Relations

and
 Relations and Functions

➢ Analyze and graph relations.

➢ Find functional values.

Vocabulary
1) ordered pair 8) function
2) Cartesian Coordinate 9) mapping
3) plane 10) one-to-one function
4) quadrant 11) vertical line test
5) relation 12) independent variable
6) domain 13) dependent variable
7) range 14) functional notation
 Relations and Functions

This table shows the average lifetime Average Maximum

and maximum lifetime for some animals. Animal Lifetime Lifetime
(years) (years)
The data can also be represented as
ordered pairs. Cat 12 28
The ordered pairs for the data are:
Cow 15 30
(12, 28), (15, 30), (8, 20),

(12, 20), and (20, 50) Deer 8 20

The first number in each ordered pair Dog 12 20

is the average lifetime, and the second
number is the maximum lifetime. Horse 20 50

(20, 50)
average maximum
lifetime lifetime
 Relations and Functions

You can graph the ordered pairs below Animal Lifetimes

on a coordinate system with two axes.
y
(12, 28), (15, 30), (8, 20), 60

50
(12, 20), and (20, 50)

Maximum Lifetime
40

30
Remember, each point in the coordinate
plane can be named by exactly one 20
ordered pair and that every ordered pair
names exactly one point in the coordinate 10

plane.
0 x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

The graph of this data (animal lifetimes) Average Lifetime

lies in only one part of the Cartesian
coordinate plane – the part with all
positive numbers.
 Relations and Functions
The Cartesian coordinate system is composed of the x-axis (horizontal),
and the y-axis (vertical), which meet at the origin (0, 0) and divide the plane into
four quadrants.
You can tell which quadrant a point is in by looking at the sign of each coordinate of
the point.

Quadrant II OriginI
Quadrant
( --, + ) ( +, (0,
+ )0)

0
-5 0 5

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

( --, -- ) ( +, -- )

-5

The points on the two axes do not lie in any quadrant.

 Relations and Functions

In general, any ordered pair in the coordinate

plane can be written in the form (x, y).
What is a RELATION?
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all first coordinates
(x-coordinates) from the ordered pairs.

The range of a relation is the set of all second coordinates

(y-coordinates) from the ordered pairs.

The graph of a relation is the set of points in the coordinate

plane corresponding to the ordered pairs in the relation.
 Relations and Functions

Given the relation:

{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0,0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}

State the domain:

D: {0,1, 2, 3}
State the range:
R: {-6, 0, 4}
Note: { } are the symbol for "set".
When writing the domain and range,
do not repeat values.
 Relations and Functions

State the domain and range of the following

relation.

{(2, –3), (4, 6), (3, –1), (6, 6), (2, 3)}

domain: {2, 3, 4, 6}

range: {–3, –1, 3, 6}

 Relations and Functions
State the domain and range of the relation shown y

in the graph.
(-4,3) (2,3)

The relation is:

{ (-4, 3), (-1, 2), (0, -4), x

(2, 3), (3, -3) }

(-1,-2) (3,-3)

(0,-4)

The domain is:

{ -4, -1, 0, 2, 3 }
The range is:
{ -4, -3, -2, 3 }
 Relations and Functions

ACTIVITY TIME! ☺ (20 points)

✓Form five (5 groups).
✓Assign group leaders per group.
✓Let them answer pages 142 – 143. Assign
problem to each group to answer.
✓Outputs will be written in a Manila Paper.
✓Assign members who will present the output.
✓Presentation of outputs will be done AFTER 15
minutes.
✓The last group to post their output will be the
first to present.
 Relations and Functions

• Relations can be written in several

ways: ordered pairs, table, graph, or
mapping.

• We have already seen relations

represented as ordered pairs.
 Relations and Functions

Table
x y
{(3, 4), (7, 2), 3 4
(0, -1), (-2, 2), 7 2
(-5, 0), (3, 3)} 0 -1
-2 2
-5 0
3 3
 Relations and Functions

Mapping

• Create two ovals with the domain on

the left and the range on the right.
• Elements are not repeated.
• Connect elements of the domain with
the corresponding elements in the
range by drawing an arrow.
 Relations and Functions

Mapping
{(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0, 0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}

2
-6
1
4
0
0
3
 Relations and Functions

In summary:
 Relations and Functions

FUNCTIONS

Objective: To recognize whether a

relation is a function or not.
 Relations and Functions

What is a FUNCTION?
 Relations and Functions
A function is a special type of relation in which each element of the domain is paired
exactly one element in the range.
with ___________
Furthermore, a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs
have equal abscissas.
A mapping shows how each member of the domain is paired with each member in
the range.
Functions
(− 3,1), (0,2), (2,4)
Domain Range

-3 1
ONE-TO-ONE
CORRESPONDENCE 0 2

2 4

function
 Relations and Functions
A function is a special type of relation in which each element of the domain is paired
exactly one element in the range.
with ___________
Furthermore, a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs
have equal abscissas.
A mapping shows how each member of the domain is paired with each member in
the range.
Functions
(− 1,5), (1,3), (4,5)
Domain Range

-1
MANY-TO-ONE 5
CORRESPONDENCE 1
3
4

function,
not one-to-one
 Relations and Functions
A function is a special type of relation in which each element of the domain is paired
exactly one element in the range.
with ___________
Furthermore, a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two ordered pairs
have equal abscissas.
A mapping shows how each member of the domain is paired with each member in
the range.
Functions
(5,6), (− 3,0), (1,1), (− 3,6)
Domain Range

5 6
ONE-TO-MANY
CORRESPONDENCE -3 0

1 1

not a function
 Relations and Functions
State the domain and range of the relation shown y

in the graph. Is the relation a function?

(-4,3) (2,3)
The relation is:
{ (-4, 3), (-1, 2), (0, -4), (2, 3), (3, -3) }
x

The domain is: (-1,-2) (3,-3)

{ -4, -1, 0, 2, 3 } (0,-4)

The range is:

{ -4, -3, -2, 3 }

Each member of the domain is paired with

Exactly one member of the range, so
this relation is a function.
Function Not a Function

(4,12) (4,12)
(5,15) (4,15)
(6,18) (5,18)
(7,21) (5,21)
(8,24) (6,24)
Function Not a Function

10 2 10 2

3 3 3 3

4 4 5 4

7 8 7 7

5 2 5
Function Not a Function

-3 -6 -3 -6
-2 -1 -2 -1
-1 -0 -1 -0
0 3 0 3
1 15 1 15
Function Not a Function

X Y X Y

1 2 1 2
2 4 2 4
3 6 1 5
4 8
3 8
5 10
4 4
6 12
5 10
 Function

X -3 0 3 8 -10
Y 6 8 20 4 8

Not a Function

X -2 0 -2 7 -8
Y 6 8 20 4 8
 Relations and Functions

NOW YOU TRY! ☺ (2 minutes)

ANSWER EXERCISE 7,
IDENTIFY WHICH ONES
ARE FUNCTIONS.
Let’s check!
1. FUNCTION
2. NOT FUNCTION
3. FUNCTION
4. FUNCTION
5. FUNCTION
 Relations and Functions

You can use the vertical line test to determine whether a relation is a function.

Vertical Line Test

If no vertical line intersects a If some vertical line intercepts a

graph in more than one point, graph in two or more points, the
the graph represents a function. graph does not represent a function.

y y

x x
 Relations and Functions
Population
The table shows the population of Indiana Year
(millions)
over the last several decades. 1950 3.9

We can graph this data to determine

1960 4.7
if it represents a function.
1970 5.2
Population of Indiana
8 1980 5.5
7

6
1990 5.5
Use the vertical
Population

5
(millions)

line test. 2000 6.1

4

3
Notice that no vertical line can be drawn that
2
contains more than one of the data points.
1

0 Therefore, this relation is a function!

‘50 ‘60 ‘70 ‘80 ‘90 ‘00 7
0
Year
Function Not a Function
Function Not a Function
Function Not a Function
 SHORT QUIZ #3: (1/4)

Identify if the given

relation is function or
not.
 1. 2. 3.

-2 -4 -2 0 0 -2
-1 -2 -1 -1
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 2 1 1
2 2
2 4 2 2
3.
y y y y

x x x x

y y y y

x x x x
3. 4.
y y y y

x x x x

y y y y

x x x x
4. 5. 6.
y y y y

x x x x

y y y y

x x x x
4. 5. 6. 7.
y y y y

x x x x

y y y y

x x x x
4. 5. 6. 7.
y y y y

x x x x

8. 9. 11.
10.
y y y y

x x x x
 input output y
12. 0 14.
1 x
5
2
3
x y
15. input output
13. -3 -1 -2 3
-3 0 4
-1
-3 1 5
-3 2 0 6
Let’s Check!

Answers
 1. 2. 3.

-2 -4 -2 0 0 -2
-1 -2 -1 -1
0 0 0 1 1 0
1 2 1 1
2 2
2 4 2 2
Function Function Not a Function
 4. 5. 6. 7.
y y y y

x x x x

Function Function Not a Function

9.
Function
8. 10. 11.
y y y y

x x x x

Not a Function Not a Not a

Function Function Function
 input output y
12. 0 14.
1 x
Not a
5 Function
2 Function
3
x y
15. input output
13. -3 -1 -2 3
-3 0 4
Not a -1 Not a
-3 1 Function 5
0 Function
-3 2 6
 Determine whether each
relation is a function.
1. {(2, 3), (3, 0), (5, 2), (4, 3)}
2 3
f(x)

3 0
f(x)

5 2
f(x)

4 3
f(x)

YES, every domain is different!

 Determine whether the relation
is a function.
2. {(4, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 6), (1, 9)}
4 1
f(x)

5 2
f(x) NO,
5
f(x)
3 5 is paired with 2 numbers!
6 6
f(x)

1 9
f(x)
 Is this relation a function?
{(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}
1. Yes
2. No

Answer Now
Vertical Line Test (pencil test)
If any vertical line passes through
more than one point of the graph,
then that relation is not a function.
Are these functions?

FUNCTION! FUNCTION! NOPE!

 Vertical Line Test

FUNCTION!
NO!

NO!
FUNCTION!
 Is this a graph of a function?

1. Yes
2. No

Answer Now
 Relations and Functions

When an equation represents a function, the variable (usually x) whose values make
up the domain is called the independent variable.
 Relations and Functions

When an equation represents a function, the variable

(usually x) whose values make up the
domain is called the independent variable.

The other variable (usually y) whose values make

up the range is called the dependent variable
because its values depend on x.
 Function Notation
• When we know that a relation is a
function, the “y” in the equation
can be replaced with f(x).
• f(x) is simply a notation to designate a
function. It is pronounced ‘f’ of ‘x’.
• The ‘f’ names the function, the ‘x’ tells
the variable that is being used.
NOTE: Letters other than f can be used to represent
a function.
EXAMPLE: g(x) = 2x + 1
 Function Notation

y = f (x )
Input
Output Name of
Function
 Given f(x) = 3x - 2, find:
1) f(3) = 7

3 3(3)-2 7
2) f(-2) = -8

-2 3(-2)-2 -8
 Given h(z) = z2 - 4z + 9, find h(-
3)

-3 2
(-3) -4(-3)+9 30
9 + 12 + 9

h(-3) = 30
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3)
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3)

f(x) = x2 + 2
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3)

f(x) = x2 + 2
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3)

f(x) = x2 + 2
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2
f(-3) = 9 + 2
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3)

f(x) = x2 + 2
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2
f(-3) = 9 + 2
f(-3) = 11
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3) g(2.8)
f(x) = x2 + 2
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2
f(-3) = 9 + 2
f(-3) = 11
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3) g(2.8)
f(x) = x2 + 2 g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2
f(-3) = 9 + 2
f(-3) = 11
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3) g(2.8)
f(x) = x2 + 2 g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2 g(2.8) = 0.5(2.8)2 – 5(2.8) + 3.5
f(-3) = 9 + 2
f(-3) = 11
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3) g(2.8)
f(x) = x2 + 2 g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2 g(2.8) = 0.5(2.8)2 – 5(2.8) + 3.5
f(-3) = 9 + 2 g(2.8) = 3.92 – 14 + 3.5
f(-3) = 11
 Relations and Functions

Given: f(x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5

Find each value.

f(-3) g(2.8)
f(x) = x2 + 2 g(x) = 0.5x2 – 5x + 3.5
f(-3) = (-3)2 + 2 g(2.8) = 0.5(2.8)2 – 5(2.8) + 3.5
f(-3) = 9 + 2 g(2.8) = 3.92 – 14 + 3.5
f(-3) = 11 g(2.8) = – 6.58
 Given g(x) = x –
2 2, find g(4)
1. 2
2. 6
3. 14
4. 18

Answer Now
 Given f(x) = 2x + 1, find f(-8)

1. -40
2. -15
3. -8
4. 4

Answer Now
 Value of a Function

If g(s) = 2s + 3, find g(-2).

g(-2) = 2(-2) + 3
=-4 + 3
= -1
g(-2) = -1
 Value of a Function

If h(x) = x2 - x + 7, find h(2c).

h(2c) = (2c)2 – (2c) + 7
= 4c2 - 2c + 7
 Value of a Function

If f(k) = k2 - 3, find f(a - 1)

f(a - 1)=(a - 1)2 - 3
(Remember FOIL?!)
=(a-1)(a-1) - 3
= a2 - a - a + 1 - 3
= a2 - 2a - 2
 Relations and Functions

Graph the relation y = 2 x + 1 2) Graph the ordered pairs.

1) Make a table of values. y
7

6
x y 5

4
-1 -1
3

2
0 1
1

0 x
1 3
-1

2 5 -2

-3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
0

3) Find the domain and range. 4) Determine whether the relation is a function.
Domain is all real numbers. The graph passes the vertical line test.
Range is all real numbers.
For every x value there is exactly one y value,
so the equation y = 2x + 1 represents a function.
 Relations and Functions

Graph the relation x = y 2 − 2 2) Graph the ordered pairs.

y
1) Make a table of values. 7

5
x y
4

2 -2 3

-1 -1 1

0 x

-2 0 -1

-2
-1 1 -3
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
0
2 2 4) Determine whether the relation is a function.
3) Find the domain and range. The graph does not pass the vertical line test.
Domain is all real numbers, For every x value (except x = -2),
greater than or equal to -2. there are TWO y values,
Range is all real numbers. so the equation x = y2 – 2
DOES NOT represent a function.
 Graphs of a Function

Vertical Line Test:

If a vertical line is passed
over the graph and it intersects
the graph in exactly one point,
the graph represents a function.
 Does the graph represent a
function? Name the domain and
range.
Yes
x
D: all real numbers
R: all real numbers
y

Yes
x D: all real numbers
R: y ≥ -6
y
 Does the graph represent a
function? Name the domain and
range.
No
x D: x ≥ 1/2
R: all real numbers
y

No
x D: all real numbers
R: all real numbers
y
 Does the graph represent a
function? Name the domain and
range.
Yes
x
D: all real numbers
R: y ≥ -6
y

No
x
D: x = 2
R: all real numbers
y
Relations and Functions

End of Lesson