Introduction

The context of Jesus typically refers to the historical, cultural, and religious background
surrounding the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who is a central figure in Christianity. There
would be different doubts and question of Christian Believers, how was the time of Jesus, who
was governing? What are religion were existed? What was the social situation? This all question
is clarified in this paper. This study is to understand the context of Jesus’ time to give a clear
understanding to the student of theology and all the Christians.
Here are some key aspects of the context of Jesus:

1. Historical Context
Jesus is believed to have lived in the first century AD, during a period known as the Second
Temple period in ancient Judea. The Roman Empire was a dominant political force in the region,
and Jesus' ministry occurred against the backdrop of Roman occupation. It provides insight into
the political, social, and religious conditions prevailing in the region during the life of Jesus.
Here are key elements of the historical context:
1.1 Roman Occupation:
During the time of Jesus, Judea was under Roman rule. The Roman Empire, a dominant
political force, had conquered the region in 63 BCE under General Pompey. The presence of
Roman authorities, including governors and military forces, had a significant impact on daily life
and contributed to tensions within the society.1
1.2 Herodian Rule
While Rome ruled over Judea, it allowed local rulers to govern as long as they were loyal to
Roman interests. The Herodian dynasty, headed by Herod the Great and later his sons, governed
parts of the region during Jesus' lifetime.2 Herod the Great, appointed by the Romans, undertook
major construction projects, including the expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem.
1.3 Jewish Sects
The Jewish society of that time was characterized by various religious sects, each with its own
beliefs and practices. The Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots were among the prominent
groups.3 Jesus interacted with and sometimes criticized these sects, engaging in debates over
religious interpretations and practices.
1.4 Cultural Diversity
The region was culturally diverse, with Jewish, Greek, and Roman influences. Aramaic and
Greek were commonly spoken languages. This diversity is reflected in the New Testament,
which contains writings in Greek, indicating a broader audience beyond the immediate Jewish
community.4

1
Bill George, His Story the life of Christ (Tennessee: Pathway Press, 1977), 1.
2
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 9.
3
K.K. George, Jesus Christ Life and Teaching (Thiruvalla: Chrstava Sahitya Samithi, 2009), 12.
4
Charles L. Allen, the Life of Christ (Old Tappan: Fleming H. Revell Company), 13.
1.5 Messianic Expectations
Many Jews during this period held expectations of a messianic figure that would liberate them
from foreign rule and establish a renewed kingdom. Various interpretations of messianic
prophecies existed. Some Jews anticipated a political and military Messiah, while others
expected a spiritual or priestly figure.5 Jesus' role as the Messiah and the nature of his kingdom
became central themes in his ministry.

1.6. Religious Practices

The Second Temple in Jerusalem was a focal point of Jewish worship. It was a place for
sacrifices, prayers, and religious festivals. Jesus' actions, such as his cleansing of the temple, are
situated within the context of the religious practices and structures of his time.6

Understanding the historical context of Jesus' time helps interpret his teachings, actions, and the
reactions of the people around him. It also sheds light on the complex interplay of political,
social, and religious factors that influenced the events of that period.

2. Cultural and Religious Context

Jesus was born into a Jewish family, and his life and teachings were deeply rooted in Jewish
traditions and scriptures. He is often seen as a continuation and fulfillment of Old Testament
prophecies. The religious landscape of the time included various sects within Judaism, such as
the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. Jesus interacted with these groups, and his teachings
often addressed their interpretations of the law. Here are key aspects of the cultural and religious
context:
2.1. Jewish Culture
Jesus was born into a Jewish family and grew up in a Jewish community. His life and teachings
were deeply influenced by Jewish traditions, customs, and the Hebrew Scriptures (what
Christians refer to as the Old Testament).7 He participated in Jewish festivals, observed Jewish
religious practices, and engaged with Jewish religious leaders.
2.2. Synagogue and Temple
The synagogue was a central institution in Jewish communities, serving as a place of worship,
study, and community gathering. Jesus is recorded as having taught in synagogues during his
ministry. The Temple in Jerusalem was the central religious institution for Jewish worship and
sacrifice.8 It held immense significance, and Jesus engaged with the Temple in various ways,
including cleansing it and predicting its destruction.

5
Bill George, His Story the life of Christ…, 4.
6
Margaret Baxter, Jesus Christ: His life and His Church (New Delhi: ISPCK, 1996), 2-3.
7
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography…, 9.
8
K.K. George, Jesus Christ Life and Teaching…, 13.
2.3. Pharisees, Sadducees, and Other Sects
Jewish society during Jesus' time was characterized by various religious sects with different
interpretations of the law and religious practices.
The Pharisees were known for their emphasis on strict adherence to the law and traditions. The
Sadducees were associated with the priestly class and the Temple. 9 Jesus interacted with both
groups, often challenging their perspectives.
2.4. Messianic Expectations:
Messianic expectations were prevalent in Jewish culture during this period. Many Jews
anticipated the arrival of a Messiah, a figure who would fulfill prophecies and bring about the
redemption of Israel. Jesus' identity as the Messiah and the nature of his messianic mission were
central themes in his teachings and interactions.10

2.5. Parables and Everyday Life

Jesus often used parables short stories with moral or spiritual lessons drawn from everyday life
to convey his teachings. These parables were crafted using imagery and situations familiar to the
people of his time.11
2.6. Healing and Miracles
Jesus performed various miracles, including healing the sick, restoring sight to the blind, and
raising the dead.12 These acts were not only demonstrations of divine power but also expressions
of compassion and a manifestation of the Kingdom of God.
2.7. Inclusivity and Compassion
Jesus challenged social norms of his time by interacting with marginalized individuals, such as
tax collectors, sinners, and outcasts. His teachings emphasized love, compassion, and the
inclusion of all people in the Kingdom of God.13
2.8. Conflict with Religious Authorities
Jesus' teachings and actions sometimes brought him into conflict with religious leaders,
especially those who perceived his message as a challenge to their authority or interpretation of
the law.14

Understanding the cultural and religious context of Jesus provides a foundation for interpreting
the Gospels and comprehending the profound impact he had on the religious landscape of the
time, eventually leading to the development of Christianity.

9
John Dominic Crossan, the essential Jesus (USA: Harpersan Francisco, 1994), 1-2.
10
Charles L. Allen, The Life of Chris…, 5.
11
Bill George, His Story the life of Christ…, 3.
12
Margaret Baxter, Jesus Christ: His life and His Church…, 7.
13
Wingaads, Background of the Gospel (Bangalore: theological Publication in India, 2007), 17.
14
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography…, 18.
3. Geographical Context
Jesus' activities were mainly centered in the region of Galilee and Judea, which are part of
modern-day Israel and Palestine. His ministry included travels to various towns and villages, and
he delivered many of his teachings in the form of parables, using everyday examples that would
have been familiar to the people of the time
Here are some key elements of the geographical context:
3.1. Galilee
Jesus spent a significant portion of his life and ministry in the region of Galilee, which was
located in the northern part of ancient Israel. Nazareth, Jesus' hometown, was situated in
Galilee.15
Many of Jesus' early teachings and miracles occurred in Galilean towns such as Capernaum,
Bethsaida, and Cana.
3.2. Judea
While Galilee was the primary setting for much of Jesus' ministry, he also traveled to Judea in
the southern part of the region. Jerusalem, the capital of Judea, was a key religious and political
center. Jesus' visits to Jerusalem are particularly significant, especially during religious festivals
such as Passover.16
3.3. Samaria
Samaria was located between Galilee and Judea. Relations between Jews and Samaritans were
often strained, but Jesus is known for interacting positively with Samaritans in some instances,
challenging social and religious conventions.17
3.4. Decapolis
The Decapolis was a group of ten cities, predominantly Hellenistic and Roman in culture, located
east and southeast of the Sea of Galilee. Jesus is recorded to have performed miracles in the
Decapolis region.18
3.5. Sea of Galilee (Lake Gennesaret)
The Sea of Galilee was a central geographic feature of Jesus' ministry. It served as a backdrop for
many of his teachings, parables, and miracles, including the calming of the storm and the feeding
of the 5,000.19
3.6. Jordan River
The Jordan River played a significant role in the religious and cultural life of the region. Jesus
was baptized by John the Baptist in the Jordan River, marking the beginning of his public
ministry.20

15
Wingaads, Background of the Gospel …, 15.
16
K.K. George, Jesus Christ Life and Teaching…, 14.
17
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography…, 18.
18
John Dominic Crossan, the essential Jesus..,3.
19
Gunther Bornkamm Jesus of Nazareth (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1960), 44.
20
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography…, 19.
3.7. Wilderness Areas
The Gospels mention Jesus spending time in the wilderness for prayer, reflection, and
temptation. The Judean Desert, located east of Jerusalem, is traditionally associated with these
wilderness experiences.21
3.8. Mount of Olives
The Mount of Olives, situated just east of Jerusalem, was a location where Jesus spent time
teaching and praying. It also features prominently in events such as the Last Supper and the
Agony in the Garden.22
Understanding the geographical context helps visualize the places associated with the events in
Jesus' life. It also contributes to a deeper appreciation of the cultural and religious diversity of the
region, as well as the significance of specific locations in the narrative of Jesus' ministry.

4. The social context of Jesus

Jesus' ministry focused on compassion, love, and forgiveness. He reached out to marginalized
and oppressed individuals, challenging social norms and hierarchies. The society of that time had
distinct roles and expectations for different groups of people, and Jesus often challenged these
norms, advocating for a more inclusive and compassionate approach.
Here are some key aspects of the social context of Jesus:
4.1. Social Hierarchy
The Society of Jesus' time had a distinct social hierarchy. There were divisions based on factors
such as ethnicity, occupation, and religious observance. Jesus often challenged social hierarchies
by associating with marginalized groups, such as tax collectors, sinners, and the poor.23
4.2. Occupations and Economic Status
The majority of people in Jesus' society were engaged in agriculture and fishing. Jesus used
images and parables related to these occupations to convey spiritual truths.24 He often expressed
concern for the economically disadvantaged and criticized oppressive economic practices.
4.3. Women in Society
Women in the Society of Jesus' time occupied a subordinate position. However, Jesus interacted
with women, challenging cultural norms.25 Women were among his followers, and he treated
them with respect and dignity.
4.4. Outcasts and Sinners
Jesus had a particular concern for those marginalized by society. He associated with tax
collectors, who were often despised, and he reached out to sinners, emphasizing forgiveness and
redemption.26

21
Charles L. Allen, The Life of Chris…, 13.
22
Irving L. Jensen. The Life of Christ (Chicago: Moody Bible institute, 1973), 11.
23
Gunther Bornkamm Jesus of Nazareth…, 44.
24
Johnston M. Cheney, the Life of Christ Stereo. Portaland: Werstern Baptist Seminary Press, 1969.1-3.
25
Gunther Bornkamm Jesus of Nazareth…, 45.
26
George, K.K. Jesus Christ Life and Teaching…, 15.
4.5. Family and Community Life
Family and community played crucial roles in the social fabric of Jesus' society. He addressed
issues related to family dynamics, and his teachings emphasized love, compassion, and
communal responsibility.27
4.6. Religious Practices and Institutions
Religious life was central to the social context, with the Jewish community participating in
temple worship, synagogue gatherings, and festivals. Jesus engaged with religious practices but
also challenged certain interpretations and legalistic approaches. 28 He emphasized the
importance of a genuine relationship with God.
4.7. Education and Literacy
Education levels varied, and not everyone in Jesus' society was literate. Jesus often used simple
language and storytelling to convey profound spiritual truths, making his teachings accessible to
a wide audience.29
4.8. Sickness and Disability
The presence of sickness and disabilities was common in Jesus' society. Many of his miracles
involved healing the sick and restoring sight to the blind, highlighting his compassion for those
suffering.30
4.9. Cultural Expectations
Cultural expectations, including social and religious norms, influenced people's behavior. Jesus
challenged certain traditions and emphasized the importance of mercy, justice, and faith.31
4.10. Roman Influence
Roman occupation influenced the social context. The presence of Roman authorities and
military forces created tensions and contributed to the overall atmosphere of the time.32

Understanding the social context of Jesus is essential for interpreting his teachings and actions.
His message often challenged societal norms, advocating for compassion, justice, and
inclusivity, and it continues to resonate with discussions about social justice and ethical living
today.

5. Religious Significance
For Christians, Jesus is considered the Son of God and the savior of humanity. His death and
resurrection form the core of Christian beliefs, providing redemption and the promise of eternal
life. The New Testament of the Bible, particularly the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John),
provides primary accounts of Jesus' life, teachings, crucifixion, and resurrection.33

27
Bruce Chilton, Rabbi Jesus an intimate Biography…, 39.
28
Margaret Baxter, Jesus Christ: His life and His Church…, 28.
29
Bill. George, His Story the life of Christ…, 18.
30
Charles L. Allen, the Life of Christ, Old…, 13.
31
Wingaads, Background of the Gospel…, 15.
32
Margaret Baxter, Jesus Christ: His life and His Church…, 28.
33
Gunther Bornkamm, Jesus of Nazareth…, 45.
Evaluation
After the second world people started to ask question, whether God exist or not? For everything
they started to study with a critical point of view. People stared to evaluate and argue. They
began to read Bible with a critic mind. They brought many question about the person Jesus in the
history. But history proved that Jesus is a historical Jesus. In such critical study they found out
the context of Jesus’ time. In this paper the writer has brought how the context was in the time of
Jesus, as it is explained very precisely. This all context that is presented here is proved the
history of Jesus. Writer is agreed with this paper and goes with hand in hand. This study will be
help full for all the student of theology and lover of Jesus.

Conclusion
Understanding the context of Jesus involves examining these various elements to gain insights
into the world in which he lived and the messages he conveyed to his followers. Different
denominations within Christianity may interpret and emphasize certain aspects of this context
differently.

Bibliography

George, K.K. Jesus Christ Life and Teaching. Thiruvalla: Chrstava Sahitya Samithi,2009
George, Bill. His Story the life of Christ. Tennessee: Pathway Press, 1977.
Crossan, John Dominic. the essential Jesus. USA: Harpersan Francisco, 1994.
Chilton, Bruce. Rabbi Jesus an intimate. New York: Doubleday, 2000.
Cheney, Johnston M. the Life of Christ Stereo. Portaland: Werstern Baptist Seminary Press,
1969.
Bornkamm, Gunther. Jesus of Nazareth. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1960.
Allen, Charles L. The Life of Christ. Old Tappan: Fleming H. Revell Company.
Baxter, Margaret. Jesus Christ: His life and His Church. New Delhi: ISPCK, 1996.
Jensen, Irving L. The Life of Christ. Chicago: Moody Bible institute, 1973.
Wingaads. Background of the Gospel. Bangalore: theological Publication in India, 2007.