APPLIED SUBJECT

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
_____ Semester, SY _____________
QUARTER 2, MODULE 3
PLAN DATA COLLECTION,
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENTS,
AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

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Practical Research 1
Self-Learning Module
_____Semester, SY ________ Quarter 2 – Module 3: Plan Data Collection, Data
Gathering Instruments, and Analysis Procedures
First Edition, 2021

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 Plan Data Collection, Data
LESSON Gathering Instruments, and
Analysis Procedures

Hello Senior High! In this lesson you will learn to:

1. plan data collection, data gathering instruments, and analysis procedures.

Before we proceed, do you know that the qualitative researcher himself is the data
gathering instrument? This is due to the fact that the researcher will be the one to participate,
observe, take notes, interview, and collect the necessary data for the analysis. All of a
researcher's abilities are required for data collection and analysis. (https://brainly.ph/800509).

Remember the lessons in quarter 3 where you learned how to formulate a problem
statement and specific research questions. Integrating those learnings in this module will help
you to decide how you will plan the data collection process; prepare the research instruments
to be used, and analyze the data collected.

What is Data Collection?

Data collection is a method of collecting and evaluating relevant information or data in order
to answer pertinent questions and determine the results. Data is collected to explain a
phenomenon. data collection (https://www.formpl.us/blog/data-collection-method).

DATA COLLECTION METHODS

A. OBSERVATION
 Observation is a data collection method through which you personally observe, watch,
or communicate with the subjects of your study.
 It allows you to document exactly what people do and say in their daily lives on Earth.
Proofs to support our arguments or assumptions regarding your subject are collected
in a natural setting using this data collection method.
 In qualitative research, especially ethnography, where you observe a cultural group's
way of life, observation is the most important method (Letherby, 2013; Snorth 2013
cited in Baraceros, 2016).

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 TYPES OF OBSERVATION

o Participant Observation – The researcher, as the observer, participates in the

activities of the person or group being observed. Using a diary or a logbook to
record your observations from this sort of observation (Baraceros, 2016).

o Non-participant or Structure Observation –This type of observation

separates you from the object of your observation entirely. You just observe
and listen to them go about their work, without engaging in any of their activities.
The use of a checklist is to record non-participation findings. This checklist is
also known as an observation schedule by some (Baraceros, 2016).

METHODS OF OBSERVATION

 Direct Observation – This observation approach requires you to watch or

listen to anything that occurs in the observation field. For example, you can
sense what is going on in a classroom, in a courtroom, on the street, and so
on. However, bear in mind that you should not waste energy, time, or effort
observing items that are unrelated to your research. You must concentrate your
focus on the specifics of your research problem and questions (Baraceros,
2016).

 Indirect Observation –also known as behavior archaeology, this

method involves observing evidence of past events to obtain knowledge
or a measure of a subject's behavior, characteristics, or consistency.
Things you hear on tape recordings and see in photographs, letters, notes,
minutes of meetings, business correspondence, garbage cans, and so on are
central to this form of observation (Peggs, 2013; Maxwell, 2012 cited in
Baraceros, 2016). Indirect observation is similar to the document analysis
method of data collection.

 Data Gathering Instruments or Tools for Observation

o Observation checklist or observation schedule
o Diary Method or Logbook
o Field notes, Journal
o Artifacts
o Audio and Visual Materials (e.g. photographs, art objects, videotapes
or any forms of sound)
o Public Documents (e.g. newspapers, minutes of meetings, official
reports) or Private Documents (e.g. personal journals, diaries, letters,
emails.)

B. INTERVIEW
 It's a data-gathering technique in which you verbally ask participants or respondents
questions to get answers to the questions the research study is trying to address.

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 Interviews are most often used in qualitative research studies to learn what
respondents think and feel about the research topic (Baraceros, 2016).
 When conducting face-to-face interviews, the researcher and respondent engage in a
conversation that is normally audio-recorded (or audio-camera recorded) and then
transcribed into a written text ready for interpretation (Prieto, et al, 2017).

 Types of interview

o Structured Interview –– this type of interview allows the researcher to

plan and use an interview schedule or a list of questions. The
interview schedule acts as a roadmap for gathering information or data
on a particular subject or issue (Luenendonk, 2019).

o Unstructured Interview – use open-ended questions which the

respondent answers freely based on what they personally think and feel
about it (Baraceros, 2016; & Prieto, et al, 2017)

o Semi-Structured Interview – use both closed and open-ended

questions. A list of questions has been prepared, and additional
questions may be added as needed to further elaborate the
respondent's answer. During the interview, you have the option of
adjusting the questions. It's a blend of structured and unstructured
interviews.

 Approaches of Interview

o Individual Interview – only one respondent is interviewed here. A one-

on-one interview is done if the interviewee refuses to let other
interviewees hear her responses to the questions. She prefers to be
interviewed separately from the rest. This is a time-consuming type of
interview because you have to interview a group of interviewees one by
one (Baraceros, 2016).
o Group interview– the interviewer poses the question to a group of
people at the same time, rather than to a single person. The moderator
is the researcher. The members of the group take turns answering the
question. This is also known as a focus group interview or Focus
Group Discussion (FGD). One drawback of this interview technique is
the likelihood of certain respondents being influenced by the other
members of the group (Denzin, 2013; Feinberd, 2013 cited in
Baraceros, 2016).

o Mediated Interview – This interview approach does not require a face-

to-face interview because it is performed using electronic
communication devices such as telephones, cell phones, emails, virtual
interviews via skype or zoom, and others. Despite the distance and
human limitations, it is capable of reaching respondents. The
synchronous mediated interview is conducted when you speak with
subjects on the phone, by cell phone, or via online chat at the same
time. The asynchronous mediated interview happens if only two
participants are interviewed at different times through the internet,
email, Facebook, Twitter, and other social networking networks
(Goodwin, 2014; Barbour, 2014 cited in Baraceros, 2016).

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  Interview Consent Form – when conducting qualitative research, the
researcher lets the respondent sign an informed consent form. The interviewee
gives his/her consent before the researcher uses the interview data in a
research report by signing the Interview Consent Forms (Menoy, et al, 2018).

 Data gathering instruments or tools for interview

o Audio recorder
o Camera recorder
o Camcorder
o Interview Schedule
o Interview Protocol
o Transcription

C. QUESTIONNAIRE
 A questionnaire is a piece of paper with a list of questions on it, as well as a specific
location and space on the paper to write the answers to the questions. The
respondent's actions of checking one chosen answer from several options or writing
on a line provided for any opinionated answer elicit factual or opinionated answers
from this prepared set of questions (Babbie, 2013 cited in Baraceros, 2016).

 Types of Questionnaire
o Postal questionnaire or Mail (Letter) Interview – this type of
questionnaire is sent to the respondent via postal or electronic mail. The
completed questionnaires will be returned to the researchers through
the mail or postal system. In certain cases, the researcher might be able
to collect completed questionnaires directly.

o Self-administered questionnaire – this type of questionnaire requires

you to simultaneously act as the interviewer and the interviewee. You
will first ask the questions in person or over the phone, and then you
will write down the interviewee's responses on a piece of paper. This
type of questionnaire is fitting for a structured interview (Barbour, 2014
cited in Baraceros, 2016).
D. CONVERSATION/ CHAT –
 In contrast to the structured interview, a chat conversation is an unstructured method
of gathering information. The data-gatherer elicits information from the other party or
parties during their chat conversation. Since some people feel more at ease talking
about things during a chat or conversation than during an interview, he often collects
more information from the other party than an interviewer does (Menoy, et al, 2018).

 Data gathering instruments or tools for chat conversation

o Smartphone or Computers
o Internet connection
o Social media platforms or apps like Facebook Messenger, Viber,
WeChat, etc.

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 DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITIES BY FIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Source: Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design. Sage Publications.

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What is Data Analysis?

Data analysis is the process of comprehending data, known facts, or assumptions that serve
as the foundation for any statements or conclusions made about something. Your primary goal
in analyzing documented data is to determine whether or not they exist or function to provide
answers to the research questions you posed before collecting them (Baraceros, 2016).

Approaches to Data Analysis

Data analysis, according to Yin (1994:102), entails scrutinizing, categorizing,

tabulating, or otherwise recombining facts to resolve a study's initial prepositions.
This process of analysis and interpretation can be approached in a variety of
ways. The following are some of the most commonly used approaches (Buensuceso,
et al, 2016):
1. Content Analysis - used to analyze and interpret verbal data, or behavioral data.
Content can be analyzed descriptively or interpretatively.
2. Narrative Analysis - used to analyze text that may come from variety of sources
including transcripts from interviews, diaries, field notes, surveys and other written
forms. Narrative analysis often involves reformulating stories presented by people
in different context and based on their different experiences.
3. Discourse Analysis - a method of analyzing naturally occurring spoken
interactions and written text and is concerned with the social context in which the
communication occurred. It focuses on how language is used in everyday life and
looks at how people express themselves.
4. Grounded Theory - also called analytic induction. This is a method that attempts
to develop causal explanations of a phenomenon from one or more cases being
studied. Explanations are altered as additional cases are studied until the
researcher arrives at a statement that fits all cases.
5. Conversation Analysis - examines the use of language by people as a type of
action or skilled accomplishment. A key concept in this analysis is the principle of
people taking turns in conversation. Meanings are usually shaped in the context of
the exchange itself.
6. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) - IPA is designed to understand
the experiences of a subject (for example, a person) in relation to a major life event,
experience or situation (which we refer to as a phenomenon – hence the “P” in
IPA). These phenomena may range from those that are common (such as
motherhood, or the results of a car crash) to those which are rare (for instance, a
subject’s experience in a refugee camp). IPA is subject-centered (focused on the
experiencer), often only having a very small sample size (Warren, 2020).

The research analyst does the following steps for each of the following procedures
(Prieto, et al, 2017):

1. Coding – reads the data, identifies segments within it, and labels each one with a
"code" – a word or phrase that indicates how the associated data segments
address the research objectives. When the coding is finished, the analyst creates
a report that summarizes codes that appear frequently, discusses similarities and
differences, and shows the relationship between one or more codes.

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2. Recursive Abstraction – summarizes data sets, then summarizes them again,
and so on, resulting in a compact, distilled, and easily understandable analysis.
3. Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software – MAXQDA, QDA,
MINER, and NVIVO are examples of qualitative data analysis software that use
programs for editing, revising, and coding to allow for work sharing, peer feedback,
and recursive inspection of data.

There are also generic steps to follow in data analysis procedures (Prieto, et al,
2017):

1. Organize and prepare the data for analysis.

2. Read through all the data.
3. Conduct analysis based on the specific theoretical approach and method
(examples: narrative, content, grounded theory, discourse, conversational and
others). This often involves coding or organizing related segments of data into
categories.
4. Use the coding process to generate a description of the setting or people, as well
as categories or themes for analysis.
5. Decide how the description and themes will be represented.
6. Make an interpretation of data-lessons, meanings, suggestions for new questions
that need to be asked.

PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE

Directions: Evaluate if the following topics. If you think the topic can employ the
observation technique, explain what TYPE and METHODS of observation are
appropriate for it. If you don't think observation is appropriate for the topic, write
OBSERVATION IS NOT APPLICABLE.

1. Historical Development of Cell Phones

2. Shoe Styles of Grade 11 Senior High Students

3. Human Respiratory System

4. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils

5. Molecular Content of Water

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 .

PRACTICE EXERCISE 2: FILL IN THE BLANK

Directions: Read through the text then, fill in the blanks with correct answers.

1. A (1) consists of a set of (2) that is prepared by the (3) before

having an (4) with the interviewee. Answering the questions with (5)
makes the question fit for unstructured interview. On the other hand, answering
them with facts makes the questionnaire good for (6) interview.

2. Refusal to let others know of one’s answer is the reason behind the holding of
(7) but agreeing with other on their answers to questions is one
disadvantage of (8) . These two interview approaches, (9) and
(10) , are different from the (11) approach in that, this last approach
makes use of (12) . Involving at the same time a group of respondents
makes the mediated approach, (13) ; having just (14) respondents
separately from each other, makes it (15) .

Exercise 3: ANAGRAM

Directions: Identify the type of qualitative data analysis described by each

statement. Use the anagram to get a clue of the answer. Write your answer on the
blank space provided for each statement.
I E T R E R T N P I E V
H P N M O E E N O L L A C G I O
S I S Y L A N A
1. It is designed to understand the experiences of a subject (for example, a person)
in relation to a major life event, experience or situation.
Answer:

T N R R E A I V A
S A N I L Y S A
2. It is often involving reformulating stories presented by people in different context
and based on their different experiences.
Answer:

O N C N E T T
A A N Y L I S S
3. It used to analyze and interpret verbal data, or behavioral data.
Answer:

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 O G U D N E D R
H R Y O E T
4. This is a method that attempts to develop causal explanations of a phenomenon
from one or more cases being studied.
Answer:

D S O C R U E S I
N A S Y S I L A
5. a method of analyzing naturally occurring spoken interactions and written text and
is concerned with the social context in which the communication occurred.
Answer:

Thank you for answering the practice exercises. If you answered the practice exercises
correctly, you are now ready to proceed to do the written works. If not, please retry
until you arrive with the correct answer.

Instructions: Write your insights by completing the paragraph below. Write it in your
notebook.

(Note: Do not copy the lessons in this module. Please write your insights using your
own words.)
Upon reading the lesson above, I learned that

.
and realized that

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A. Direction: Answer the following intelligently.
1. You use a set of questions that you yourself prepared for an interview. What kind
of data collection is this? Illustrate this by composing 5 questions you will use in
interviewing a single parent or any other interviewee pertinent to your own research
interest or topic.

2. You as a researcher participate in the activities of the research participants in a

given milieu to experience and observe their day-to-day activities, as well as their
reactions to the said activity. What kind of data collection is this? Explain your
answer with a specific example.

3. You, as interviewer (researcher), use open-ended questions in an interview. What

kind of data collection is this? Illustrate your answer with at least three open-ended
questions.

B. Directions: Given the sample situation below, explain the data collection methods, data
gathering instruments, and data analysis plan that you think are appropriate to use for
the research problem. Write your answer on the blank space provided.

Example
You as a researcher would like to explore a phenomenon in education caused by
COVID 19 pandemic that emerged involving Filipino senior high students who are
facing challenges in no face-to-face classes and are forced to undergo modular
distance learning to learn. The purpose of your study is to describe and interpret the
lived experiences of Filipino senior high learners in your community who are trying to
continue their education in the absence of face-to-face classes. Phenomenology will
be used as your research design, with data to be obtained from a purposive sample
of eight (8) senior high students currently enrolled in your school.

1. Data Collection Method/s:

2. Data Gathering Instrument/s:
3. Data Analysis Procedures:

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Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical research 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.
Menoy, J.Z., Millano, K.M., & Tuason, J.M.B. (2018). Practical research 1 for
Senior High School. Mandaluyong City. Books Atbp Publishing Corporatio
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C., & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Lorimar Publishing.
Luenendonk, M. (2019). Interview Schedule: Definition, Types, Templates and
Tips. Retrieved from https://www.cleverism.com/interview-schedule-
definition-types-templates-tips/
Warren, K. (2020). Qualitative Data Analysis Methods 101: The “Big 5” Methods+
Examples. Retrieved from https://gradcoach.com/qualitative-data-analysis-
methods/
Buensuceso, D.B., Dacanay, D.E., Manalo, G.A., & San Gabriel, N.M. (2016).
Practical Research 1 Teacher’s Guide. DepEd-BLR

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 Key to Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: EXPLAIN YOUR CHOICE

Answers may somewhat vary depending on the student’s justification.
1. Historical Development of Cell Phones
 The Indirect observation technique can be employed. Pictures of old models of
cellphones with their specifications are available for scanning when searched
through the internet. Aside from that cellphone companies can be visited and
ask for their permission to view their gallery of cellphones from old to the latest
models.
2. Shoe Styles of Grade 11 Senior High Students
 Non-participant and direct observation can be done. An observation checklist
can be used to document your observation in regards to the shoe styles as to
shape, color, pattern, brand, accessories, functionality, etc.
3. Human Respiratory System
 Observation is not applicable. The study of the human respiratory system is
very scientific and is irrelevant to social sciences. There are aspects of the
human respiratory system that are invisible to see or watch for observation.
The system here involves biological and chemical processes which are far
different from behavioral or social observation in social sciences.
4. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
 The non-participant and indirect observation techniques can be used. The
researcher may ask permission to look for school records with incidences
related to bullying.
 If in case the researcher visits the research site to see if incidences of bullying
might take place for observation at that time direct observation might happen
but there are ethical issues that need to be considered.
5. Molecular Content of Water
 Observation is not applicable. It is very scientific and technical. Not related to
observations related to social sciences.

Exercise 2: FILL IN THE BLANK

1. Script of interview / Interview schedule / 9. Individual interview
interview protocol 10. Group interview
2. Questions 11. Mediated interview
3. Researcher 12. Electronic devices
4. Interview 13. Synchronous
5. Open-ended answers / with Freedom / with 14. Two
openness 15. Asynchronous
6. Structure interview.
7. Individual interview / one-on-one interview
8. Group interview

Exercise 3: ANAGRAM

1. INTERPRETIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA)

2. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
3. CONTENT ANALYSIS
4. GROUNDED THEORY
5. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

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