ANAPHY NOTES

Anatomy (anatome = to cut up) ● 3 basic components :

● structure & relationships among structures - receptor, control center, effector
● 1 st studied by dissection of cadavers

Physiology
● functions of the body parts

Types of feedback system

● Negative feedback system (loop)
if response reverses original stimulus
Life Processes
● Positive feedback system (loop)
1. Metabolism
if response enhances or intensifies original
- Catabolism
Stimulus
- Anabolism
2. Responsiveness
sense changes and respond
3. Movement
4. Growth
increase in size/part
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
cell division, whole organism

Homeostasis
● body’s internal environment remains within
physiological limits
● regulation of volume & composition of body
fluids
- ICF
- ECF (plasma; lymph)
- interstitial fluid
● continually disturbed by STRESS
● regulated by nervous & endocrine systems
Disease results if homeostatic imbalance is moderate
- death results if it is severe
Feedback Systems (loops)
Disease
● cycle of events
● pathological process
● status of a condition is continually
● w/ definite set of characteristics
monitored
● a part or all of the body is not carrying on its
fed back (reported)
normal functions
central control region •
● local or systemic
 Cell Membrane and Physiology
Cell variety (as to forms & shapes)

Membrane chemistry & anatomy

● membrane lipids
- phospholipids
- glycolipids
- cholesterol
● membrane proteins
- peripheral
- integral
channels (w/ pore)
transporters (carriers)
receptors
Membrane Physiology
● communication
● electrochemical gradient
● selective permeability
- lipid solubility
- size
Plasma (cell) membrane - charge
● regulates passage of substances into & out of - presence of channels & transporters
cell
● molecular bilayer of phospholipids with Physiology of the Cell TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
proteins intercalated in or adherent to surface ACROSS THE MEMBRANE
● fluid-mosaic model (Singer & Nicholson, 1972) Diffusion
● semi-fluid; amphipathic in nature ● movement of particles from region of high
● regulates traffic flow of materials concentration to region of low concentration
● each layer has : phosphate head (hydrophilic ● due to kinetic energy of particles
region) lipid tail (hydrophobic region) ● equal concentration
● membrane lipids (cholesterol, glycolipids, ● maintains equilibrium
phospholipids)
● membrane proteins (integral, peripheral) OSMOSIS
● diffusion of water or solvents thru
semi-permeable membrane from lower
osmotic pressure to higher osmotic pressure
● depends on amount of solutes
● types of solution
- Isotonic
- Hypertonic
- Hypotonic
SIMPLE DIFFUSION NUCLEOLI
● transport of particles w/o aid of permeases ● spheroidal; very large in cells active in protein
● no energy is required synthesis
● single or multiple
FACILITATED DIFFUSION ● synthesizes &
● transport of particles thru the permeases of ● assembles RNA mols & proteins –--> Ribosome
membrane Chromatin materials – contain genes
● no energy is required Chromosomes
● DNA + protein
ACTIVE TRANSPORT ● sister chromatids •
● transport of particles thru the permeases of ● centromere
membrane ● autosomes & sex chromosomes
● requires energy ● diploid (2 sets of chromosomes or complete)
● haploid (1 set or half )
BULK TRANSPORT ● homologous chromosomes w/ same length &
● transport of large amt of particles same location of centromere

Active Processes Ribosomes

• primary active transport ● Function: protein synthesis
• secondary active transport ● Composed of rRNA + protein
• vesicular transport ● Large subunit + small subunit
- phagocytosis ● Types
- pinocytosis receptor-mediated 1. Free ribosomes: float in cytosol,
- Endocytosis produce proteins used within cell
the movement of materials into cells by the 2. Bound ribosomes: attached to ER,
formation of a vesicle. make proteins for export from cell
- Exocytosis
the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle Endomembrane System
formation ● Regulates protein traffic & performs metabolic
functions
The Nucleus and Cellular Reproduction
Endoplasmic Reticulum
NUCLEUS 1. Rough ER: ribsomes on surface
● most distinct organelle; memb- bounded ● Function: package proteins from
(nuclear memb) secretion, send transport vesicles to
● controls & regulates fxns of other organelles Golgi, make replacement membrane
● storage of genetic info 2. Smooth ER: no ribsomes on surface
● DNA duplication ● Function: synthesize lipids,
● nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin materials metabolize carbs, detox drugs &
poisons, Store Ca2+
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE •
flattened sacs (cisternae) Golgi Apparatus
* inner membrane – ● Function: synthesis & packaging of materials
contact with chromatin (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles);
fibers produce lysosomes
* outer membrane – ● Series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
covered with ribosomes - Cis face: recieves vesicles
- Trans face: ships vesicles
NUCLEOPLASM (nuclear sap or karyolymph)
● fills up nuclear space; viscous than cytoplasm
Lysosomes - Animal cells contain centrioles
● Function: intracellular digestion; recycle cell’s ● Centrioles: located in the centrosome, are
materials; programmed cell deaths (apoptosis) made of microtubules. They facilitate
● Contains hydrolytic enzymes chromosome movement during cell division.

Vacuoles Cilia & Flagella

● Function: storage of materials (food, water, ● Flagella
minerals, pigments, poisons) Long and few; propel through water
● Membrane-bound vesicles ● Cilia
● Eg. food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles - Short and numerous; locomotion or
● Plants: large central vacuole - - stores water, move fluids
ions; retains water for turgor pressure - move substances over the surface of
cells.
Mitochondria Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
● Functions: site of cellular respiration ● Outside plasma membrane of animal cells
● Double membrane: outer and inner membrane ● Composed of glycoproteins (ex. collagen)
- Cristae: folds of inner membrane; ● Function: Strengthens tissues and transmits
contains enzymes for ATP external signals to cell
production; increased surface area to
ATP made
- Matrix: fluid filled inner compartment

Chloroplast
● Function: site of photosynthesis
● Double membrane
● Thylakoid disks in stacks (grana); stroma (fluid)
● Contains chlorophylls (pigments) for capturing
sunlight energy

Peroxisomes Classifications of tissues

● Functions: break down fatty acids; detox Epithelial Tissue
alcohol ● Epithelium or epithelial tissue, covers external
● Involves production of hydrogen peroxide and internal surfaces throughout the body -
● Surfaces of the body include the outer layer of
Cytoskeleton the skin and the lining of cavities, such as the
● Function: support, motility, regulate digestive tract, airways, and blood vessels. It
biochemical activities also forms most glands.
● Functions of Epithelial Tissue
1. Protecting underlying structure
2. Acting as a barrier
3. Permitting the passage of
substances
4. Secreting substances
5. Absorbing substances

Classification of Epithelial Tissues

Centrosomes & Centrioles 1. According to shape
● Centrosomes: region from which microtubules A. Squamos
grow B. Cuboidal
- Also called microtubule organizing C. Columnar
center -
 2. According to Number of layers
A. Simple- single layer Language of Anatomy
B. Stratified- multiple layers Anterior Body Landmarks
Abdominal: Anterior body trunk region inferior to the
Connective tissue ribs
● Connective tissue is found throughout the Acromial: Point of the shoulder
body. It is usually characterized by large Antebrachial: Forearm
amounts of extracellular material that Antecubital: Anterior surface of the elbow
separates cells from one another. Axillary: Armpit
● Connective tissue cells are named according to Brachial: Arm
their functions Buccal: Cheek
- Blast (germ) produce matrix Carpal: Wrist
- Cyte (cell) maintain it; and Cephalic: Head
- Clast (break) break it dowm for Cervical: Neck region
remodeling Coxal: Hip
● Functions of Connective Tissues Crural: Leg
1. Enclosing and separating other Digital: Fingers or toes
tissues Femoral: Thigh
2. Connecting tissues to one another Fibular (peroneal): Side of the leg
3. Supporting and moving parts of the Frontal: Forehead
body Hallux: Great toe
4. Storing compounds Inguinal: Groin area
5. Cushioning and insulating Mammary: Breast region
6. Transporting Manus: Hand
7. Protecting Mental: Chin
Nasal: Nose
Muscle Tissue Oral: Mouth
● The main characteristics of muscle tissue is its Orbital: Bony eye socket (orbit)
ability to contract, or shorten, making Palmar: Palm of the hand
movement possible. Patellar: Anterior knee (kneecap) region
● Muscle contraction results from contractile Pedal: Foot
proteins located within the muscle cells - Pelvic: Pelvis region
Muscle cells are sometimes called muscle fibers Pollex: Thumb
because they often resemble tiny threads. Pubic: Genital region
Nervous Tissue Sternal: Region of the breastbone
● Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, Tarsal: Ankle
and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating Thoracic: Chest
and controlling many body activities Umbilical: Navel
- For example, the conscious control of
skeletal muscles and the unconscious
regulation of cardiac muscle are
accomplished by nervous tissue.
● Nervous tissue consists of neurons and support
cells
● The Neuron or nerve cell, is responsible for
conducting action potentials
- It is composed of three parts; a cell
body, dendrites, and an axon
● Neuroglia are the support cells of the nervous
system; they nourish, protect, and insulate the
neurons