑥) + 4𝑓   (D) 2𝑓(𝑥)
2 4
Ans. (B)
Solution:
x + x x +
𝑓(𝑥 +) =  (2cos2 3t + 3sin2 3t )dt =  (2cos2 3t + 3sin2 3t )dt +  (2cos 3t + 3sin2 3t )dt
2

0 0 x

𝑡 =𝑥+𝑦
  /2

= 𝑓(𝑥) +  (2cos2 3 y + 3sin2 3 y ) dy = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2  (2cos
2
3 y + 3sin2 3 y )dy = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2𝑓  
0 0 2
Illustration 83:
x
dt
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 
0 1 + t3
and 𝑔(𝑥) be the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥), then which one of the following holds good?

(A) 2𝑔′′ = 𝑔2 (B) 2𝑔′′ = 3𝑔2 (C) 3𝑔′′ = 2𝑔2 (D) 3𝑔′′ = 𝑔2
Ans. (B)
Solution:
1 −3x2
𝑓 ′(𝑥) = & 𝑓 ′′(𝑥) = . Also 𝑔(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥
1 + x3 2(1 + x3 )3/2
f ''( x ) 3x2 3 x2
 𝑔′′(𝑓(𝑥)) = – = .(1 + x 3 3/2
)  𝑔′′(𝑓(𝑥)) =
( f '( x ))3 2(1 + x3 )3/2 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡  𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑥
so, 2𝑔′′ = 3𝑔2 .
Illustration 84:
DIRECTIONS :
Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
(A) Both the statements are true.
(B) Statement- is true, but Statement- is false.
(C) Statement- is false, but Statement- is true.
(D) Both the statements are false.
5.5
21
1. STATEMENT-1 : If {.} represents fractional part function, then  { x }dx =
0
8
STATEMENT-2 : If [.] and {.} represent greatest integer and frational part functions
respectively, then
t
[t ] {t }2
0 { x } dx =
2
+
2
10 
2. STATEMENT-1 :  |cos x | dx = 20
0
b
STATEMENT-2 :  f ( x )dx  0, then 𝑓(𝑥)  0,  𝑥  (𝑎, 𝑏)
a

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Definite Integration
2  /2

 tan x dx = 4  tan x dx
2 2
3. STATEMENT-1 :
0 0
nT T
STATEMENT-2 : 
0
f ( x )dx = n  f ( x ) dx , where 𝒏 is an integer and 𝑻 is a period of 𝒇(𝒙)
0

Solution:
1. Ans. (A)
t [t ] t 1 {t }
[t ] {t }2
 { x } dx =
0
 { x } dx +  { x } dx = [𝑡]
0 [t ]
 x dx +
0
0
x dx =
2
+
2
 statement-2 is true.
5.5
5 (.5)2 21
 { x}dx = 2 +
0
2
=
8
 statement-1 is true and is explained by statement-2.
2. Ans. (B)
 /2  

Statement -1 : 10  |cos x | dx = 10   cos x dx +  − cos x dx  = 10 . 2 = 20
0  0  /2 
3  /4
3/4 1
Statement - 2 : 
0
cos x dx = sin x 0 =
2
  3 
but cos 𝑥 < 0,  𝑥   , 
2 4 
 statement-2 is false.
3. Ans. (A)
2 

 tan x dx = 2 tan x dx
2 2

0 0

 /2/2
  /2

= 2   tan2 xdx +  tan2( − x )dx  = 4  tan2 xdx

 0 0  0

 Statement 1 is true
nT T 2T nT

statement-2  0
f ( x )dx =  f ( x ) dx +
0

T
f ( x )dx + ..... + 
( n −1)T
f ( x )dx

T T T
= 
0
f ( x )dx +  f ( x + T )dx + ...... +  f ( x + ( n − 1)T )dx
0 0
T T T
=  f ( x) dx +  f ( x) dx + ...... +  f ( x) dx
0 0 0
(𝑓 has a period 𝑇)

T
= 𝑛  f ( x ) dx
0

Illustration 85:
cosec
1
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a function satisfying 𝑓   + 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 for all non − zero 𝑥, then
x

sin 
f ( x )dx equals to :

(A) sin + cosec (B) sin2 θ (C) cosec 2  (D) none of these
Ans. (D)

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
Solution:
1 1 1
f   + 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 0  𝑓(𝑥) = – 2 f  
x x x
cosec cosec
1 1
 = 
sin 
f ( x )dx = 
sin 
–
x2  x 
f dx

sin  cosec
1 1
= t  − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡  𝐼 =  f (t )dt  𝐼 = –  f (t )dt = – 𝐼  2𝐼 = 0  𝐼 = 0
x x cosec sin 

Illustration 86:
C0 C1 C2
If + + = 0 , where 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 are all real, the equation 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶0 = 0 has:
1 2 3
(A) atleast one root in (0, 1)
(B) one root in (1, 2) & other in (3, 4)
(C) one root in (−1, 1) & the other in (−5, −2)
(D) both roots imaginary
Ans. (A)
Solution:
1
 (C x + C1 x + C0 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
0 2

1
 C x3 C x 2  C C C
=  2 + 1 + C0 x  = 0 + 1 + 2 = 0 (given)
 3 2 0 1 2 3

 graph 𝑦 = 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶0 crosses 𝑥-axis atleast once.

 at least one root of the equation 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶0 = 0 is present in (0, 1).
Illustration 87:
 /2
If 𝐼1 =  x f (sin3 x + cos2 x)dx and 𝐼2 =  f (sin3 x + cos2 x)dx then
0 0

(A) I1 = I2 (B) I1 + I2 = 0 (C) I1 = 2I2 (D) 2I1 = I2

Ans. (A)
Solution:

𝐼1 = x
0
f (sin3 x + cos2 x )dx ...(1)


=  (  – x ) f (sin3 (  – x ) + cos2 (  – x )dx ...(2)
0

(1) + (2)

2𝐼1 =   f (sin x + cos2 x )dx
3

0
 /2

2𝐼1 = 2 
0
f (sin3 x + cos2 x )dx

 /2

 𝐼1 =  
0
f (sin3 x + cos2 x )dx

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Definite Integration
Illustration 88:
ex + 1
1

 x dx equals -
−1 e − 1

(A) ℓ𝑛(ex + 1) (B) ℓ𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) (C) 1 (D) 0

Ans. (D)
Solution:
ex + 1
1
Using properties ......  x 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−1 e − 1

Illustration 89:
10
[ x2 ]
If [𝑥] stands for the greatest integer function, the value of 4 [ x2 − 28 x + 196] + [ x2 ] 𝑑𝑥 is :
3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D)
2
Ans. (C)
Solution:
[( x − 14)2 ]
10
I= 4 [ x2 ] + [( x − 14)2 dx
10
 2I =  dx = 6  𝐼 = 3
4

Illustration 90:
The tangent to the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point with abscissa 𝑥 = 1 form an angle of 𝜋/6 and
at the point 𝑥 = 2, an angle of 𝜋/3 and at the point 𝑥 = 3, an angle of 𝜋/4 with positive 𝑥-axis.
3 3
The value of  f  ( x ) f  ( x ) dx +  f  ( x ) dx (𝑓′′(𝑥) is supposed to be continuous) is :
1 2

4 3 −1 3 3 −1 4− 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) − 3
3 3 2 3 3
Ans. (D)
Solution:
Given,
 dy   1
𝑓′(1) =   = tan =
 dx  x =1 6 3
 dy  
𝑓′(2) =   = tan = √3
 dx  x = 2 3

 dy  
𝑓′(3) =   = tan = 1
 dx  x = 3 4
3 3
Let , 𝐼 =  f '( x ) . f " ( x ) dx +  f " ( x ) dx
1 2
= 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

3
 𝐼1 =  f '( x ) . f " ( x ) dx
1

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 JEE (Main + Advanced) : Mathematics
3
𝐼1 = f ' ( x ) . f ' ( x ) 1 −  f " ( x ) f ' ( x ) 𝑑𝑥
3

2𝐼1 =  f ' (3) −  f ' (1 )

2 2

1
2𝐼1 = 1 −
3
1
𝐼1 =
3
3

 f "( x)dx = f ' ( x ) = 𝑓′(3) – 𝑓′(2) = 1 – √3

3
and, 𝐼2 =
2
2

1 4
 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = + 1 − 3 = − 3
3 3
Illustration 91:
e−t
1 a
et
Let 𝐴 =  dt , then  dt has the value :
0
1+t a −1
t − a −1
(A) 𝐴𝑒 –𝑎 (B) – 𝐴𝑒 –𝑎 (C) – 𝑎𝑒 –𝑎 (D) 𝐴𝑒 𝑎
Ans. (B)
Solution:
e–t dt
1 a
e t dt
𝐴= 0 t + 1  =  t – a –1
a −1

Put 𝑡 = 𝑎 – 𝑦  𝑑𝑡 = – 𝑑𝑦
1
e y dy
then 𝐼 = – 𝑒 – 𝑎  = − Ae– a
0
y + 1

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