Industrial Engineering Journal

ISSN: 0970-2555
Volume : 53, Issue 5, No.1, May : 2024
A REVIEW ON UTILIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE AS
RECYCLED AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE

Bikesh Kumar Tripathi, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Technocrats

Institute of Technology(Excellence), Bhopal, MP. Bikeshtripathi11@gmail.com
Ravindra Gautam, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology (Excellence),Bhopal, MP.
Dr. Manish Patkar, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology (Excellence),Bhopal, MP.
Ajid Khan, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Technocrats Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, MP.

Abstract
The cost of construction materials are increasing to high rates for a conventional building is a major
factor that affects the housing delivery worldwide. This has necessitated research for alternative cost
effective materials in construction. There is a large amount of demolished waste generated every
year in India and other developing countries. Demolished waste includes concrete blocks which can
be recycled into stone aggregates through pre-screening, crushing, screening and separating of
aggregate. The natural resources are depleting and construction & demolition wastes are increasing
day-by-day. Researchers and governments of many countries trying to find out best solution to deal
with this situation. Ceramic waste and granite waste from construction industry needed effective
utilization. Many researchers have found its use for making concrete with partially or fully
replacement of aggregates. In this study, we found out the optimum level of replacement of such
wastes by studying various previous researches and reached to conduct a detailed experimental
investigation using Indian Standards. In the proposed experimental investigation, the effect of partial
replacement of coarse aggregate by demolished waste on compressive strength and workability of
demolished concrete. Sieve analysis will perform for recycled demolished concrete and coarse
aggregates. The prepared concrete mix will compare and test in terms of compressive strength and
Split tensile strength to conventional concrete. The test will be performed at 7, 14 and 28 days in
order to evaluate the strength properties. Finally, comparing the strengths of all concretes and prefer
the best strength concrete

Keyword- RCA, marble particle, split tensile strength, Flexural strength, Slump cone test

I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is versatile its durability, sustainability, and economy have made it the world’s most widely
used construction material. About four tons of concrete are produced per person per year worldwide.
The term concrete refers to a mixture of aggregates, generally sand, and either gravel or crushed
stone, held together by a binding material of cementations paste. Understanding the fundamentals of
concrete is necessary to produce quality concrete according to design for the construction of durable
structure. Essentials of Quality Concrete Workmanship, mix proportions, material characteristics,
and adequacy of curing is related to performance of concrete. The production of quality concrete
involves a variety of materials and a number of different processes including, the production and
testing of raw materials, determining the desired properties of concrete, proportioning of concrete
constituents to meet the design requirements, batching, mixing, and handling to achieve consistency,
proper placement, finishing, and adequate consolidation to ensure uniformity, proper maintenance of
moisture and temperature conditions to promote strength gain and durability, and finally, testing for
quality control and evaluation. Many people with different skills come into contact with concrete

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throughout its production. Ultimately, the quality of the final product depends on their workmanship.
It is essential that the workforce be adequately trained for this purpose. When these factors are not
carefully controlled, they may adversely affect the performance of the fresh and hardened properties.
Concrete becomes hard on drying it is basically a mixture of two components: aggregates and binder
paste. The binding paste, comprised of Portland cement and water, binds the aggregates (usually
surkhi or sand and crushed stone or gravel) into a rocklike mass as the paste hardens from the
chemical reaction between cement and water. Supplement cementations materials and chemical
admixtures can also be included in the paste to improve the quality of concrete. The paste may also
contain entrapped air or purposely entrained air. The paste constitutes about 25% to 40% of the total
volume of concrete. Figure 1shows that the absolute volume of cement is usually between 7% and
15% and the water between 14% and 21%. Air content in concrete ranges from about 4% to 8% of
the volume.
Introduction to Construction and Demolition Waste
Balance of the supply of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes and the demand of recycled
C&D waste products (Balance Theory) is an effective means of reducing these wastes. The maturity
of Balance Theory requires gradual establishment of recycling facilities. These facilities are capable
to accept and handle not only inert materials but also other C&D wastes—wood and wood products,
cardboard, metal, and plastics. The Balance Theory requires construction workers to adopt the idea
of reduction of wastes. They are educated to clean their working places constantly and collect all
construction wastes they generated into separate collection spots within the construction site. A site
management personnel is required to establish site facilities and set up conditions in employment
contracts, and subcontracts for workers, and subcontractors to follow. The culture of separating
wastes at sources must be established and widely adopted so that Balance Theory could be realized.
Balance Theory advocates the amount of wastes generated from a construction project, and sent for
recycling process must be equivalent (or proportional) to the amount of the recycled C&D products
imported and used as construction materials for that project. Levels of waste within the construction
industry need to be reduced for environmental and economic reasons.
Present Scenario of Demolished Waste used in India
Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management is gaining attention from policy makers in
India. This article estimates C&DW generation from urban building, rural building, and non-building
sectors in India and calculates material, energy, and emissions savings from C&DW recycling. The
method used in this study is top down up material flow analysis approach. The results indicate that
India generated between 112 and 431 million tonnes of C&DW in 2016 depending upon the
assumptions, which are orders of magnitude higher than official records indicate. Although per
capita waste generation from rural area is less than urban areas, rural areas as a whole generate more
waste than urban areas, as rural population is still over two times the urban population in India.
Additionally, it was estimated that formal C&DW recycling can save upto 2–8% of natural minerals,
such as sand and aggregate in urban areas, energy and emissions savings were negative, implying
that recycled C&DW materials are likely to be more resource and environmentally intensive as
compared to natural materials. Recycling of concrete debris can make a contribution to reducing the
total environmental impact of the building sector. To increase the scope for recycling in the future,
aspects of recycling have to be included in the design phase. Besides, aggregate sources near Metro
Manila are almost depleted, so aggregates have to be brought from far quarries. Consequently,
reclaiming aggregates from concrete debris would lead to environmental and economic benefits.
As we have studied earlier that for any type of civil engineering construction, cement concrete is the
chief constituent because it can be made with local available materials, but as large construction is
going on presently, and will in future too, new construction technology will be used and for large
construction, hence large amount of natural materials will be required which is generally found from

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nature. Extraction of natural materials fulfills the present requirement of construction, but it degrades
the environment in long run, in the form of air pollution, land pollution, water pollution, and rise in
temperature due to climate change. We are seeing now a days many old structure are being
demolished, and new buildings are constructed. Due to demolition of old structures large amount of
construction solid waste are generated. Main Aim of the research are:
1. In our project we are making an effort, and are trying to replace natural coarse aggregate
partially and fully by demolished waste concrete.
2. Experiments will be done on fresh as well as hardened concrete, and it will be compared with
concrete made with fresh quarried natural coarse aggregates extracted from earth’s surface.
3. Also the previous researcher’s had replaced some percentage of coarse aggregate with
demolished waste in this theis coarse aggregate is fully replaced by demolished waste and then
it is being tested .
4. To utilize crushed ceramic (bone China) waste as fine aggregate and recycled course aggregate
from demolition waste is used as coarse aggregate in manufacturing of M30 grade of concrete.
5. To partially replace natural sand used as fine aggregates with crushed ceramic (bone China)
waste with percentages as 20%. Also to partially replace crushed coarse aggregate with
demolition waste with varying percentage as 50% and 70% replacement.
6. To study the combined effect 20% crushed ceramic (bone China) waste and marble particle and
70% demolition waste on varies properties of M30 grade of concrete.
7. If the results are found at par with the results as per IS specifications, a recommendation will be
made in future to government agencies, that demolished waste coarse aggregate can be a
replacement to natural coarse aggregates and can be used for low cost housing projects.

II. LITRATURE REVIEW

Thakur et al. (2018) given the current scenario, high-quality natural sand is becoming increasingly
scarce and expensive due to factors such as limited accessibility to rivers yearround, illegal dredging,
and the rapid growth of construction activities. It has become imperative to explore alternative
materials for use as natural sand in construction projects. Manufactured Sand (M Sand) stands out as
a viable alternative material that can effectively replace natural sand in construction, serving as a
partial substitute. This study is designed to assess the suitability and potential of M Sand as a fine
aggregate in concrete mixes. An experimental program was devised to cast specimen cubes, varying
the replacement of fine aggregate with M Sand in increments of 16 percent. The results demonstrate
that natural sand can be effectively replaced with M Sand, with the maximum strength achieved at a
64 percent replacement of natural sand with M Sand, based on compressive strength. This finding
underscores the potential and effectiveness of M Sand as a substitute for natural sand in concrete
formulations.
Arulmoly et al. (2019) this study explores the use of manufactured sand and offshore sand as full
replacements for river sand in cement-sand mortar. Two types of manufactured sand, Hornblende-
Gneiss and Charnockite, along with offshore sand, were considered for various replacement levels
(0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). Mortar formulations utilized Portland Limestone Cement with different
binder-to-aggregate ratios. The research evaluates the impact on fresh and hardened state properties,
comparing them with river sand mortars. Results indicate that a 25% replacement level of
manufactured sand with offshore sand provides an economically efficient solution for completely
substituting river sand in mortar production.
Dolores Eliche Quesada (2020) examined the effects of grazing hollow beads and recycled ceramics
on the mechanical, thermal conductivity, and material characteristics of concrete. The findings
demonstrated that the workability and thermal characteristics of the concrete are significantly
optimized by the concentration of recycled ceramics and grazed hollow beads. On the other hand, the

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superabundant concentration may cause the concrete's hydration degree to decrease, which would
increase material flaws and suppress the development of C-S-H gel. In conclusion, 10% RCE and
60% GHB are the ideal material system design approaches, taking into account the coordinated
development of important variables including mechanical properties, microstructure, and thermal
insulation capabilities
Olawale et al. (2021) Plastic items have many residential and industrial uses, which has fueled a
global rise in their use. On the other side, the environment is contaminated by the enormous volume
of plastic products that are thrown away after usage. Given this, the current study looked into the
possibility of using Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in place of natural sand while making
concrete. While the remaining components of the concrete (cement, granite, water-to-cement ratio,
and superplasticizer) were left same, locally acquired river sand was substituted in proportions of 4
to 20% at a step of 4% by the weight of natural sand with PET waste that had been industrially
processed. For all concrete mixes, Grade M40 concrete was utilized, with a mix ration of 1:1:2:0.35
(cement, sand, granite, and water to cement). PET-free concrete serves as the control.
Gour et al. (2022) Recycling building materials is essential to preserving natural resources and
advancing sustainable human development in a quickly industrializing world. Although
incorporating the waste in structural concrete is a cost-effective solution, its use is limited by the
material's deteriorating properties, and thus it should be carefully examined. A few studies have
utilized bone China waste (BCW), which has pozzolanic qualities, occasionally in concrete. Thus,
the workability, compressive, split tensile, and flexure strengths of the fresh and hardened features
are initially ascertained in the present study. Natural fine aggregate (sand) was substituted with 0%,
20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of BCW. The results of the experiment show that every percentage
of BCW substitution produces the required characteristic strength; the combination that produces the
maximum strength value is 60% BCW.
Reig et al. (2023) Bricks, wall tiles, roof tiles, sanitary ceramics and other ceramic wastes of many
kinds are produced during the manufacturing process as well as during building construction and
demolition. Inert ceramic waste takes a long time to biodegrade, so placing it in a landfill has a
negative influence on the environment and the surrounding landscape. Conversely, the construction
sector uses a lot of energy and natural raw materials; the most widely used materials are Portland
cement and concrete. This chapter provides an overview of the numerous studies that have been
conducted to value and repurpose various kinds of ceramic waste as recycled aggregate in the
production of concrete.
Yang et al. (2024) Freeze casting is a potentially very useful method for preparing porous cement-
based materials. Steam curing and freeze-drying, on the other hand, lengthen the preparation time
and complicate the procedure. Heat-dry curing was employed in place of steam and freeze-drying
during operation to streamline the procedure. The new preparation technique has the advantages of
low energy consumption, ease of use, and time savings by combining heat-dry curing and freeze
casting. The innovative preparation process can reduce energy consumption by at least 18% and
preparation time by at least 16 percent when compared to the conventional method of preparing
porous cement-based materials.
Dhanoliya and Tiwari (2023) The garbage from development and demolition is growing daily, and
the natural resources are running out. Numerous governments and researchers are attempting to
determine the best course of action in this situation. Waste from the construction sector, such as
granite and ceramic materials, needed to be used efficiently. Numerous researchers have discovered
that it may be used to make concrete where aggregates are replaced entirely or in part. By examining
numerous earlier studies, we were able to determine the ideal amount of replacement for these wastes
in this study and proceeded to carry out a thorough experimental evaluation utilizing Indian
Standards. The proposed experimental investigation will examine the effects of ceramic and granite

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waste on M40 grade concrete qualities, including compressive, splitting, and flexural strength at 7
and 28 days. The waste materials will be employed as coarse aggregate replacement up to 30%,
either separately or in combination.

III. METHODOLOGY
In this Study, work is executed in three stages. Initially, the engineering properties of various
materials are determined such as water absorption and specific density of crushed ceramic (bone
China) waste, marble particle and crushed recycled coarse aggregate. Further, mix design for M30
grade of concrete with partial replacement of bone China, marble particle and recycled coarse
aggregate are investigated. The partial replacement of natural sand used as fine aggregates with
crushed ceramic (bone China) waste, marble particle with percentages as 20%. & partial replacement
of crushed coarse aggregate with crushed recycled coarse aggregate with varying percentage as 50%
and 70%. Properties of M30 grade of concrete is also investigated. Finally, the workability,
compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of above-mentioned mixes are
determined and also compared with normal concrete (without any replacement).
By studying the literature review, the methodology for the future research work can be formed. The
proposed methodology for the experimental work to be conducted has been described in this section.
All the ingredients such as fine aggregate (river sand), coarse aggregates, cement, etc., used for
making desired concrete mixes will be tested as per specifications of Indian Standards. IS 383: 2016
and IS 2386: 1963 will be used for specifications and testing of aggregates for various physical &
mechanical properties to check their suitability as coarse aggregate. IS 4031: 1996 & IS 269: 2015
will be used for specifications and testing of cement for various properties to check suitability as
cement. IS 456: 2000 & IS 10262: 2019 will be used for mix design of concrete as per specifications
given in them. IS 9103: 1999 will be used for specifications of concrete admixtures and their suitable
dosage in concrete. IS 1199: 2018 (Part 2) will be used for consistency determination of fresh
concrete. IS 516: 1959 & IS 5816: 1999 will be used for casting, curing, and testing of hardened
concrete at suitable age of curing.
In this dissertation work is execute in three stages, initially, the engineering properties of various
materials are determined such as water absorption and specific density of crushed ceramic (bone
China) waste and crushed recycled coarse aggregate. Further, mix design for M30 grade of concrete
with partial replacement of bone China and recycled coarse aggregate are investigated. The partial
replacement of natural sand used as fine aggregates with crushed ceramic (bone China) waste with
varying percentages as 20%, Also partial replacement of crushed coarse aggregate with crushed
recycled coarse aggregate with varying percentage as 0%, 50%, And silica fume 10% constant
replacement with cement the combined effect 50% crushed ceramic (bone China) waste and 60%
crushed recycled coarse aggregate on varies properties of M30 grade of concrete is also investigated.
Finally the workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of above
mentioned mixes are determined and also compared with normal concrete (without any replacement).

IV. MATERIALS USED

Cement
The Portland concrete used in the experiment was standard 43-grade Portland concrete. Table 1 lists
the concrete's physical characteristics.
Table 1 Physical properties of ordinary Portland cement- 43 grade
Properties Value
Fineness of cement 6%
Grade of Cement OPC(43 grade)

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Specific gravity of cement 2.90
Initial setting time 112
Final setting time 320
Normal Consistency 34%
Fine Aggregate
As the fine total, locally accessible sand that was confirmed to be in zone II and had an explicit
gravity of 2.6 was used. The fineness modulus of the sand that was used was 2.92. The sand that was
retained on a 150 micron IS filter and passed 1.18 mm was used. The sifter investigation for fine
aggregate is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
IS sieve No. % passing Cumulative % retained
4.75 97.31 2.69
2.36 84.82 15.18
1.18 68.51 31.49
600µ 46.89 53.11
300µ 9.27 90.73
150µ 0.87 99.13
Coarse Aggregate
Aggregate forms a major part of concrete structure. Coarse aggregate also plays an important role in the
strength of concrete. Hence, all the different properties of coarse aggregate must be properly examined
for an ideal mix. There are two types of coarse aggregate used in the design mix that is 10mm and 20
mm. The properties are determined under severe conditions as per IS: 2386-1963 specifications.
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA)
Recycled concrete aggregate as shown in Fig 1 can be reused as a partial replacement for natural
aggregate in new concrete construction. The hardened concrete can be sourced either from the
demolition of concrete structures at the end of their serviceability. When concrete structures are
demolished, concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of utilizing the concrete waste.

Figure 1: Demolition waste and transportation of demolition waste

Bone China waste
Bone China is a form of porcelain made from kaolin, Feld spathic material, and bone ash. Kaolin is a
type of aluminum silicate that contains aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide and is used in concrete
production. It is widely used in today life. It can be found in many forms, including Cup plate,
Decorative pots, etc. as shown in Fig. 2. The use of bone China as aggregates in concrete has great
potential for high-quality concrete development.

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Table 3. Physical properties of Born China Waste
Property River sand Bone China Acceptance limit for
waste concrete
Specific gravity 2.64 2 2.6-2.8
Fineness modulus 2.54% 3.14% 2.2-3.2
Density (kg/m3) 1570 1360 -
Water absorption 1.01% 3.20% 0.86-1.16

Fig 2: Bone China waste, Bone China powder

Marble Particle
It is therefore a social and legal responsibility of government and industry to solve the problem of
marble particle pollution. Thus, new approaches that consider industrial wastes as alternative raw
materials become interesting, both technically and economically, for a wide range of applications.
Table 4. Chemical Properties of Marble particle
Oxide compounds Marble particle (Mass %)
SiO2 28.35
Al2O3 0.42
Fe203 9.70
CaO 40.45
MgO 16.25
Density (g/cm3) 2.80
Water
Water is most important ingredient for production of concrete and least expensive one also. Purpose
of using water is to cause hydration of cement. Quantity of water is to be carefully controlled during
manufactured of concrete. Whereas lesser water makes concrete difficult to work with concrete and
due to non-uniform mixing the resultant concrete is weaker in strength. Water is additionally utilized
for washing aggregate and curing.
The composition of various concrete mixes.
For M30 grade of concrete with coarse aggregate is replaced by Demolition (C&D) Waste and
fine aggregate with bone China and marble particle
In this, ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 for M30 grade is used for casting of cubes, beam and
cylinder with Demolition (C&D) Waste is replaced in place of coarse aggregate by 50 and 70%
without changing the mix design. Table 3.18 shows the quantity of ingredient used when coarse
aggregate is replaced by recycled coarse aggregate for casting six cubes and Table 3.18 shows the
quantity of ingredient used when coarse aggregate is replaced by recycled coarse aggregate for

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casting twenty six cubes, nine beam and nine cylinder. The water- cement ratio of design mix is
taken as 0.5.
Table 5: Details of Coarse aggregate replacement for mix codes
Mix Cement (%) Natural Sand Bone china Natural coarse Demolition (C&D)
(%) Waste/ marble Aggregate (%) Waste (%)
particle (%)
B0M0D0 100 100 00 100 00
B20D50 100 80 20 50 50
M20D50 100 80 20 50 50
M20D70 100 80 20 30 70
B20D70 100 80 20 30 70

Notation of Mix
1. B0M0D0 - normal concrete, the reference mix (without replacement).
2. B20D50 - in case of combined 20% bone china and 50 % Demolition (C&D) Waste
3. M20D50 - in case of combined 20% marble particles and 50 % Demolition (C&D)
Waste
4. M20D70 - in case of combined 20% marble particles and 70 % Demolition (C&D)
Waste
5. B20D70 - in case of combined 20% bone china and 70 % Demolition (C&D) Waste

V. CONCLUSION
Based on the above literature review and by studying various researches, it can be concluded that
Demolition (C&D) Waste and marble particle wastes are accumulating in huge quantities and there is
no proper solution of disposal of such wastes other than land filling. Many researchers have studied
their effect on partial or full replacement of such waste as coarse or fine aggregate to obtain their
optimum levels. Based on this study, it can also be concluded that the Demolition (C&D) Waste and
marble particle can be transformed into useful coarse and fine aggregates to be use in concrete for
desired strength Researchers studied Demolition (C&D) Waste and marble particle waste in lower
grade of concrete (less than M30) for partially or fully substitution in concrete as coarse and/or fine
aggregates and found even more better results as compared to conventional concrete mixes. The
literature review suggested that the use of Demolition (C&D) Waste and marble particle waste can
be found to be effective for making M30 grade concrete but only up to 70% replacement level.

VIII. REFERENCES
1. Shilpa Thakur, Yogesh Kr Agarwal, Amit Mittal, Akhil Maheshwari, Pradeep Kumar Jain
Hitsh Nagar on M Sand as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Concrete: Effect on 84
Compressive Strength (Shilpa Thakur Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
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2. Branavan Arulmoly Chaminda Konthesingha , Anura Nanayakkara “Performance evaluation
of cement mortar produced with manufactured sand and offshore sand as alternatives for river
sand” Construction and Building Materials, Volume 297, 23 August 2019, 123784
3. Dolores Eliche Quesada (2020), “Coupling Influence between Recycled Ceramics and
Grazed Hollow Beads on Mechanical Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Recycled
Thermal Insulation Concrete”, Published online 2021 Aug 20. doi: 10.3390/ma14164695
4. S. O. A. Olawale et al. (2021), “Strength Characteristics of M40 Grade Concrete Using
Waste Pet As Replacement For Sand”, Vol. 18, No.3, September 2021

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5. Chandra Prakash Gour et al. (2022) “Design of Structural Concrete with Bone China Fine
Aggregate Using Statistical Approach”, Received 22 Jul 2022
6. Reig, L. et al. (2023). Ceramic Waste: Reuse as a Recycled Aggregate. In: Bienvenido-
Huertas, D., Durán-Álvarez, J. (eds) Building Engineering Facing the Challenges of the 21st
Century. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 345. Springer, Singapore.
7. Sachin Dhanoliya and Sanjay Tiwari, (2023) “Study on Use of Ceramic Waste & Granite
Waste in Concrete”, Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023
8. Packrisamy, K., Jayakumar, K. Fly ash and ceramic tile industrials waste: landfills to
construction materials. Clean Techn Environ Policy 25, 3247–3261 (2023).
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