Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development Vol. 22, No. 2 (part-6), March 2018 www.jeasd.

org (ISSN 2520-0917)

The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

Vol. 22, No. 2 (Part-6), March 2018

ISSN 2520-0917
10.31272/jeasd.2018.2.88

THE EFFECT OF WASTE BRICK POWDER AS CEMENT

WEIGHT REPLACEMENT ON PROPERTIES OF SUSTAINABLE
CONCRETE

Dr. Mohammed Moslah Salman1 , * Mohammad Zohair Yousif 2

1) Prof., Civil Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

2) Lecture, Civil Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract: Construction and Demolition ( C&D ) waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste
production in the world. The main purpose of this research is to study the effect of addition of waste
Yellow Clay brick powder (YCBP) on the behavior of concrete (C25) at both conditions; fresh and
hardened on the mechanical properties of concrete through by using of different partial replacement of
powdered brick with cement until 50 percent by weight (0% , 5% , 10% , 15% , 20% , 25% and 50%) and
addition 10% of micro SF by weight replacement of cement to produce concrete and to reduce the impact
on environment by consuming the material generally considered as waste product. The yellow clay brick
was crushed and grinded manually and also sieve through 75µm sieve size in order to be fineness as
cement. Cubes of size 150mm, Cylinders of size 300mm x 150mm and prisms of size 100mm x 100mm x
500mm were casted and tested, different ratios of waste CBP have been used to study its effect on the
workability (slump flow), compressive strength and splitting tensile strength for 7, 14 and 28 days; and
the modulus of rupture for 28 days. The results compared with the reference specimens and study the
relationship between the mechanical properties of concrete. The addition was the use of waste as an
alternative to cement and up to 10% with a slight decrease in the properties of concrete compared with
ordinary concrete

Keywords: Brick Dust, Waste clay bricks, Replacement, Construction and Demolition, Workability,
Mechanical Strength.

‫جأثير مسحوق مخلفات الطابوق كأحالل مه وزن السمىث على خواص الخرساوة المسحدامة‬
‫ انهذف انشئيسي يٍ هزا انبحد هى دساسة‬.‫ جشكم يخهفبت انبُبء وانهذو جضءا كبيشا يٍ إجًبني إَحبج انُفبيبت انظهبة في انعبنى‬:‫الخالصة‬
‫( في يشحهة انخشسبَة‬C25) ‫) عهى سهىن انخشسبَة رات انظُف‬YCBP( ‫جأذيش إضبفة يخهفبت طببىق انبُبء االطفش انطيُي كًسحىق‬
‫انهيُة و في يشحهة انخشسبَة انًحظهبة وجأذيشهب عهى انخىاص انًيكبَيكية نهخشسبَة يٍ خالل أسحخذاو يسحىق يخهفبت انطببىق بُسب‬
‫ يٍ غببس‬%00 ‫) يع أضبفة‬%20 ‫ انى‬%02 ,%00 ,%02 ,%00 ,%2 ,%0( ‫أسحبذال يخحهفة يٍ وصٌ األسًُث في انخهطة انخشسبَية‬
‫ جى جكسيش‬.‫يبيكشو انسهيكب فيىو إلَحبج خشسبَة يسحذاية وجمهيم انحأذيش عهى انبيئة يٍ خالل اسحهالن انًىاد انحي جعحبش عًىيب يخهفبت انبُبء‬
‫ يٍ أجم أٌ جكىٌ َعىية انًسحىق كُعىية‬75µm ‫و سحك يخهفبت طببىق انبُبء ويٍ ذى طحُهب وأسحخذاو انًسحىق انعببش يٍ انغشببل‬
‫ يهى‬000 × ‫ يهى‬000 ‫ يهى ويُبشيش بًمبط‬020 × ‫ يهى‬000 ‫ اسطىاَبت خشسبَية بًمبط‬،‫ يهى‬020 ‫ يكعببت خشسبَية رات يميبط‬.‫االسًُث‬
‫ يمبوية‬،‫( نذساسة جأذيشهب عهى لببهية انحشغيم‬CBP) ‫ يهى جى طبهب واخحببسهب بأسحخذاو َسب يخحهفة يٍ يخهفبت انطببىق انطيُي‬200 ×
ٍ‫ انُحبئج يمبسَة يع انعيُبت انًشجعية ودساسة انعاللة بي‬.‫ يىيب‬02 ‫ يىيب؛ ويعبيم انكسش بعًش‬02 ‫ و‬01 ،7 ‫االَضغبط يمبوية انشذ بعًش‬
‫ جكًٍ أهًية انبحد في أسحخذاو انفضالت انُبججة يٍ انطببىق في أَحبج خشسبَة عبدية يًب يسبهى في‬.‫انخىاص انًيكبَيكية نهخشسبَة‬
CO2 ‫جأييٍ انبيئة يٍ هزِ انًخهفبت ببالضبفة انى جمهيض كًيبت انسًُث انًسحخذية في طُبعة انخشسبَة يًب يمهم أيضب يٍ أَبعبذبت غبص‬

*mohammad_autocad@yahoo.com

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‫ يع حذوخ‬%00 ‫ أيب االضبفة انحي أسهى فيهب هي أسحخذاو انفضالت كبذيم عٍ انسًُث وبُسبة جظم انى‬. ‫انُبجج يٍ جظُيع انسًُث‬
. ‫أَخفبع بسيظ في خىاص انخشسبَة يمبسَة يع انخشسبَة انعبدية‬

1. Introduction
Reduction of Portland cement without reducing performance of concrete is very
important for huge projects that need a lot of cement. Today, pozzolana and
cementitious materials plays an important role in concrete.
Wastes of industries and constructions which have pozzolanic or cementitious
property, not only can reduce environmental pollution and energy consumption of
construction industry, but also make it cheap.
According to some authors the best way for the construction industry to become a
more sustainable one is by using wastes from other industries as building materials[1-3].
Around 850kg of CO2 are emitted per ton of clinker produced [4].
Therefore, the replacement concrete by brick wastes represents a tremendous saving
of energy and has important environmental benefits. Besides, it will also have a major
effect on decreasing concrete costs, since the cost of cement represents more than 30
percent of the concrete cost.
The waste materials of clay bricks are usually come in different ways. Some are
created in factories during and after the production process as a result of human
mistakes, inappropriate materials, or a mistake in production process, some others are
formed in transportation and distribution stage and finally a large part of waste materials
are formed as a result of destroying buildings. The amount of waste materials may
account to millions of tons annually.
Many researches were conducted to use waste clay brick materials in concrete
industry, Swaroop. et.al.[5]; investigated the effectiveness on durability characteristics
of concrete developed by using brick powder (BP) and quarry dust (QD) , In the
backdrop of such a bleak atmosphere, there is large demand for alternative materials
from waste. Secondary cementing materials like Brick Powder can be used to partially
replace cement because of pozzolanic nature.
Materials like quarry dust best suites to sand due to its physical and chemical
properties, fineness etc.
Also these materials are known to increase durability, resistance to sulphate attack
and Alkali-Silica reaction(ASR). In their work, used different mixes of concrete
considered are :
1. Conventional aggregate concrete (CCA)
2. Concrete made by replacing 10% cement BP…... (CBP10)
3. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 10% QD…... (CB10Q10)
4. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 15% QD…..(CB10Q15)
5. Concrete made by replacing 10% with BP and 20% QD…..(CB10Q20)
6. Concrete made by replacing 15% cement with BP..…(CBP15)
7. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 10% QD…..(CB15Q10)
8. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 20% QD…..(CB15Q20)

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

9. Concrete made by replacing 15% with BP and 30% QD…..(CB15Q30)

Their result showed that the brick powder (BP) and quarry dust (QD) For all types of
mixes considered always an increase in strength is seen for both 7, 28 & 120 days
curing.
Usha Rani, et al[6]; aimed to investigate the suitability of using crushed brick in
concrete. Crushed brick originated from demolished masonry was crushed in the
laboratory and added partial sand replacement. Three replacement levels, 15%,20% and
25%, were compared with the control.
The tests on concrete showed that the mechanical properties (compressive, flexural
and splitting tensile strengths) of concrete containing crushed brick were well
comparable to those of the concrete without ground brick.
The main focus of the research is to present additional information in the field of
recycling clay masonry rubbles in order to explore the possible uses of these recyclable
materials in structural applications.
Naceria, et al.[7]; showed that the quantity of pozzalanic admixture (waste brick) of
cement manufactured is the principal parameter who influences on the variation of the
physic-chemical properties of the cement tested.
This paper presents a preliminary study on the assessment of the pozzolanic activity
of waste bricks powder as well as its potential use in concrete as a partial replacement of
cement.
A series of tests were conducted to study the pozzolanic activity and the compressive
strength tests were to monitor the strength development of the concrete at different ages
containing from 5 to 50 percent bricks powder as cement replacement.
The other objective is to reduce the cost of construction but also helps to reduce the
impact on environment by consuming the material generally considered as waste
product.

2. Experimental Program
2.1. Materials Used
2.1.1. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type (I) manufactured at northern cement factory
Bazian, Al-Sulaimaniya / Iraq with the trademark of (Al-mass) has been used in this
investigation.
Tables (1) and (2) show the chemical composition and main compounds, and
physical properties of the cement used throughout this work respectively.
The test results show that the used cement conforms to the requirements of the Iraqi
Standard Specification (I.O.S No.5/1984-Type I)[8].

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Table (1) Chemical Composition and main compounds of Al-mass ordinary Portland cement
used throughout this work *
Oxide Composition % by weight Limits of Iraqi specification No.5:1984[8]
Silica Dioxide (SiO2) 21.61 -
Lime (CaO) 64.23 -
Magnesia Oxide (MgO) 2.28 <5.0
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 3.30 -
Alumina Trioxide (Al2O3) 4.97 -
Sulphate (SO3) 2.65 <2.8
Loss on ignition (L.O.I) 1.90 <4.0
Insoluble residue (I.R) 0.85 <1.5
Lime saturation factor (L.S.F) 0.909 0.66 – 1.02
Main Compounds (Bogue΄s equation) %by weight of cement
Tricalcium Silicate (C3S) 51.510 -
Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) 23.182 -
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) 7.593 -
Tetracalcium Alumino-Ferrite (C4AF) 10.032 -
* The chemical composition tests was made by National Center for Construction Laboratories (NCCL) / Central Baghdad
Laboratory

Table (2) Physical Properties of Al-mass Ordinary Portland Cement used throughout this work *
Physical Properties Test result Limits of Iraqi specification
No.5:1984[8]
Fineness (m2/kg) by Blaine method 335 ≥ 230
Setting time (Vicat΄s method)
Initial setting (min) 150 ≥ 45 min
Final setting (hrs.) 4:40 ≤ 10 hrs
Compressive strength for cement mortar
cube (70.7)mm at, MN/m2
3 days 30.0 > 15
7 days 39.5 > 23
Soundness using Auto clave% 0.03 < 0.8

* The chemical composition tests was made by National Center for Construction Laboratories (NCCL) / Central Baghdad
Laboratory

2.1.2. Clay brick powder

The waste clay bricks (WCBs) used in the investigation were taken from the
building. The WCBs were converted into the same size of aggregates, then, the products
were placed inside the impact crusher, after that, ground and softening the products to
different average particle size were converted into fine powder.
After grinding, which has been sieved and grains passing through 75micron was the
primary material used, Fig.(1 & 2). The waste clay bricks types used derived from a
variety of sources in Iraq, and are referred to as Yellow Clay Brick (YCB).
The chemical compositions of Yellow clay brick powder (YCBP) was analyzed and
results obtained are reported in Table 3.

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

Plate 1. Step’s of crushing and grounding the WCBs

Plate 2. Step’s of sieving and grains passing through 75µm

Table (3): The chemical composition of CBP* (wt.%)

Composition YCBP
SiO2 40.60 %
Al2O3 12.00 %
Fe2O3 4.93 %
CaO 28.10 %
Na2O 1.30 %
K2O 0.87 %
MgO 5.16 %
TiO2 0.56 %
P2O5 0.17 %
SO3 5.31 %
L.O.I 1.21 %
* The chemical composition tests were made by the Central Laboratories Department for Iraq Geological Survey

2.1.3. Micro silica fume

Silica fume (SF) has been used as an artificial pozzolanic admixture that is effective
in improving the mechanical properties significantly. The American Concrete Institute
ACI234R-96[9] defines silica fume as "very fine non-crystalline silica produced in
electric arc furnaces for silicon or alloys containing silicon". Silica fume or microsilica
(very fine amorphous silica particles < 1µm) used throughout this research is
commercially known as partial replacement of cement weight. Tables (4&5) illustrate
the composition and properties of microsilica fume according to manufacturer editions
and was chemical composition test carried out by the Central Laboratories Department

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

for Iraq Geological Survey. The results show that silica fume used satisfies the
requirements of ASTM C1240[10].

Table (4) Physical properties and requirements of silica fume *

Physical properties Results Limit of Specification Requirement (ASTM
C1240)[10]
Colour Grey to medium grey
Specific surface area (m2/kg) 22000 ≥ 15000
Strength active Index with Portland
122 ≥ 105
cement at 7 days, min. percent of control
Percent retained on 45μm (No.325),
8 ≤ 10
max,%
*from manufacturer label

Table (5) chemical properties of silica fume *

Oxide Content Limit of Specification Requirement

Oxides composition Abbreviation
(%) (ASTM C1240)[10]

Silica SiO2 93.03 85.0 (min)

Alumina Al2O3 < 0.04 -
Iron oxide Fe2O3 0.05 -
Lime CaO 1.38 -
Sodium oxide Na2O 0.21
Magnesia MgO 0.35 -
Titanium dioxide TiO2 < 0.01
Sulfate SO3 0.55 -
Phosphorus pentoxide P2O5 0.19
Potassium oxide K2O 1.09 -
Loss on ignition L.O.I. 3.37 6.0(max)
* The chemical composition tests was made by and Central Laboratories Department for Iraq Geological Survey
for Iraq Geological Survey

2.1.4. Fine aggregate

From Al-Ukhaider region, Karbalaa-Iraq, natural sand is used in this study which
has fineness modulus of (3.18) and specific gravity (2.63). The grading of the fine
aggregate was checked according to Iraqi Standard Specification (No.45: 1984)[11].
Table (6) shows the sieve analysis of fine aggregate. Table (7) shows the physical
properties of the fine aggregate that are performed by National Center for Construction
Laboratories (NCCL) / Central Baghdad Laboratory

Table (6) Sieve analysis of fine aggregate (Zone 2)

Sieve size % passing by Limits of Iraqi standard specification No.
mm weight 45:1984[11] (Zone 2)
10 100 100
4.75 92 90-100
2.36 75 75-100
1.18 56 55-90
0.6 38 35-59
0.3 16 8-30
0.15 5 0-10
Pan 0 -

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

Table (7) Physical properties of fine aggregate

Physical properties Test result Limit of Iraqi specification No.45:1984[11]
Specific gravity 2.63 -
Sulphate content as SO3 0.194% 0.5% (max)
Fineness modulus 3.18
Fine materials passing from 2.2% 5% (max)
sieve (75µm)
Dry rodded density kg/m3 1715 -
Absorption 2%
Moisture content 1.4

2.1.5. Coarse aggregate

Natural crushed coarse aggregate of maximum size 10 mm was used in this
research. It was brought from AL–Badrah region. The gradation, specific gravity,
density and sulphate content were tested. The properties of natural coarse aggregate
used are show in Tables (8,9). The results demonstrate that the grading and sulphate
content of the coarse aggregate conform to the requirements of Iraqi Standard No.
45/1984[11].

Table (8) Sieve analysis of natural coarse aggregate*

Sieve size % passing by weight Limits of Iraqi standard specification No. 45:1984[11]
mm
20 100 100
14 99 90-100
10 86 50-85
5 4.1 0-10
2.36 - -
* The Sieve analysis tests was made by Construction Material Laboratory / Faculty of Engineering for Iraq
Geological Survey

Table (9) Physical properties of natural coarse aggregate*

Physical properties Test result Limit of Iraqi specification No.45:1984[11]
Specific gravity 2.65 -
Sulphate content as SO3 0.034% ≤ 0.1%
Fine materials passing from 0.4 -
sieve (75µm)
Compacted bulk density kg/m3 1575 -
Absorption 0.7% -

* The Physical properties tests was made by National Center for Construction Laboratories (NCCL) for
Iraq Geological Survey

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2.1.6. Water
The water used in the mix preparation and curing the specimens of concrete for 7,14
and 28 days was potable water from the water-supply network system (tap water).

2.2. Concrete Mix Design

A reference mix was made with ordinary Portland cement ( a concrete without waste
brick powder material ), and proportioned according to the ACI 211.1-91[12] . The
specified minimum compressive strength at 28 days for this mix was 25 MPa. Many
trial mixes were adopted to check the required properties and accurate amount of W/B
ratio. In order to achieve the scope of this study, six types of sustainable concrete mixes
were used in the present research as listed in Table (10). The variables used in these
mixes were type of pozzolana material. At the beginning of the mixture design, binder
content 400 kg/m3, fine aggregate content was 600 kg/m3, coarse aggregate content was
1200 kg/m3 and water content was 200 l/m3. The proportion of these components by
weight is (1:1.5:3) and w/c ratio is (0.5) were chosen as constant. Concrete mixes were
made with waste bricks powder replacing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 50 percent with addition
10% micro SF by weight of the cement as pozzolana and with the same amount of
aggregates and water as in the reference.

Table (10) Samples name and composition

Cementitious materials Cementitious materials weight
percent (kg/m3)
Abbreviation
Cement Pozzolana Cement Pozzolana
CBP microSF CBP microSF
OPC-NC 100 0 0 400 0 0
YCBP5SF 85 5 10 340 20 40
YCBP10SF 80 10 10 320 40 40
YCBP15SF 75 15 10 300 60 40
YCBP20SF 70 20 10 280 80 40
YCBP25SF 65 25 10 260 100 40
YCBP50SF 40 50 10 160 200 40

The concrete mixtures were mixed in accordance with ASTM C192. And workability
of the fresh concrete was measured with a standard slump cone, slump test fulfilled
according to ASTM C143[13]. The interior of the drum was initially washed with water
to prevent absorption.
The coarse and fine aggregate were mixed first, followed by addition of the cement
and pozzolan (YCBP) with 10% microSF and water containing required amount. With
each mix, control specimens are prepared to determine the mechanical properties of the
hardened concrete at 7,14 and 28 days. Control specimens involve 9 cubes (150)mm for
compressive strength measurement, 21 cylinders (150×300)mm for compressive
strength measurement, splitting tensile strength, and 1 prism (100×100×500)mm for
flexural strength (modulus of rupture).

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3. Fresh and Hardened Properties Tests of SC-YCBPSF

The different tests were conducted in the laboratories as shown in below. It consists
of mixing of concrete by partial replacing cement with proportions (by weight) of waste
yellow clay brick powder (YCBP) added to concrete mixtures were as follows: 0% (for
the control mix), 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 50% with addition 10% micro SF
Concrete samples are tested, to evaluate the concrete fresh and harden properties like
Workability, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength
requirements.

3.1. Workability of Concrete (Slump Test)

The workability of all concrete mixes was measured immediately after mixing in
accordance with test method of ASTM C143/ C143M [13]

Table (12) Measured values of Concrete Workability

% of YCBP
MIx Slump value (cm)
replacement
NC-OPC 0 11.1
SC-YCBP5SF 5 6.9
SC-YCBP10SF 10 5.7
SC-YCBP15SF 15 4.7
SC-YCBP20SF 20 3.8
SC-YCBP25SF 25 3.1
SC-YCBP50SF 50 2.6

12 11.1

10
Slump value (cm)

8 6.9
5.7
6 4.7
3.8
3.1 2.6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 50
% of YCBP replacement and 10% MSF
Figure (1) Effect of different YCBP percentage on the concrete
workability after addition 10% micro SF

Figure (1) shows the relationship between the waste yellow clay brick powder and
the slump test value of the sustainable concrete mix with added 10% MSF. According to
the results obtained, when addition 10% of MSF from the cement weight in the
sustainable concrete mix with YCBP replacement, the results show, from table (12), the
workability of Green concrete at fresh state are more decrease about (37.83%, 48.64%,
57.65%, 65.76%, 72.07% and 76.57%) respectively when replacing (5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 25% and 50%) of YCBP from the cement weight.

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

3.2. Compressive Strength Test

Standard cubes (150)mm are used according to (B.S 1881: part116[14]), are casting
and testing to determine the compressive strength at 28 days. The machine used in the
test is hydraulic compression machine of 2000 kN capacity. The average of three
specimens at age of 28 days is used to determine the compressive strength for the NC as
well as the partial and fully replacement mixes, as shown in figure (2).

Table (13) Average compressive strength in ages 7,14 and 28 days

Compressive strength (MPa)
Mix % of YCBP replacement 7 days 14 days 28 days
NC-OPC 0 20.5 24.26 30.11
SC-YCBP5SF10 5 22.22 25.30 31.40
SC-YCBP10SF10 10 20.69 23.26 27.35
SC-YCBP15SF10 15 19.25 21.92 24.90
SC-YCBP20SF10 20 17.39 19.88 21.86
SC-YCBP25SF10 25 15.06 18.57 18.45
SC-YCBP50SF10 50 11.55 15.68 14.71

35
Compressive Strength in MPa

30
30.11 31.4
25 27.35
24.26 25.3 24.9
20 22.22 23.26 21.92
20.5 20.69 21.86
19.25 19.9 18.57
15 17.39 18.28
15.06 15.68
14.71
10 12.55
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 50
Compressive Strength 7 days 20.5 22.22 20.69 19.25 17.39 15.06 12.55
Compressive Strength 14 days 24.26 25.3 23.26 21.92 19.9 18.57 15.68
compresive strength 28 days 30.11 31.4 27.35 24.9 21.86 18.28 14.71

% of YCBP replacement + 10% micro SF

Fig.2 Average compressive strength with % of YCBP replacement

Figure (2) shows the relationship between compressive strength for OPC-NC
(reference mix) and the weight replacement ratio of OPC by waste yellow clay brick
powder.
According to the results obtained, the results show, When addition 10% of micro
silica fume from the cement weight in the sustainable concrete mix with YCBP
replacement, the compressive strength development of concrete increase in 7 days
curing about (8.39%, 0.93%) respectively when replacing (5% and 10%) of YCBP and
that strength decreasing about (6.09%, 15.17%, 26.53% and 43.65%) respectively when
replacing (15%, 20%, 25% and 50%) of YCBP from the cement weight, but the
compressive strength increase to (4.28%) when replacing 5% of YCBP and decrease

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about (9.16, 17.30, 27.39, 39.28 and 51.14) percent in 28 days curing respectively for
replacing (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 50%) from the cement weight in the concrete mix
by YCBP with MSF .

3.3. Splitting Tensile Strength Test

The splitting tensile strength test was carried out according to the ASTM
C496/C496M[16]. Cylinders with the dimensions of d=150mm, h=300mm were prepared
according to ASTM C192. This test is carried out by placing a cylinder specimen
horizontally between the loading surfaces on a hydraulic compression testing machine
of 2000 kN capacity and the load is applied until failure of cylinder along the vertical
diameter as shown in figure (3). Three cylinders were tested for each batch at the age of
7, 14 and 28 days, and an average value of the splitting tensile strength was obtained, as
shown in table (14), by using the following equation:

Table (14) Average splitting tensile strength in ages 7,14 and 28 days

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

Mix % of YCBP replacement 7 days 14 days 28 days

NC-OPC 0 2.197 2.82 3.28

SC-YCBP5SF10 5 2.36 2.927 3.38
SC-YCBP10SF10 10 2.166 2.645 3.225
SC-YCBP15SF10 15 1.924 2.292 2.94
SC-YCBP20SF10 20 1.605 2.06 2.73
SC-YCBP25SF10 25 1.414 1.697 2.433
SC-YCBP50SF10 50 0.93 1.08 1.39

4
Splitting tensile Strength in MPa

3.5
3 3.28 3.38 3.225
2.5 2.82 2.927 2.94
2.645 2.73
2 2.36 2.292 2.433
2.197 2.166 2.06
1.5 1.924
1.605 1.697
1 1.414 1.34
1.08
0.93
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 50
Splitting tesile strength 7days 2.197 2.36 2.166 1.924 1.605 1.414 0.93
Splitting tensile strength 14days 2.82 2.927 2.645 2.292 2.06 1.697 1.08
Splitting tensile strength 28days 3.28 3.38 3.225 2.94 2.73 2.433 1.34

% of YCBP replacement + 10% micro SF

Fig. (3) Average splitting tensile strength with % of YCBP +10% SF replacement

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..…………………………………………………………. (1)

where:
= Splitting tensile strength (MPa)
P = Maximum applied load (N)
d = Diameter of the cylinder (mm)
L = Length of the cylinder (mm).
From table (14) and Fig.(3), the reduction of splitting tensile strength with presence of
YCBP due to the effect of bond strength between the cement and YCBP in the concrete
mix and the weakness of yellow clay brick which entirely made up of concrete.

3.4. Modulus of Rupture Test

The flexural strength (modulus of rupture) test is performed according to ASTM
C78-02[17] on prismatic specimens of (100×100×500)mm were cured in water and
tested at 28 days, with four point loading using a hydraulic testing machine (ELE) of 50
kN capacity, the results as shown in table (15) and fig.(4)
The modulus of rupture is calculated, as follows:

……………………………. (2)

where:
= modulus of rupture (MPa)
P= maximum applied load (N)
L= distance between the support
(span length) (mm)
b= width of prism (mm)
h= depth of prism (mm)

Table (15): Modulus of Rupture value in MPa

% of YCBP Modulus
replacement of Rupture
MPa
0 4.635
5 5.04
10 4.88
15 4.23
20 3.42
25 2.47
50 2.01

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

Flexural Strength in MPa

5.04 4.88
4.635
4.23
3.42

2.475
2.011

0 5 10 15 20 25 50
% of YCBP replacement + 10% micro SF

Fig. (4) : Modulus of rupture with % of YCBP replacement

Table (15) and figure (4) shows a comparison of the flexural tensile strength for
normal concrete mix and the type of concrete included YCBP with 10% MSF mixes.
The comparison between flexural strength values for sustainable concrete with YCBP
with a combination of normal concrete, shows that the flexural strength of the YCBP
concrete specimen is more decreased when replacement 50% YCBP from the cement
weight. This is attributed to the lower tensile strength of YCBP and the weaker bond
between YCBP and cement matrix.

4. Conclusions
Based on the results obtained from experimental work for normal and sustainable
concrete with (YCBP) and 10% MSF, in this study that waste bricks can be used until
50 percent as a replacement of cement in concrete, besides to their corresponding cubes,
cylinders and prisms specimens, the conclusions can be illustrated below:
1. When addition 10% of MSF from the cement weight in the sustainable
concrete mix with YCBP replacement, the results show, the workability of
concrete at fresh state are more decrease about (37.83%, 48.64%, 57.65%,
65.76%, 72.07% and 76.57%) respectively when replacing (5%, 10%, 15%,
20%, 25% and 50%) of YCBP from the cement weight as compared with
reference mix.
2. When addition 10% of MSF from the cement weight in the sustainable
concrete mix with YCBP replacement, the results show, the compressive
strength development of concrete increase in 7 days curing about (8.39%,
0.93%) respectively when replacing (5% and 10%) of YCBP from the cement
weight and that strength decreasing about (6.09%, 15.17%, 26.53% and
43.65%) respectively when replacing (15%, 20%, 25% and 50%) of YCBP
from the cement weight, but the compressive strength increase to (4.28%)
when replacing 5% of YCBP and decrease about (9.16, 17.30, 27.39, 39.28
and 51.14) percent in 28 days curing respectively for replacing (10%, 15%,

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20%, 25% and 50%) from the cement weight in the concrete mix by YCBP
with MSF. The results shows that there is slight decrease in compressive
strength of the mixes (5% and 10%) as compared with reference mix.
3. The results show that the developing of splitting tensile strength with age for
YCBP containing 10% MSF from cement weight compared with reference
concrete. The percentage of increase in splitting tensile strength in 7 days
curing is (7.41%) when replacing (5%) of YCBP and that strength decreasing
about (1.41, 12.42, 26.94, 35.63 and 57.67) percent respectively when
replacing (10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 50%) of YCBP from the cement weight,
but the splitting strength increase to (3.04%) when replacing (5%) of YCBP
and that strength decreasing about (1.67, 10.36, 16.77, 25.82 and 59.14)
percent in 28 days curing respectively for replacing (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%
and 50%) in the concrete mix by YCBP with 10% MSF relative to the
reference concrete specimen. The results also shows the same trend as
mentioned above in point (2) especially in samples tested at 28days.
4. The results of sustainable concrete containing YCBP indicate that the
inclusion of 10% MSF shows increase in flexural strength compared with
reference concrete. The percentages of increase in flexural strength for
concrete mix are (8.73% and 5.28%) when replacing (5% and 10%) of YCBP
respectively relative to reference concrete NC. This is due the action of micro
silica that arrested the cracks, and that strength decreasing about (8.74, 26.21,
46.60 and 56.62) percent in 28 days curing respectively for replacing (15%,
20%, 25% and 50%) from the cement weight in the concrete mix by YCBP
with MSF relative to the reference concrete specimen.
5. The concrete can be produce by using the 10% replacement of cement, which
is giving the same mechanical properties of reference.concrete.

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The Fourth Scientific Engineering and First Sustainable Engineering Conference

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