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161 views280 pagesMath10 Text Book
It is for math students
Uploaded by
Faheemullah Khp G8Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2 Uafecliol ere tL aio sZ
MATHEMATICS
a ILMI KITAB KHANA
Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore. Mr. Munawar Din Awé
Mr. Nasim-ul-Isiam
Prof. M. Aslam Kahut
Mrs, Tanzeela Naz
Mr, Irfan Hussain
‘Syed Saman Raza
Mr. Faheem Hussain
Mr. Afzaal Hussain
All rights are reserved with the Publisher.
Approved by the Punjab Curriculum Authority, Wahdat Colony, Lahore,
Muhammad Hal
NOC. No. PCA/I12/123 Dated: 27-11-2012
<> Ch. Asghar Ali
Associate Professor Associate Professor (R)
Govt. MAO, College, Lh. Govt. M.A, College, Lhr.
Prof. Abdul Rauf Khan Muhammad Moeen
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Govt. MAO, College, Lh. Govt. M.A.O, College, Lhr.
>
Muhammad Sharif Ghauri
Assistant Professor (R)
Govt, Islamia College, Railway Road, Lhr.
Muhammad Akhtar Shirani
$8, PCTB
Members of Review Committee:
Prof. Dr. Shahid Mubeen Mathematics Department, Sargodha University, Sargoaha
jan AEA (R), Curriculum Wing, Federal Mnisty of Education (Defunct), Islamabad
DEAR}, Curculum Wing, Federal Ministry of Education (Defunct) Islamabad
it Principal, Govt. Post Graduate Colo, Chakwal
Mathematics Department, Itamabad College for Gins, G10/4, Islamabad
‘Govemment High School, Kot Ranjeet, Sheithupura
Mr. Muhammad Azeem Assessment Exper, PEAS, Township, Lahore
‘Government higher Secondary School, Kanpur, Sheikhupura
‘Senior Subjoct Spociaist, Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
Deputy Director (Curiculum Wing), Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore
{Desk Officer, Punjab Curriculum Authorty, Wahdat Colony, Lahore
Prepared by: ILMI KITAB KHANA
Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
Composed by: —Maqsood Graphies, Urdu Bazar, Lhr.
Year of Edition | Impression | Copies Price
Publication
March, 2017 Ast Ast 35,000 | 121.00 Unit No.
Contents
ALGEBRA
Title
Page No.
‘Theory of Quadratic Equations
17
Sets and Functions
74
5
FLEE
107 Contents
GEOMETRY
7 | [__ introduction to Trigonometry {5 |
8 | [__ Projection ofa side of a Triangle {im}
9 ] [chords of a circle {17 |
10 J [__ Tangent toa Cire {1 |
11 J [chords and ares {2 |
2 } ‘Angle in a Segment of a Circle { 211 }
13 } Practical Geometry-Circles { 2a |
* } [Answers {2a |
° ] [___ symbols and abbreviations {2 |
° } Table of Logarithm { 260 }
& JL lossany {2 |
° } [index {2}
+ } [__ Reference Books {26 | In this unit, students will learn how to
define quadratic equation.
solve a quadratic equation in one variable by factorization.
solve a quadratic equation in one variable by completing square.
derive quadratic formula by using method of completing square.
solve a quadratic equation by using quadratic formula.
solve the equations of the type ax‘ + bx? + ¢ = 0 by reducing it to the
quadratic form.
i a
solve the equations of the type a p(x) + 555
I (2
solve reciprocal equations of the type a (e + 3) +o[x+ 4 +e=0.
solve exponential equations involving variables in exponents.
solve equations of the type (x + a) (x +b) (x +) (x+d)=k
whereat+b=c+d.
solve radical equations of the types
(i) \ax+b=ex+d,
(i) \eta+\xeb=\xte,
(iii) \x? + px + m+ x? +pxtn=q.
J 1.1. Quadratic Equation
‘An equation, which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no higher
power, is called a quadratic equation or an equation of the second degree.
‘A second degree equation in one variable x of the form
a+ bx+c=0 , where a#0 and a,b, care real numbers,
is called the general or standard form of a quadratic equation.
Here a is the co-efficient of x2, b is the co-efficient of x and constant term is ¢.
‘The equations 3? - 7x + 6 = 0 and 3x2 + dx = 5 [Remember that: If'a=0in
are the examples of quadratic equations. Jax? + bx + c= 0, then it reduces to
a linear equation bx + c= 0.
22—Tx + 6= 0s in standard form but
3x? + 4x = 5 is not in standard form.
If) =0 in a quadratic equation ax? + bx + = 0,
then it is called a pure quadratic equation. For
‘example x — 16 = 0 and 4x? = 7 are the pure quadratic
‘equations.
1.2 Solution of quadratic equations
To find solution set of a quadratic equation, following methods are used:
() factorization Gi) completing square
1.2) Solution by factorization:
In this method, write the quadratic equation in the standard form as,
a2 tbx+e=0 o
If two numbers r and s can be found for equation (i) such that r + s = b and rs = ac,
then ax* + bx + ¢ can be factorized into two linear factors.
‘The procedure is explained in the following examples.
Solve the quadratic equation 3x2 6x = x + 20 by factorization.
3x? 6x =x+20 wo
The standard form of (i) is. 3x2- 7x 24 a)
3,b=-T,c=-20 and ae=3x-20=-60
As -1245=—Tand-12x5=-60, so
the equation (ii) can be written as
3x2- 12r+5x-20=0 ctivity: Factor
or 3x(x-4) +5 (x- 4) =0 ox
> (4) Gx+5)
Either x-4=0 © or 3x45=0, thatis,
Here 3 4 ae the solutions of the given equation.
Thus, the solution set is fe 4 }
GEDTED Solve 5x2 = 30x by factorization.
Sx? = 30x [Remember that: Cancelling of x on
5x2—30x=0 which is factorized as
Sxx-6)=0
Either 5x=0 or x-6=0 => x=0 or x=6
X= 0, 6 are the roots of the given equation,
‘Thus, the solution set is {0, 6}
1.2(i) Solution by completing square:
To solve a quadratic equation by the method of completing square is illustrated
through the following examples.
EEDNED Solve the equation x* - 3x —4 = 0 by completing square.
P3450 ®
Shifting constant term —4 to the right, we have
wo 3r=4 Gi)
Adding the square of x coefficient of s, that is,
2
¢ 3 on both sides of equation (ii), we get
os sn( fae cs and =1 are the roots ofthe given equation.
‘Thus, the solution set is (1, 4).
(ERADTTED Solve the equation 2x? - 5x-3 = 0 by completing square.
net 5x-320
Dividing each term by 2, to make coefficient of 2 equal to 1.
as} Remember that: For our
convenience, we make the
Shifting constant term —3o the right | ¢0-efficient of 2° equal to 1 in the
method of completing square.
3
3
3
3 @
Maltiply co-efficient of x with} i,5(~3) =-$
Now adding C y on both sides of the equation (i), we have
See SPB (SP natn
( 5 32524425
a4
216 16
(48
or a4) = 16
‘Taking square root of both sides of the above equation, we have
> ok
Either
7» 3 are the roots of the given equation,
Thus, the solution set is f b 3} ‘Write the following quadratic equations in the standard form and point out
pure quadratic equations.
w oe 224
@. +7) -3)
Gi) w)
w) wi
2. Solve by factorizat
@ Gai)
Gi) )
() wi)
5-9" x-3 3-4
3. Solve the following equations by completing square:
@ — B242e-150 @) at +4r-a=0,a40
lle? -34x4+3=0 (iv) Le +metn=0,140
34+ 7x=0 3-2-1959 =0
~e+ Bide eeiteedeo
8 3245 toad
@ 4-349-$4 (®) Te+ 2a) + 3a? =5a (7 + 230)
1.3 Quadratic Formula:
1.3. (i) Derivation of quadratic formula by using completing square method.
The quadratic equation in standard form is
a@tbr+e=0 , a40
Dividing each term of the equation by a, we get
eebrete
Shifting constant term © to the right, we have
&
Be oxanG
‘Adding & ‘on both sides, we obtain b b b e Pie
aabee Gy Ga) Sada
by) b-4ac
(ce Bes
‘Taking square root of both sides, we get
CoE
or
+a #0 is known as “quadratic formula”.
1.3 (ji) Use of quadratic formula:
The quadratic formula is a useful tool for solving all those equations which can or
can not be factorized, The method to solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula
is illustrated through the following examples.
Example 1: Solve the quadratic equation 2 + 9x = 5x? by using quadratic formula
Solution: 2+ 9x= 5x?
‘The given equation in standard form can be written as
Sx2-9x-2=0
‘Comparing with the standard quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢=0, we observe that
a=5,b=-9, c=2
Putting the values of a, b and c in | Activity: Using quadratic formula,
quadratic formula ‘write the solution set of x2 +
= bth —dac
x ba » we have
(-9) + V9 = 45) (2)
268)
+8144) _9+Ji2i 9+
“wo = 10 = 10
iu . that is, 25 2,-$ ate the roots ofthe given equation.
‘Thus, the solution set is es 24
EAT sing quadratic formula, solve the equation
Qe+1 x-2
ee
‘Simplifying and writing in the standard form
Q2xt I) +4)— (= 2) (+2)=0
ats Br4x44—(2-4)=0
dvs Ored-2 4420
or 49x+8=0
Here a=1,b=9,c=8
=0
=9 + JOP — 4x18
2x1
9 sf81=32 _-9 449
2 2
or
8 are the roots of the given equation. Thus, the solution set is {-8, -1}
=—)) EXERCISE 1
L Solve the following equations using quadratic formula:
@ 2-8 =7e i) Se48r+1=0
(iii) VB 4x say (iv) 4? = 14 = 3x
() 62-3-7=0 (vi) 3x°+8r+2=0
x42 4
(vii) (viii)
(eo) (x) (+m) b2 + Ql +m) x=0, 140 ‘We now discuss different types of equations, which can be reduced to a quadratic
equation by some proper substitution.
Type (i) The equations of the type axt + bx? + =0
Replacing x? = y in equation axt + bx? +¢=0,
wwe get a quadratic equation in y.
(EETMTTED Solve the equation x#— 13: + 36 =0.
SMM x4 137 + 36
Let 2sy. Then ty?
Equation (i) becomes
y= 13y +36 =0 which can be factorized as
y= 9y-4y +36=0
@
30-9) = 40-9) =0
0-9 0-4)=0
Either y-9=0 or
or
Put y=?
ead or
= xst3 or
The solution set is {42, +3}
‘i : be
‘Type Gi) The equations of the type aptx) +55 =¢
EEETITIEED Solve the equation 2(2x— 1) +
2
STMT Given that 202-1) +5 @
Let 2x-1=y.
Then the equation (i) becomes
ates or 2243 =5y
> 2y?-Sy+3=0
Using quadratic formula When y
2x-1=1 Co y=2x-))
> deelt1=2 > x51
Than. the ton sei
Type (iii) Reciprocal equations of the type:
(esd) 0(ce2)+e00 or a oes bead
‘An equation is said to be a re
yrocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is replaced|
1
bys
Replacing x by *in ax! ~ bx! +.cx2— bx +a=0, we have
a ey- b ay +e Qy- b 8 +a =0 which is simplified as
a~ bx +x? — bx? + ax" = 0, We get the same equation.
Thus ar! - bx? + ex? — bx + a= 0 is a reciprocal equation,
‘The method for solving reciprocal equation is illustrated through an example.
EEENNIED Solve the equation 2x4 5x3 - 14x?—5x+2=0,
GEMM 2 — Sx? - 1402 - 5x4 2=
Dividing each term by x?
Bei Se dx Se 2
eo et
3,2
xte
Ler3)-sferd)-ue
2x2 Sx 14— Lay. mene + haya
So equation (i) becomes 202-2)-Sy-14=0 or 2y2—4~Sy—14=0
2y?— Sy- 18 =0
2y2 By +dy—18=0 or y(2y—9) + 2Qy—9)=0
> Qy-9H42)=0
Either 2y-9=0 or -y+2=0
As yax+t, sowe have
al 4 9=0 ty2=0
x4 5)-9= or xtyt2=
2x? -9x+2=0 or xP 42e+1=0
By quadratic formula, we get
29) +9? = 4x2 x2 -22JQP=4x1x1
2x2 re 2x1
_ 9 +81 = 16 =2sfa—4
2
= xe SNE or ore
965
=*=3 ore
Thus, the solution set is {23 > B a2ve8 43 Ss
Type (iv) Exponential equations:
In exponential equations, variable occurs in exponent.
‘The method of solving such equations is illustrated through an example.
GEEDTIED Solve the equation $!+1 4 51-*=26.
S154 51,S%=26 or S54 EZ-26=0 i)
Let 5*=y. Then equation (i) becomes
5
Sy +5 -26=0
Sy? +5 — 26y or Sy - 26y+5=0
5)2-25y-y+5=0
Sy (y- 5)- 1-5) =0
—5) Sy-1)
Sy-1=0, thatis, Pat yao*
S25) or 5
The solution setis {#1}.
Type (v) The equations of the type:
(+a) +b) +0) (x+d) =k, whereatb=c+d
EEENTTED Solve the equation (x- 1) (x +2) (x +8) (x+9)=19.
EMM &«— 1) 6 + 2) +8) 45) = 19
or [@— I) & +8) [(x+2) (x+5)]-19=0 (o -148=245)
(24 Tx= 8) (2 + Tx-+ 10) 19=0 @
Let BeTeay
‘Then eq, () becomes (y~ 8) (y+ 10) - 1
yi+2y-80-19
Ya 2y-99=
yP+Ily-9y-99=0
y+ 11) -99+ 11) =0
o+1) 6-9)
ha
Either y+ or y-9=0
Put y=a2+7x, 30
e+Tx41150 or 2+7x-9=0
Solving by quadratic formula, we have -14OP 4) OD)
=1+ oP =40) a), “= 20)
* 20) vr 214 36-74-85
~ 2 ~ 2
TeVO~H__ 745
a2
74/5 -714+) 5 |
27 2 4]
——4J EXERCISE 1
Solve the following equations.
1 dxt= 12 +5=0 2 Wxtaor-4
3. Sita 7el4—2 4 E54
The solution set is &
6 Qe++
3
Ie
deel dx-1
ax-17 4x41
xt 2 2 4 2x 10 I, 2xt4+ 8-62 4x42=0 12, 4.241-92"+1=0
13. 322 12."-3 14. 24642-2020
15. (+1) (+3) (r= 5) (&=7) = 192
16. = 1x 2)(r- 8) + 5) + 360 =0
1.5 Radical equations
‘An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation
eg, Vee3=x41 and fx-1=4fx—-241
1.5 (i) Equations of the type: \fax + = cx +d
ELEN ove the equation f3r47 = 2x +3
Ree T = 2x43 @
Squaring both sides of the equation (i), we get
(3x47)? = Ox +3)?
or Bxt 7240 + 12+ 9
‘Simplifying the above equation, we have
42 4 9x42=0
Applying quadratic formula,
_ 9 t VOP = 4x4 x2
[Note: Extraneous root
is introduced either by
squaring the given
‘equation or clearing it
2x4 of fractions.
_ 29 ty81— 32-9 449
~ 8 8 Putting x= ~2 in the equation (i), we get
3(2) +7 =2(-2)+3 = YI=-1 which is not true.
On checking, we find that x = -2 does not satisfy the equation (i), so it is
extraneous root. Thus the solution set is ik Ab
1.5 (ii) Equations of the type x +a+-\x+b=\x+e
BATTED sotve the equation fer +Ve4 6 =VeF
VesS tyre bayer @
‘Squaring both sides of the equation (i), we have
x+3 424642 (\fe43) (x6)
or Nx 49x + 1B =—x +2 Gi)
‘Squaring both sides of the equation (ii), we get
402 49x 4 18) =? - 4044
or 3x? + 40x + 68 =0
Applying quadratic formula, we get
740 G0)? 43x68 _ ~40 + -f1600-816
+i
2x3 6
40 4-784 _ 40+ 28
6 = 6
air biet i which is not tue
Pit yin yy imnich is
34
As—3"is extraneous root, so the solution set is {2} 1.5(iii) Equations of the type: \/x? + px +m +x? +pxtn=q
GEDNVTED Solve the equation fx? — 3x + 36 Vx? 3x49 =3.
QVM V2? — 3x +36 3x +9 =
Let 2-3r=y
Then fy ¥36-yyF9=3
‘Squaring both sides, we get
y 4364 y49-2 (y+ 36)(ly 49) =9
2y +45 -~ 20+ 36) G9) =9
~ aye a5y +324 =—2y-36 or 2p? + 4Sy +324 = -2(y + 18)
= VP aSy 324 =y + 18
Again squaring both sides, we get
y+ 45y +324 = y? + 36y + 324
Sy=0 > ys0
As 8-3r=y,s0
=> x(x-3)=0
Either x=0 or xe
=0 > x53
x=0, 3 are the roots of the equation.
Thus, the solution set is (0, 3}.
——W EXERCISE
Solve the following equations.
1 det S=2Teo 16 2, Vee3e3x-1
3. dears 14-3 4 Be¥100-x=4
5. aferS4yee ll =\e+ 0 6. et lane-2=Ver6
7, Vil-x-6-x=27-x 8, V4a4x-Va-x= Ja
9 \eexti-VePer-1=1 10, Peart 8 +P sart d=
Peart 9 +P eae a5 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 1
1. Multiple Choice Questions
Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct
(@ Standard form of quadratic equation is
(a) br+c=0,b#0 (b) atsbr+e=0,a40
© at=bx,a#0 @ at=0,a20
Gi) The number of terms in a standard quadratic equation ax? + bx +¢=Ois
@ 1 ) 2 © 3 @ 4
(ii) ‘The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation is
@ 1 ) 2 © 3 @ 4
(iv) The quadratic formula is
bP —4ac bn[h —dac
@ xe y= PEN
ab +b? + dac btsfb? + dac
© =e @ x22Se
w) Two linear factors of x* — 15x + 56 are
(a) (x-7) and (x + 8) (b) (x +7) and (x - 8)
(c) (x-7) and (x - 8) (d) (x +7) and (x + 8)
(i) An equation, which remains unchanged when x is replaced by +is called a/an
(@) Exponential equation (®) Reciprocal equation
(©) Radical equation (None of these
(vii) An equation of the type 3° + 32-* +6 = 0 is a/an
(a) Exponential equation (b) Radical equation
(©) Reciprocal equation (A) None of these
(viii) The solution set of equation 4x2 16 = 0 is
(@) {£4} &) (4) © {£2} @) £2
(ix) An equation of the form 2x! ~ 3x? + 7x2 — 3x +.2.= Ois called a/an
(a) Reciprocal equation (&) Radical equation
(©) Exponential equation (@ _ None of these
2. Write short answers of the following questions.
@ Solve x?+2x-2=0
(ii) Solve by factorization 5x? = 15x
1
ii) Write in standard form 3 +g =
(iy) Write the names of the methods for solving a quadratic equation,
Solve (ox - (vi) Solve J3x+18 3.
wo
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
Ww)
(wi)
(vii),
(wii)
(ix)
&
Define exponential equation. (x)
Fill in the blanks
‘The standard form of the quadratic equation is
‘The number of methods to solve a quadratic equation are
‘The name of the method to derive a quadratic formula is
The solution of the equation ax* + bx += 0, a4 Ois,
‘The solution set of 25x2~ 1 = Ois
Define radical equation.
‘An equation of the form 22° — 3.2* + 5 = 0 is called a/an equation.
The solution set of the equation x7— 9 =0 is
‘An equation of the type x* +9 4x2 ++ 1 =0 called a/an_ equation,
A root of an equation, which do not satisfy the equation is called ___ root.
‘An equation involving impression of the variable under __ is called radical
equation,
> ANNE =>
‘An equation which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no
higher power, is called a quadratic equation ot an equation of the second degree,
A second degree equation in one variable x, ax? + bx +
where a #0 and a, b, ¢ are real numbers, is called the gener:
quadratic equation.
‘An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if it remains unchanged, when x is
yr standard form of a
replaced by +
In exponential equations, variables occur in exponents.
‘An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical
equation,
Quadratic formula for ax? + br +6=0,a40 is
bap
~ 2a
Any quadratic equation is solved by the following three methods.
(Factorization Gi) Completing square
(iii) Quadratic formula In this unit, students will learn how to
2% define discriminant (b* —4ac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + ¢.
2 find discriminant of a given quadratic equation.
2 discuss the nature of roots of a quadratic equation through
discriminant.
& determine the nature of roots of a given quadratic equation and verify
the result by solving the equation.
determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic
‘equation when the nature of its roots is given.
2& find cube roots of unity.
23 recognize complex cube roots of unity as @ and co?
23 prove the properties of cube roots of unity.
=
=
w
use properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems.
find the relation between the roots and the coefficients of a quadratic
‘equation.
find the sum and product of roots of a given quadratic equation without
solving it.
2 find the value(s) of unknown(s) involved in a given quadratic equation
when
© sum of roots is equal to a multiple of the product of roots,
w
© sum of the squares of roots is equal to a given number,
© roots differ by a given number,
© roots satisfy a given relation (e.g., the relation 24+ 5B = 7 where a
and Bare the roots of given equation),
¢ both sum and product of roots are equal to a given number.
2% define symmetric functions of roots of a quadratic equation.
2 evaluate a symmetric function of the roots of a quadratic equation in
terms of its coefficients. 2 establish the formula,
x? ~(sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0,
to find a quadratic equation from the given roots.
2 form the quadratic equation whose roots, for example, are of the type:
© 2a+1,2p+1,
2 a, B,
where 0 Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation.
& describe the method of synthetic division.
& use synthetic divisic
¢ find quotient and remainder when a given polynomial is divided by a
linear polynomial,
¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the zeros of a polynomial are
given,
¢ find the value(s) of unknown(s) if the factors of a polynomial are
given,
¢ solve a cubic equation if one root of the equation is given,
@ solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation if two of the real roots of the
equation are given.
& solve a system of two equations in two variables when
© one equation is linear and the other is quadratic,
© both the equations are quadratic.
& solve the real life problems leading to quadratic equations. 2.1 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
On solving quadratic equations, we get different kinds of roots. Now we will discuss
the nature or characteristics of the roots of the quadratic equation without actually solving it,
2.1.1 Discriminant (6? - dac) of the quadratic expression ax? + bx +c.
We know that two roots of the equation ax? + bx +¢=0,a40 @
b+ PR dae, =P hae
2a ed 2a
The nature of these roots depends on the value of the expression “b?— ac” which is
called the “discriminant” of the quadratic equation (i) or the quadratic expression
ar +brte.
2.1.2 To find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation.
We explain the procedure to find the discriminant of a given quadratic equation
through the following example:
(GETLED Find the discriminant of the following equations,
are
fa) 2? -Tx+1=0 (b) = 3x4+3=0
(dt Te+ ) P-3r43
Here a=2, c= Here 1,b=-3,¢=3
Disc. = b? - dac Disc. = b? - dac
-7)? - 4(2) (1) 3)? = 4(1) 8)
=49-8=41 =9-12=-3
2.1.3 Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation through discriminant.
al dae
The roots of the quadratic equation ax? + bx +e = 0, (a# 0) are = ana
its discriminant is 6? — 4ac.
When a, b and c are rational numbers.
(@ If —4ac > 0 and is a perfect square, then the roots are rational (real) and unequal.
Gi) 1. - dac > 0 and is not a perfect square, then the roots are irrational (real) and
unequal.
If 5? —4ac =0, then the roots are rational (real) and equal.
If? ~4ac <0, then the roots are imaginary (complex conjugates).
Determine the nature of the roots of a given quadratic equation and
verify the result by solving the equation.
We illustrate the procedure through the following examples:
Sp ‘Using discriminant, find the nature of the roots of the following equations and
‘verily the results by solving the equations
(b) eed
@ 7 +8r41
f@) P-Sx+
(© P+8x416=0 @ 2-5x+5=0
‘Compare with the standard quadratic equation
a2tbr+c=0
b=-Sand c=5
. = BP hac
= (C5) = 4(1) (5) = 25-20=5>0
As the Dise. is positive and is not a perfect square.
Therefore, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal.
Now solving the equation x? ~ Sx + 5 = 0 by quadratic formula
= 4ac
(5) + JSP — 40) G) _5+25-20_5+V5
2a) a2 8
Evidently, the roots are irrational (real) and unequal.
(b) 2-4 1=0
Here a » b=-Land c=1
Disc. = b? - 4ac
1)*=4(2) (1) =1-
As the Disc. is negative,
therefore, the roots of the equation are imaginary and unequal.
Verification by solving the equation.
Qax+l
‘Using quadratic formula
ba PF dae c+ I= 4)
NE tae
202)
<0
1+
Evidently, the roots are imaginary and unequal.
© 22+ 8x + 16=0
Here a=1,b=8and
Disc. = b?- dac
8)? - 4(1) (16)
64-64=0
‘As the discriminant is zero, therefore
the roots are rational (real) and equal
16 Verification by solving the equation.
24 8x4 16=0
(x44? =0
> xe-4-4
So the roots are rational (real) and equal
@ = 7e+8r+1=0
Here
1, b= Bande
Disc. =? - ac
= 6-47) 0)
= 64-28 = 36 = (6)
which is positive and perfect square.
‘The roots are rational (real) and unequal.
‘Now solving the equation by factors, we get
T+ 8r+ 150
T+ Tet xt]
Text +1 +20
G+) (xt
Either x+1=0 or 7x4 1=0, thatis
x=-1 or Ine-l => x=
‘Thus, the roots are (real) rational and unequal.
2.5 To determine the value of an unknown involved in a given quadratic
‘equation when nature of its roots is given.
We illustrate the procedure through the following example:
Find kif the roots of the equation
(k+3)x2—2(k+ 1) x—(h+ 1) = O are equal, if k 4-3.
(k+3)2-2k+ Dx-k+ D=0
Here a=k+3, b=-2(k + 1) and e=-(k +1)
As roots are equal, so Disc, = 0, that is,
Be dac
[-2k + P= 4(k +3) [Hk + =O
Afk+ IP 44k +3)(k+1)=0 of 4k+1) K+ 1+k+3)=0
> AHN) kH4)=0 of BKH1)K+2=0
=> kb1=0 or k+2=
= kel or
Thus, roots will be equal if =r
1. Find the discriminant of the following given quadratic equations:
@ 28 43x-1=0 (i) 6 -8r+3=0
Gi) 9x? - 30x +25=0 (iv) 4?-7x-2=0
2. Find the nature of the roots of the following given quadratic equations and verify the
result by solving the equations:
@ P= 23+120=0 Gi) 2 +3x47=0
Gil) 16° -24r+9=0 Gv) 3x? +7x-13=
3. For what value of k, the expression
Hx? + 2(k + 1) x + 4s perfect square.
4, Find the value of &, if the roots of the following equations are equal.
@ —— Qk=1) 7 + 3ke+3=0
(i) 242k +2)x4BE+4)=0
Gi) Gk #2) 2-54 x4 2k+3)=0
5. Show that the equation x? + (mx + c)? = a? has equal roots,
if aX + m2)
6 Find the condition that the roots of the equation (mx + c)?- 4ax=0 are equal,
7. If the roots of the equation (c? ~ ab) x2 - 2(a? — be) x + (b? — ac) = 0 are equal,
then a=Oora’ +3 +c} = 3abe.
8. Show that the roots of the following equations are rational
@ — ab- 9.2 + ea) x+c(a-b)
Gi) (#26) 2+ 2at bert at20)=0
9. Forall values of &, prove that the roots of the equation
eaakepee3eo, #0 ate real
10. Show that the roots of the equation
(b= 2 + (C-a)x+ (a-b)=0 are real.
2.2 Cube Roots of Unity and Their Properties.
2.2.1 The cube roots of unity.
Let a number x be the cube root of unity,
13
1
= 8-1
()-()3=0
(1) 024x410 [using a B= (a—b) (a2 + ab +22]
0 or
eext1=0 =1+Vay—
ors 20)
cleyi=4 -1tV3 = tiy8
2.7 2 2
Three cube roots of unity are
tab and = where f=J=1.
2.2.2. Recognise complex cube roots of unity as @ and @.
= a ana
If we name anyone of these as (pronounced as omega), then the other is «, We
shall prove this statement in the next article.
2.2.3 Properties of cube roots of unity.
(a) Prove that each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other.
i+ y=3
2
DE
The two complex cube roots of unity are
Proof: ‘The complex cube roots of unity are
We prove that
G38)
2
G4 Fay ts
AS).
Thus, each of the complex cube root of unity is the square of the other, that is,
al+y3 a1-\3 al+y3
2 2 2
(b) Prove that the product of three cube roots of unity is one.
Proof: Three cube roots of unity are
a14V3 | =v
1 and FS
ifo= then a? = The product of ee roots of ity = (= I =A &&
en 3k
aa
ie, Q)(@)(@)=1 oF o=1
(©) Prove that each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.
Proof: We know that @?= 1 > 0.08
or
Thus, each complex cube root of unity is reciprocal of the other.
(@)__ Prove that the sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero.
je, 1+0+0%=
Proof: ‘The cube roots of unity are
a3 a
1, and
i" aly
a
The sum of all the roots = 1+ @ + a
Thus, 1+0+0%=0
We can easily deduce the following results, that is,
@ — 1+@%=-0 (i) 1+@=-0 (iil) +0? =-1
2.2.4 Use of properties of cube roots of unity to solve appropriate problems.
‘We can reduce the higher powers of « into 1, @ and oo,
eg OT=P.O= (17 0-0
(oo = (1)? oF = oF Ji 1 1
ear ora!
MD erase 1H 1-H.
MMM G++ 1-5"
eS bess
(2ca)8 + (20)%
= 256 w8 + 256 «6
56 [oat + col]
56 (0)? 0? + (0 0]
=256 [o? + 0] re
56 (-1) = -256
GBTLED Prove tha x x— y) (= @y) (&— @y),
EMME ¥ - y= &-y) ay) &- oy)
RHS = (¢-y) (x-ay) (xy)
(°—y) Lx? aay oxy + 0y?]
oe — y) [2 — ay (0? + 0) + 1)"
(x= y) P= xy C1) + y4]
ay) BE + ay +7]
o-y=LHS
OD. t —
1 Find the cube roots of -1, 8, -27, 64.
2. Evaluate
@ (-@-0 @ (1 = 30-302)
(ii) (9+ 4044025 Gy) 2 +20- 20%) 6-30 + 30%)
0) Cl4yB+C1-V! wy 48). 28)
(il) oT +0%-5 ill) oP eo7
Prove that x' +? +2) —3xyz = (x+y +2) (+ wy + 0%) (+ y+ 2).
Prove that (1 +@) (1+?) (1+ 4) (1 + 0%) .... 2n factors = 1 2.3 Roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation.
Fe ee rade sng oe ta
ax’ + bx + ¢=0 where a, b ate coefficients of x? and x respectively. While c is the constant
term.
are roots of the equation
2.3.1 Relation between roots and co-efficients of a quadratic equation.
ab +P dae =b— VP dac
2a 2
then we can find the sum and the product of the roots as follows.
Sum of the roots = a+
i and f=
nb ey 4ae | -b—fo? dae
a 2a a
2b + = tac ~ b - VF— Fac _-2b
= 2a 2a
Product of the roots = af
-4 Ib — 4ac (= [b2 - dae
= 2a 2a
Cop = Cf Aue)? _ 02 ~ 0? ~ ac)
- 4a? 4a?
Baw + da
=Pott
ewe denote the sum of roots and product of roots by S and P respectively, then
b__ Cocificient of x
Co-efficient of
Constant term __
‘o-efficient of
23.2 The sum and the product of the roots of a given quadratic equation
without solving it.
We illustrate the method through the following example.
GTITED Without solving, find the sum and product of the roots of the equations.
(2) 38-Se47=0 (b) xt 44x-9=0
QETND a) Let and Abe the roots of the equation
32-5r47=0
‘Then sum of roots = + B=
and product of roots = @= $= 3
(b) Let and fbe the roots of the equation x2 + 4x-9=0 ‘To find unknown values involved in a given quadratic equation.
The procedure is illustrated through the following examples.
(a) Sum of the roots is equal to a multiple of the product of the roots.
(GEEDTTED Find the value of h, if the sum of the roots is equal to 3-times the product of the
roots of the equation 3x? + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0.
QAM ct o, fe the roots of the equation
3x2 + (9 - 6h) x + Sh=0
b 8%
Then ot B= 5
Since a+ B= 308)
(Shy 3(2h-3)
#3) or SQH=3)_
2h-3=5h => 2h-SI
—3h=3 > h
(b)__Sum of the squares of the roots is equal to a given number.
Find p, if the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
4x2 + 3px-+ p2=0 is unity,
EM Ir & Bare the roots of 4x2 + 3px +p? =0,
Bw
then ort B=
Since a+ f2=1 Given)
(a+ B)-20B=1
@)Ga BF
9pt—Bp?=16 => p2=16 => paid (© Two roots differ by a given number.
GEEDTED Find f, if the roots of the equation x?— hx +10=0. differ by 3.
ED Let rand or 3 be the roots of x2 = hx + 10=0.
Then @ta—3=
2a-3=h > da=h+3 = a=Ath @
10
and aar- 3) =10 or a(a-3)=10 ii),
Putting value of orfrom equation (i) in equation (ii), we get
CGH > CHC
203)
W=49 > hatT
(@) Roots satisfy a given relation
(e.g. 2+ 5B = 7, where & Bare the roots of a given equation).
(ENTITLED Find p, if the roots @, of the equation x? — Sx + p=0, satisty
therelation 204 5f=7,
RINALDI cx Bare the roots of the equation x? - Sx +p =
‘Then
0 => h-9 = 40, thatis,
Gi)
and =p = af=p i)
Since 2@+58=7 (Given) (ii)
Put the value of B from equation (i) in equation (iii)
2a 5(5— a) =7
2a+2S-Sa=7 ot -3a=7-25, thatis
“Ba=-18 > a=6 tiv)
B=5-6=-1 Use () and Gv)
Put the values of arand fin eq. (ii)
6) =p = p=—6
(©) __ Both sum and product of the roots are equal to a given number.
EDD Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the equation
Sx°-+ (72m) x+3=0 is equal to a given number, say A. (QED Le A be the roots of the equation
Sx 4 (7 -2m) x43=0
a+ po —b a 1=2m_m=1
a
and of=£=3
Lt atf=2 @) and fad Gi
Then from () and Gi) a+ A= af, thatis,
2m=7_3
eg SS 2m-7
S"P.cave spe
Without solving, find the sum and the product of the roots of the following quadratic
‘equations
@ e-Sr+
Gil) pt—geer
() Cem) x24 mtn)xtn—
Find the value of k, if
(sum of the roots of the equation 2kx? - 3x + 4k = 0 is twice the product of the
roots.
(i) Bee I-11
0 (iv) (a+b) axr+b=0
=0 (i) DA = Smr + 9n=0
Gi) sum of the roots of the equation x? + (Bk - 7) x + Sk=0 is 3 times the
product of the roots,
Find k, if
(sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
4k? + 3kx = 8 =0 is 2,
Gi) sum of the squares of the roots of the equation
22 2kx + Ok+ 1) =0is 6
Find p, if
(i) the roots of the equation x2 - x + p? = 0 differ by unity.
Gi). the roots of the equation x? + 3x +p —2= 0 differ by 2.
Find m, if
the roots of the equation x? - 7x + 3m 5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3+ 28=4
Gi) the roots of the equation x? + 7x + 3m—5 = 0 satisfy the relation 3a-2=4
(iii) the roots of the equation 3x2 ~ 2x + 7m + 2 = 0 satisfy the relation Tar 3A= 18
Find m, if sum and product of the roots of the following equations is equal to a given
number A.
()—— @m+3)x? + (Im —5)x-+ Bm — 10) =0
Gi) 4x2 G + Smx-(9m— 17) =0 2.4 Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation.
2.4.1 Define symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation
Definition:
Symmetric functions are those functions in which the roots involved are such that
the value of the expressions involving them remain unaltered, when roots are interchanged.
For example, if
f(a, B) = o + B?, then
FB = B+ P= + fh Co B+ = oF +B)
=f(a B)
Find the value of a? + J}? + 308, if a= 2, B= 1. Also find the value of
a + f° +308 if a=1, B=2
OMEN When or= 2 and f= 1,
@ + B+ 30f= (2) + (1) +32) (1)
4146215
When a@= 1 and f= 2,
@ + B+ 3af =(1) + (2) + 3(1) 2)
4846-15
‘The expression o + 8° + 3af represents a symmetric function of oand &.
2.4.2. Evaluate a symmetric function of roots of a quadratic equation in terms
of its co-efficients
If @, Bare the roots of the quadratic equation.
ax? +bx+¢=0, (@#0) @
‘Then ort «i
and of = Gi)
‘The functions given in equations (ii) and (iii) are the symmetric functions for the
quadratic equation (i).
‘Some more symmetric functions of two variables o, fare given below:
@ — @+ pr Gi) a + BS
11 a
wy bed w Sef
If a Bare the roots of the quadratic equation
petgrtr=0 , (p40)
then evaluate 28+ af?
MMP Since a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r=0, therefore, @B + of? = afla+ ph
a2(_a\ na
HC-F
If a, Bare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3x +4 =0, then
11
‘ oth
find the value of @) 246 Ww Otg
EMM since a. fare the roots of the equation 2x? + 3x +4 = 0, therefore,
ai
(ii)
a) 3
Chge2
—— EXERCISE
1. If Bare the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0, then evaluate
@ asp? Gi) aps af?
cin Gre
2. If @ Bare the roots of the equation 4x2 — 5x +6 =0, then
find the values of
ot. +h Gi) op?
41,1 eB
id pt op ware
3. Ife are the roots ofthe equation k?-+mx+n=0 (10), then
find the values of
@ A fr+ op Gi) 2.5 Formation of a quadratic equation.
If rand Pare the roots of the required quadratic equation.
Let rsa and x=f
ie, , xo f=
and (x) (x B)=0
(at Bx af=0
which is the required quadratic equation in the standard form.
2.5.1 Find a quadratic equation from given roots and establish the formula
22 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0.
Let & ibe the roots of the quadratic equation
+ (@#0) @
axttbx+c=0
then a+f=-£ — and
Rewriteeg. (as 42 x4 £=0
oe (AreSeo
P= (at fyxt aB=0
or x2 ~(sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0, that is,
x-Sx+P=0 where $= art Band P= of
Form a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 4.
Since 3 and 4 are the roots of the required quadratic equation, therefore,
jum of the roots=3 +4=7
P= Product of the roots = (3) (4) = 12
As 2-Sr+P=0, so the required quadratic equation is x2 7x + 12=0
2.5.2. Form quadratic equations whose roots are of the type
2 pe il 28
(@ 2a41, 2841 Gi) BG GH OM BEE
Wat B, 4 +povhere @, Bare the roots of a given quadratic equation,
If a Bare the roots of the equation 2x? - 3x —
‘having roots
= 0, form quadeatic equations
() 2@+1,28+1 Gi) B® cin
B
on fee @ arp4 EMD As & Bare the roots of the equation
2x? 3x-5=0,
3
therefore, a+ 8) Zand oB=F
S=Sum of the roots = 2a+1+2f+1
=2(a+p+2=2(5)+2=5
P = Product of the root
@
a+ 1) (28+ 1)
Japs 2 (a+ B)+1
=4(-$)+2G)+1
=-104+3+1=-6
Using x? - Sx + P=0, we have
wo Sx-
Gi) $= Sum of the roots = a? +
ne
P= Product of the roots = a? p =p) =(-3)
Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have
Be Bao 3 42-2904 25=0
Gil) $= Sumof the roots =4 Ox8 cap) we
3 .
=3 c:
Using x2 -Sx+P=0, we have
3) 2
2-(-g)x+(-g]=0 > Sr+3x-2=0
5
= ao Bet BL 4
iv) S=Sumof the rots = 5+ f=" = lias 8) - 208) op
[C9 Using x? - Sx + P= 0, we have
2-(Brsie0 => 10x? + 29x + 10=0
Bro
op
(%) S=Sumof the roots = os Beggs spe
septs
=
=10
P = Product of the roots = (a+ A). (5+
Using x2 - Sx+ P=0, we have
9
eathxe()-0 = 1029-920
IF o Brae the roots ofthe equation 42-78 +9 =O, then
form an equation whose roots are 2orand 2.
GEM since « fare the roots of the equation x? — 7x +9 = 0, therefore,
and
The roots of the required equation are 2c, 28
$= Sum of roots = 2a+ 28= Aart B
P = Product of roots = (20) (28) = 4a = 4(9)
Thus the required quadratic equation will be
22 Sx+P=0, thatis,
20 1dr + 36=0 ——)) EXE)
1, Write the quadratic equations having following roots.
@ 45 ow 49 © 23
@ 0,3 © 26 ® 1-7
@ ltil-i hy) 3+y2,3-12
2. If @ fare the roots of the equation x? ~ 3x + 6 =0.
Form equations whose roots are
@) 2@41,28+1 e) at BP ©
ak
a
a
@ Be © ahah
3. Ifa Bare the roots of the equation x4 px +q=0.
Form equations whose roots are
@ & pf )
2.6 Synthetic Division
Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a
polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial. In fact synthetic division is simply a shortcut
of long division method.
2.6.1 Describe the synthetic division method.
‘The method of synthetic division is described through the following example.
Using synthetic division, divide the polynomial P(x) = 5x4 +x? - 3x by x- 2.
(Gx! +23 -3x) = (@-2)
From divisor, x- a , here a= 2
Now write the co-efficients of the dividend in a row with zero as the co-efficient of the
missing powers of x in the descending order as shown below.
Dividend P(x) = 5x4 + 1x28 +0 x28 - 3x 40x29
‘Now write the co-efficients of x from dividend in a row and a= 2 on the left side,
aB
Ba
(i) Write 5 the first co-efficient as it isin the row under the horizontal line.
Gi) Multiply $ with 2 and write the result 10 under I. write the sum of I + 10 = 11 under
the line
(Gil) Multiply 11 with 2 and place the result 22 under 0. Add 0 and 22 and write the result
22 under the line, ‘Multiply 22 with 2, place the result 44 under ~3. Write 41 as the sum of 44 and —3
‘under the line.
(¥) Multiply 41 with 2 and put the result 82 under 0. The sum of 0 and 82 is 82.
In the resulting row 82 separated by the vertical line segment is the remainder and
5, 11, 22, 41 are the co-efficients of the quotient.
‘As the highest power of x in dividend is 4, therefore the highest power of x in
‘quotient will be 4— 1 =3
Thus Quotient = Q(x) = 5x3 + 1x? + 22x + 41 and the Remainder =
2.6.2. Use synthetic division to
(a) find quotient and remainder, when a given polynomial is divided by a linear
polynomial.
Using synthetic division, divide P(x) =x4=32 +15. by x41
(t=? + 15) #1)
As xt1=x-(l),soa=-1
Now write the co-efficients of dividend in a row and a = —1 on the left side.
Quotient = Q(x) = 33 x2 +0.x+0=9—x2
and Remainder = 15
(b) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe zeros of a polynomial are given.
‘Using synthetic division, find the value of h. If the zero of polynomial
PO) = 3x2 +4x~Th is 1
P(x) = 3x2 + 4x — Th and its zero is 1
Then by synthetic division,
Remainder =7- 7h
Since 1 is the zero of the polynomial, therefore,
Remainder = 0, that is,
7-Th=0
T=Th => h=1
©) find the value (s) of unknown (s), ifthe factors of a polynomial are given.
Using synthetic division, find the values of J and m, if x 1 and x +1 are the
factors of the polynomial P(x) = x3 + 3h? + mx—-1
MMP Since x- 1 and x + | are the factors of P(x) = x3 + 3x2 + mx - 1
therefore, 1 and—1 are zeros of polynomial P(x). Now by synthetic division
1 31 m -
1 o 1 3141 Stem
1 Bel lemti | 3ltm
Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore remainder is zero, that is,
314m=0 @
and
1 31 m -1
a1 4 =I =3+1 3l=m=1
1 31-1 -31+m+1 | 31-m=2
Since 1 is the zero of polynomial, therefore, remainder is zero, that is,
31-m-2=0 Gi)
Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
61-2=0
6l=2 =>
gu
Put the value of /in eq. () (f)+m=0 or 1+m=0 => m=-1
Thus 1 ; and m=—I
(@) solve a cubic equation, if one root of the equation is given.
EDL Using synthetic division, solve the equation 3x° - 11x? + 5x+3=0
when 3 is the root of the equation.
QWMMDsince 3 is the root of the equation 3x3 — 11x? + 5x+3=0.
‘Then by synthetic division, we get
‘The depressed equation is 3x2—2x-1=0
3xt-3x+x-1=0
3xx- 1) + 10-1) =0
(-DGr+=0
Either x-1=0 or 3x+1=0, thatis, -1 = xs-
1 ;
Hence 3, | and ~ are the roots of the given equation.
(©) solve a biquadratic (quartic) equation, if two of the real roots of the equation
are given.
CEDTTTD By synthetic division, solve the equation
xt ~ 49x? + 36x + 252 = O having roots ~2 and 6.
QVMDSince -2 and 6 are the roots of the given equation x! — 49x? + 36x + 252 =0.
‘Then by synthetic division, we get
49
4
45
6 6 24
1 4 21
The depressed equation is? 44x21 =0
4 Tx-3x-21=0
w+ N34 =0
+D-H=0
Either x#7=0 or x-3
x
Thus -2, 6, ~7 and 3 are the roots of the given equation.
or x
= RCISE 2.6 gS
1 Use synthetic division to find the quotient and the remainder, when
@ O24 Ix- D+ e+ 1 (ii) (4x3 — Sx + 15) +(x +3)
Gil) G8 +x? - 3x 42)+(-2)
2 Find the value of h using synthetic division, if
(@ 3 isthe zeto of the polynomial 2x3 — 3hx? +9
Gi) Lis the zero of the polynomial x? - 2hx? + 11
Gi) 1 is the zero of the polynomial 2x° + Shx ~ 23
3. Use synthetic division to find the values of J and m, if
@ — (x+3) and (x— 2) are the factors of the polynomial
28 44x + Dem
(i) (r= 1) and (x +1) are the factors of the polynomial
8-32 + Ime + 6 Solve by using synthetic division, if
(@ 2s the root of the equation x3 - 28x + 48 = 0
i) 3 is the root of the equation 2x? — 3x2 — 11x +
(ii) 1 is the root of the equation 4x} — x*- 11x—
5. Solve by using synthetic division, if
(@ Land 3 are the roots of the equation x 10° +9=0
Gi) 3 and—4 are the roots of the equation x4 + 2x? - 13x - 14x +24=0
2.7. Simultaneous equations
A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous
‘equations.
The set of all the ordered pairs (x, y), which satisfies the system of equations is
called the solution set of the system.
2.7(i) Solve a system of two equations in two variables,
(@) when one equation is linear and the other is quadratic.
To solve a system of equations in two variables x and y. Find ‘y’ in terms of x from
the given linear equation. Substitute the value of y in the quadratic equation, we get an other
‘quadratic equation in one variable x. Solve this equation for x and then find the values of y.
‘The values of x and y provide the solution set of the system of equations.
EREDLED soe the system of equations
Setys4 and 3x2 4y2=52,
EMM Me given equations are
Brtya4 @
and 3x24 y?=52. ai)
Fromeq. (i) y=4—-3x (ii)
Pat value of y in eq, (i)
3x24 4 - 3a)? = 52
3x2 + 16-244 912 -52=0
122 -24x-36=0 or x2-2x-3=0
By factorization
= 3rtx-3=0
x(-3)+10-3)=0
> 3+) =0
Either x-3
x=3 or
Put the values of xin eq, (ii)
When x=3
=0 ya4-3x
y=4-3@)=4-9
yas
©. The ordered pairs are (3, -5) and (-1,7)
‘Thus, the solution set is {(3,-5), C1, 7)}
() when both the equations are quadratic.
‘The method to solve the equations is illustrated through the following examples.
Solve the equations
Pe yte2x=8 and (x- 1+ (y+ 1% =8
1¢ given equations are
aye 2e=8 w
(x= 1? ++ D2=8 Gi)
From equation (ii), we get
at Ltye+ 24158
or yt 2k +226 ii)
Subtracting eq, (ii) from eq. (i), we have
4x-2y=2 or 2v-y=1
2-1 (iv)
Put the value of y in eq. (ii)
(x= 124 Qe- 14 DP=8
2-2 + 1442-820
Sx2-2x-7=0
Se -7e45x-7=0 or xSx-7) +1 Sx-7)
> Gx-De+l
Either 5x-7=0 or x + 1.=0,, thats,
setosle a
1
‘Now putting the values of x in eq. (iv), we have EDD Sove the equations
4yt=7 and 2x24 3y?= 18.
(EMD Given equations are
xeyta7
2x2 + 3y2 = 18
‘Multiply equation (i) with 3
3x2 + 3y? = 21
Subtracting equations (ii) from (iii)
w=3 => x=tV3
When x=-/3, then from equation @)
S4yeT or 34227 = ytad = yt?
When x=-1/3, then y=+2
Thus, the required solution set is { (4-3. +2)}
Solve the equations
2? + y= 20 and 6x? + xy—y"
Given equations are
e+y=20 @
6x? +.xy-
The equation (ii) can be written as
We have y=
Substituting y= 3x in the equation (i), we wa
2? + Bx =20 or x? 49x? = 20
= 1r=20 > P=2 > x=ty
When x=9/2, y=3 ()2) = 32 and when x =—~J2,
Substituting ~2x in the equation (i), we have
20 or 44e
‘Thus, the solution is { (2, 32), (4/2, 2), (2,4), 2, 4)} wo
3x? — Dry—y? = 80 Gi)
‘Multiplying equation (i) by 2, we have
2x? + 2y? = 80 (iii)
‘Subtracting the equation (iii) from equation (ii), we get
= day 3y=0 Gy
‘The equation (iv) can be written as
at Bry tay-dyte
or x 3y) ty (e-3y)=0
> &-H)@+y)=0
Either x-3y=0 or = x+y =0
=3y or x
Putin eq. (i),
Gy)? +? = 40 (oy +y? = 40
10y? = 40 2? =40
ysd y= 20
yt? yot2V5
yao ye yas ya-2y¥5
x=3y y xey sey
x= 3(2) (-2) x=- (245) x=-(-2J5)
x=6 x=-6 xs-2\8 22.5
The solution setis {(6, 2), (-6, 2), (2-V5,-2-V5), (-2-V5, 2-V5)} =—)) EXERCISE 2.7 ==
Solve the following simultancous equations.
1 xty=5 ; a2 2y- 14
2 3x-2y=1 :
3.0 x-ys7 5
xty=a-b 5
4.
5 #aQ-Nt=10
6 @HDP+OHISS ;
1
8.
9
5 3x2 — Sry - 12)? =0
ytays3
2.7(ii) Solving Real Life Problems with Quadratic Equations
‘There are many problems which lead to quadratic equations. To form an equation,
we use symbols for unknown quantities in the problems. Then roots of the equation may
provide the answer to these problems,
The procedure to solve these problems is explained in the following examples,
‘Three less than a certain number multiplied by 9 less than twice the number is
104. Find the number.
Let the required number be x. Then
three less than the number = x—3
and 9 less than twice the number = 2x — 9
According to the given condition, we have
(x= 3) (2x9) = 104
2x2 — 15x +27 = 104
2x? 15x-77=0
Factorizing, we get
(Qx+7) (e-11) =
and 11 are the requited numbers.
The length of a rectangle is 4cm more than its breadth. If the area of the
rectangle is 45cm2, Find its sides. ‘Then the length in cm will be x +4.
By the given condition rectangular area = 45cm’, that is,
x(r44)=45
w+ 4x-45=0
+9 (x-5)=0
x9 or x-5=0
9 or xaS
Ifx=5,thenx+4=5+4=9 (neglecting -ve value)
‘Thus the breadth is Sem and length is 9om,
‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 6 and the sum of their squares is 20.
Find the co-ordinates of the point.
Let (x, y) be the co-ordinates of the point. Then by the given conditions, we have
xty=6 0
2 +y2=20 Gi)
Fromeq.() y=6-x Gi)
Putting y = 6 —x in eq, (i), we get
2246-2) =20
22436422 - 12x-20=0
22 12x+16=0 or 2-6r+8=0
Factorizing, we get
(e-4)(e-2)=0 > v=4 or x=2
using eq. (ii), y=6-4=2 or y 4
the co-ordinates of the point are (4, 2) or (2, 4)
SS". 9 Sop RS
1, The product of two positive consecutive numbers is 182. Find the numbers,
‘The sum of the squares of three positive consecutive numbers is 77. Find them,
3. The sum of five times a number and the square of the number is 204.
Find the number.
‘The product of five less than three times a certain number and one less than four
times the number is 7. Find the number.
5. The difference of a number and its reciprocal is, a Find the number.
6. The sum of the squares of two digits of a positive integral number is 65 and the
number is 9 times the sum of its digits. Find the number. @
ai)
Gi)
ww)
w)
wi)
iy
(viii)
(ix)
‘The sum of the co-ordinates of a point is 9 and sum of their squares is 45, Find the
co-ordinates of the point.
Find two integers whose sum is 9 and the difference of their squares is also 9.
Find two integers whose difference is 4 and whose squares differ by 72.
Find the dimensions of a rectangle, whose perimeter is 80cm and its area is 375em®.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 2
Multiple Choice Questions
Four possible answers are given for the following questions. Tick (7) the correct
answer.
If a, Bate the roots of 3x° + 5x-2=0, then a+ Bis
5 3 =5
@ 5 oF © Fz @
Uf a Bare the roots of 7x? —x+4=0, then apis
a 4 7
@ > ) 5 © gq @
Roots of the equation 4x? - Sx +2 =0 are
(a) irrational (b)_ imaginary (c)_ rational (d) none of these
Cube roots of -1 are
(@ -1,-0,-07 (b) -1.0,-0 © -1,-0.0? @) 1-0, -w
Sum of the cube roots of unity is
@ 0 1 © 4 @ 3
Product of cube roots of unity is
@ 0 om oa @ 3
If? ~ dac <0, then the rots of ax? + bx += 0 are
@) irrational (b) rational (©) imaginary (@) _none of these
If? ~ dac> 0, but not a perfect square then roots of ax? + bx + c= O are
(@) imaginary (b) rational (@) irrational (@)_—_none of these
ie a8 equal to
1
@ | (xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xy)
a)
(iil)
(iv)
)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
fix)
&®
(xi)
@ + is equal to
@ @&-p ©) oH
© (a+ pP-206 @ af
Two square roots of unity are
@ 1-1 © Lo © Lo @ oo
Roots of the equation 4x? — 4x + 1 =0 are
(@) real, equal (b) real, unequal (c) imaginary (4) _istational
If a, Bare the roots of px? + gx + r= 0, then sum of the roots 2orand 2Bis,
<4 z a4 a
OF > OF @ -%
If a Bare the soots of x2 x— 1 = 0, then product of the roots 2erand 2fis
@ 2 &) 2 © 4 @ -4
The nature of the roots of equation ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 is determined by
(@) sum of the roots (b) product of the roots
(©) synthetic division (d) discriminant
The discriminant of ax? + bx + c= is
(a) B-dac —() BP +dac (©) B+ 4ac @) ~ BP dae
Write short answers of the following questions.
Discuss the nature of the roots of the following equations
(@) P43x45=0 (ob) 20? - 7x43
(©) 2+6x-1=0 (@ 162—8r+1=0
Find o? it = =eN=3
2
Prove that the sum of the all cube roots of unity is zero.
Find the product of complex cube roots of unity
Show thax} +y* = (+) (x + ay) (+0)
Evaluate o°7 + @* +1
Evaluate (1 — @ + 0)
Ife is cube root of unity, form an equation whose roots are 30 and 30”
Using synthetic division, find the remainder and quotient when (x! + 3x?-+ 2) + (x 2)
Using synthetic division, show that x ~ 2 is the factor of x3 4x2 —7x-+ 2.
Find the sum and product of the roots of the equation 2px? + 3gx ~ 4r = 0
14
Find 7g + 2 of the roots ofthe equation x? — 4x +3=0 vy vv
If @, Bare the roots of 4x” - 3x + 6 = 0, find
@ @e & G8 @ ap
If of Bare the roots of x2 — Sx +7 =0, find an equation whose roots are
(a) -a-B (b) 2a, 26.
Fill in the blanks
‘The discriminant of ax? + bx +c = Ois .
If b? — 4ac = 0, then roots of ax? + bx + are,
If b? — 4ac > 0, then the roots of ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 are
If b? — 4ac < 0, then the root of ax? + bx += 0 are
If 2 — 4ac > 0 and perfect square, then the roots of ax? + bx+c=Oare_
If b* — 4ac > 0 and not a perfect square, then roots of ax? + bx + ¢=
If of Bare the roots of ax2 + bx +e
If a, Bare the roots of ax? + bx +0
If @ Bare the roots of 7x? - Sx+3
If @, Bare the roots of $x? + 3x-9
0, then sum of the roots is
0, then product of the roots is
0, then the sum of the roots is
0, then product of the roots is
For a quadratic equation ax? + bx + ¢
Cube roots of unity are
Under usual notation sum of the cube roots of unity is
IF 1, © are the cube roots of unity, then (0°? is equal to
If of are the roots of the quadratic equation, then the quadratic equation is written
as
If 20 and 20? are the roots of an equation, then equation is
=
Discriminant of the quadratic expression ax? + bx + c is “b? — 4ac”.
a5 -1-\E
ates and peney
Complex cube roots of unity are @ and
Properties of cube roots of unity.
(@) The product of three cube roots of unity is one. Le, (1) (@) (0)
(b) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is reciprocal of the other.
(©) Each of the complex cube roots of unity is the square of the other.
()__ The sum of all the cube roots of unity is zero, ie, 1+0+0*=0
The cube roots of unity are 1, ‘The sum and the product of the roots of ax? + bx + ¢=0,a#0 are
b
a+B
> — Symmetric functions of the roots of a quadratic equation are those functions in
which the roots involved are such that the values of the expressions remain unaltered,
when roots are interchanged,
> Formation of a quadratic equation if its roots are given;
22 — (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0
=> xt-(a+B)x+ af=0.
> Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder, when a
polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial.
> A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous
equations,
and af = © respectively. —s—
Eee
———
es
ey
eee enna
—
a ———
ee.
= ee
eae
__
In this unit, students will learn how to
28 define ratio, proportions and variations (direct and inverse).
2s find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion.
2 apply theorems of invertendo, alternendo, componendo, dividendo and
componendo & dividendo to find proportions.
& define joint variation.
& solve problems related to joint variation.
& use k-method to prove conditional equalities involving proportions.
& solve real life problems based on variations.
2) 3.1 Ratio, Proportions and Variations
3.1(i) Define (a) ratio, (b) proportion and (c) variations (direct and inverse).
(a) Ratio
A relation between two quantities of the same kind (measured in same unit) is called
ratio, If a and b are two quantities of the same kind and b is not zero, then the ratio of a and
bis written as a :b or in fraction
eg, if a hockey team wins 4 games and loses 5, then the ratio of the games won to games
lostis 4:5 orin fraction S
Remember that:
(® The order of the elements in a ratio is important.
(i) In ratio a : b, the first term a is called antecedent and the second term b is
called consequent.
A ratio has no units
CTD Find the ratio of
(i) 200gm to 700 gm Gi) 1km to 600m
NMG) Ratio of 200gm to 700 gm
200_2
200 : 700 = 599 =9=2:
Where 2 : 7 is the simplest (Lowest) form of the ratio 200 : 700,
(i) Ratio of tkm to 600m
Since 1km= 1000m_
or Ikm: 600m = 1000:600
1000 | 600 _ ig.6=
00? 100 = 10:6=5:3
EDD Find a, if the ratios a +3: 7+ a and 4: 5 are equal
QAM Since the ratios a +3: 7-+a and 4: 5 are equal.
in fraction form FRETTTTED tr 2 is added in each number of the ratio 3 : 4, we get a new ratio 5 : 6, Find the
‘numbers
GAIMMD Because the ratio of two numbers is 3: 4.
‘Multiply cach number of the ratio with x. Then the numbers be 3x, 4x and the ratio
becomes 3x:4x. Now according to the given condition
3xt2_5
act
6(3x +2) =S(4e +2) > 18x + 12=20r+ 10
18x-20r=10-12 > -2v=-2 > x=1
‘Thus the required numbers are
3x=3(1)=3
and 4x=4(1)=4.
ETE Find the ratio 3a + 4b : Sa+ Th ifa:b=5:8,
aT = a_5
SEMI Given thata:b=5:8 or 5=§
3a+4b
Now 3a44b:Sa+7b=37 575
st Boal
a+ 7b = -(a\.,/(b) (Dividing numerator and denominator by b)
m5 s(5)+7(5)
2G (
“sQ)+10) *)
cis
15,4 15432
28
25 = 5456 “BI
gt7 8
Hence, 3a44b:5a+7b=47:81
(6) Proportion
A proportion is a statement, which is expressed as an equivalence of two ratios.
If two ratios a : b and ¢ : d are equal, then we can write @: b= cd
Where quantities a, d are called extremes, while b, ¢ are called means.
Symbolically the proportion of a, b, c and d is written as,
a:bne:d
rbse:d or
ois
gale
je, ad=
This shows that, Product of extremes = Product of means.
Find x, if 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg.
Given that 60m : 90m :: 20kg : x kg
60: 90= 20: x
30 ie, xis 30 kg
EDTED Find the cost of 15kg of sugar, if 7 kg of sugar costs 560 rupees.
Let the cost of 15kg of sugar be x-rupees.
Then in proportion form
15kg : Tkg :: Rs..x: Rs, 560
15:7 =x: 560
Product of extremes = Product of means
15 x 560 = 7x
Tx = 15 x 560
= 152560 5) 1200
Thus, x =Rs. 1200.
See ee ——
1, Express the following as a ratio a : b and as a fraction in its simplest (lowest) form.
@ Rs. 750, Rs. 1250 (i) 450em, 3m
Git) 4kg, 2kg 750gm () 27min, 30 sec, 1 hour
@) 75°, 225°
2, In a class of 60 students, 25 students are girls and remaining students are boys.
Compute the ratio of
(boys to total students (i) boys to girls
3. If3(4x— Sy) = 2x—7y, find the ratio: y.
Find the value of p, if the ratios 2p + 5 : 3p +4 and 3 :4 are equal
If the ratios 3x-+ 1: 6+ 4x and 2: 5 are equal. Find the value of x. ‘Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 8. If 9 is added to each number, we get a new ratio
8: 11. Find the numbers.
7. If is added in each number of the ratio 4 =13, we get a new ratio 1 : 2.
‘What are the numbers?
8. Find the cost of 8kg of mangoes, if kg of mangoes cost Rs. 250.
9, Ia: b=7:6, find the value of 3a + 5b: 7b - Sa.
10. Complete the following:
@ 38-5 then ae=
Sa_15b
(i) =F then ay =
(id) we BP then Sy =
11, Find x in the following proportions.
() Bx-2:4::2e4327 wi
xo35 xe1 4
mea |)
id)
) 0 Sax: Mx 16-3: 25-4
(© Variation:
‘The word variation is frequently used in all sciences, There are two types of
variations: (i) Direct variation Gi) Inverse variation,
() Direct Variation
If two quantities are related in such a way that increase (decrease) in one quantity
‘causes increase (decrease) in the other quantity, then this variation is called direct variation.
In otherwords, if a quantity y varies directly with regard to a quantity x. We say that y
ke. ie, 2= hk.
is directly proportional to x and is written as y s x or
‘The sign « read as “varies as” is called the sign of proportionality or variation, while
40s known as constant of variation.
eg, (Faster the speed of a car, longer the distance it covers
Gi) ‘The smaller the radius of the circle, smaller the circumference is.
Find the relation between distance d of a body falling from rest varies directly
as the square of the time 1, neglecting air resistance. Find k, if d = 16 feet for r= 1 sec. Also
derive a relation between d and t.
Since dis the distance of the body falling from rest in time
‘Then under the given condition
dae Since d= 16 feet and r= | sec
‘Then equation (i) becomes
16=k(1)?
ie, k=16
putineg.@ d= 16F
Which is a relationship between the distance d and time t.
Activity:
From the above example:
@ Find time 1, when d = 64 feet
(i_Find distance d, when t= 3 sec
If y varies directly as x, find
(a) the equation connecting x and y.
(b) the constant of variation k and the relation between x and y,
whenx=7 and
(©) the value of y, when x= 21
(a) Given that y varies directly as x.
Therefore y= x,ie, y=kx, where kis constant of variation,
in equation
@
6
Weget 6=7k => k=
Putin eg. () y= 4x @)
(©) Now put x = 21, in equation (ii)
Then y Sen-1s
782
Given that A varies directly asthe square of rand A=" cm, when r=9em,
If r= Idem, then find A
Since A varies directly as square of r
. Aw
or A=kr @
1182 _ 1 @ Put and r=14em in eq. (i)
A=2 ag =72xc14% 14 = 616 em?
If y varies directly as cube of x and y= 81 when.
ee. that y varies directly as cube of x.
ie, yex or y=ks (@® (where kis constant)
Puty=81 and x=3in (i)
81=kG)) = 2k=81 > k=3
Now put k=3 and x= 5 in eq. (i)
ae]
= 3, so evaluate y when x= 5.
(ii) Inverse Variation
If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other
decreases is called inverse variation,
In otherwords, if 2 quantity y varies inversely with regard to quantity x. We say that y
k
i 1
is inversely proportional tox or y vaties inversely as x and is written as y = ot y=
, where k #0 is the constant of variation.
core [Ep If y varies inversely as x and y = 8, when x=4, Find y, when x= 16.
TREAD Since y varies inversely as x, therefore
yet or @
> ey)
Putting y = 8 and x in (ii)
k=0)0)
=@)G)=32
Now put k= 32 and x= 16 in (i) => ye
16, when x=, so find x, when y = 100,
I y varies inversely as x? and y = 16,
‘Since y varies inversely as x2, therefore
@
Now put k= 400 and y = 100 in (i) fy varies directly as x, and y
(yin terms of x
(ii) x when y=28
2 If y x, and y=7 when x =3 find
(@ yim terms of x (i) xwhen y=35 and y when x= 18
3 If R « T and R = 5 when T = 8, find the equation connecting R and T. Also find R
when T = 64 and T when R = 20.
4. IfRe TP and R=8 when T= 3, find R when T=6.
5, Tf Vex R8 and when R = 3, find R when V = 625.
6. If w varies directly as w* and w = 81 when Find w when u = 5,
7.
8.
Ify varies inversely as x and y = 7 when x= 2, find y when x = 126.
Iya tand y =4 when x= 3, find x when y =24
9. Iweebandw=5 when 2=7, find w when 2 = "4°
10. Awband A=2.when r=3, find r when A =72.
11, aeefyand a=3 when b= 4, find a when b= 8,
12, Vehand V=5 when r=3, find Vwhen r= 6 and r when V= 320
1
13. moc 23 and m=2 when n=4, find m when n = 6 and n when m= 432,
3.1(ii) Find 3", 4", mean and continued proportion:
We are already familiar with proportions that if quantities a, b, c and d are in
proportion, then a:b:0:d
ie, product of extremes = product of means
Third Proportional
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a: b:: be,
then c is called the third proportion.
(GEEDV TED Find a third proportional of x + y and x? - y2.
Let che the third proportional,
then xty:@-y2ext—ytre
erty) = 02-99) (2 -y9) yO?) _ OH) a-y ety)
xty ty)
€= (2-99) -y) = (x+y) HYP
Fourth Proportional
four quantities a, 6, ¢ and d are related as
abse:d
‘Then dis called the fourth proportional.
(ETD Find fourth proportional of a - 63, a+ b and a? + ab +B?
QED Let x be the fourth proportional,
then (a= 62): (a+) (2+ ab +0) :x
ie, x (a—b')= (a+b) (a? + ab +b?)
(a+b) (@+ab+b2) (a+) (a? + ab +b%)
a-b = (a= 6) (a? + ab +B)
©
‘Mean Proportional
If three quantities a, b and c are related as a:b :: b= c,
then b is called the mean proportional.
(GREENTED Find the mean proportional of 9p%q! and r¥.
QED Let m be the mean proportional,
then 9p%q4: ms: m8
or om. m= 9pSq4 (r8)
m= 9p%qtrs
mat 9pige = + 3piert
Continued Proportion
I three quantities a, b and c are related as
a:bubre ,
‘where a is first, b is the mean and c is the third proportional, then a, b and ¢ are in
continued proportion.
(SETTLED Find p, if 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion.
GEMMEND since 12, p and 3 are in continued proportion.
I2:p=p:3 ie, p-p=(12)G) => pr=36
Thus, p=+6 @ 302
Gi) @-Pa-b () — @&-yRe-y
Bag _p-q
Peg’ P pate
©) ey taay 2? o)
2. Find a fourth proportional to
@ 5,815 (i) 4x4, 208, 18x
it) 150568, 10429, 210°? (oy) = Le +24, = 3), 5x4 4008
©) +e PP ppg P
0) PPO PIE DP) P +E P—@
3. Find a mean proportional between
@ 20, 45, (ii) 20x3y9, Sx?y
Git) 1Sp4gr3, 135q5r7 fe) e-y, D
4. Find the values of the letter involved in the following continued proportions.
@ ‘S,p.45 (ii) 8x, 18
(ii) 12, 3p -6,27 (iv) 7,m=3,28
3.2 Theorems on Proportions
If four quantities a, b, ¢ and d form a proportion, then many other useful properties
may be deduced by the properties of fractions.
(1) Theorem of Invertendo
Ifa: b=c:d,thenb:a=d:e
(SENT IED If 3m : 2n =p : 2g, then
2n:3m=2q:p
QETIDD since 3m: 2n=p 2g
: 3m_p
2n ~ 2g
By invertendo theorem
2n 2g
3m p
ie, 2n:3m=2g:p
Q) ‘Theorem of Alternando
Ifa:b=c:d,thena:c=b:d
RET 5p +1: 2g = 5r: 7s, then prove that 3p + 1: Sr= 24:75
GEM Given that 3p + 1: 2g = Sr: 7s 2g “7s
By alternando theorem
3p+1_2¢
Sr 77s
Thus, 3p+1:Sr=2g:7s
@) Theorem of Componendo
Ma:bse:d,then
@ — atb:b=c+d-d
and (i) asatb=eretd
RET mn 3 sn =p: q-2, then
mtns3 +q-2:q-2
SEED sons n=piq-2
m+3__p
mn ~g-2
By componendo theorem
(m+3)+n_p+(q-2
no q-2
m+n+3_ptg-2
™ g-2
Thus m+n+3:n=p+q-2:q-2
(4) Theorem of Dividendo
If a:b=e:4,then
@ a-b:b=c-d:d
Wi) a:a-b=c:0e-d
Gams. n-2=2p43:3g41,
Then m-n+3:n-2 —3g+2:3q+h
UMD civen tat m:n 2= 2p 433941
m+1_2p4+3
‘Then n-2~3q41
By dividendo theorem
m _2p= 342
n-2 > 3g+l
Thus m—n+3:n-2=2p-3q42:3q+1
‘Theorem of Componendo-dividendo Thus
SEND m:n =
‘Then prove that 3m +n: 3m—n = 3p +7q : 3p -7q
HMMM since os min=pig
Maliplying both sides by 3. we get
3m_»
In 7g
‘Then using componendo-dividendo theorem
3m+In_3p+7q
3m ip —7q
3m-47n:3m— n= 3p +74: 3p—79
(SENTTLP 1 Sm + 3: Sm—3n = Sp +3q : Sp-3g,
then show that_m:n=p:q
Given that Sm-+3n: 5m—3n=Sp +3q:Sp—3q
By componendo-dividendo theorem
(Sm +3n) + (Sm—3n) _(Sp + 3g) + (5p ~ 34)
(Sm + 3n)—(Sm—3n) ~ (Sp +3q)— (Sp — 34)
Sm+3n+5m=3n_Sp+3q+Sp—3q
Sm 3n—Sm+3n Sp+3q—Sp+3q
10m _10p,
6n > 6q
Multiplying both sides by $
mp
nog
m:n=p:q
(CGREETTED Using theorem of componendo-dividendo, find the value of
m+3p m+29 Sq
Sptmaag
m— EMM since m= 5, Of me ag @
By componendo-dividendo theorem
m+3p_2g+p+)_2gtp+q
m—3p—2q-(p+q)24-p-4
m+3p_p+3q
m-3p" q-p
Again from eq. (), we have
me.
2q>pr4
By componendo-dividendo theorem
m+2q_3p+p+g)_3p+ptq
m—2q~3p-(p+q) 3p-P—4
m+2q_dp+q
m-2q~2p-q
‘Adding (ii) and (ii)
mi3p mt2g_ abate ote p+3q, dpa
m—3p* m-2q~ 2p-q-” p-q” wP-|q
+34) Op-g)+(p~ 4) Gp +a)
(-4) 2p-9)
2p? = Spy + 3q? + 4p*=3pq— a
(@-a@p-9@)
2p? 8pq +242 _ 2p? 4pq +g")
~(p-D2p-g P-4g)2p-9)
GEENTTED Using theorem of commnnentoiende solve the equation
Vee3 +yr=3
Ve3-\k-3 3
wi
ii)
mm «. tion is eS eve=3_4
SEU civen equation is SEES SS =
By componendo-dividendo theorem
ea3 + ye—3 +e 3-3 x+3=49(x-3) > x+3=49x- 147 => x-49x=-147-3
150
48
~48x=-150 = 48x=150 = x=
Ge+32-G-5P 4
5
‘Using componendo-dividendo theorem, solve the equation (“35 (,—3y8=
Te Get 3h == SP 4
SLID Given equations EEF G5)
By componendo-dividendo theorem
(et 3) = (r= 5)? + 4 3) He?
(+3) 5)? 3-5)
2x43)? _ 9
20=5P 1
Taking square root
or
The solution set is (3, 9)
—— EXERC
1. Provethat_ «a: b=e:d,if
dat Sb _4e+5d
2a+9b 2c+9d
© Ga=5b~ c= 5d () Ya=9b~ 2=9d
atebP 4d a@e4bed adap
Gt) P= bP Od a ee
() pat gb: pa qb=pe+ qd: pe-gd
atbtced a-bt+e-d jy) 24¢3b+2C43d 2a 3b420—3d
(i) a4 36-20 3d~ 2a~3b-2e+3d
2. Using theorem of componendo-dividendo
xedy xed
xa2ytx-22' yar
(i) Find the value of
(i) Find the value of 7"
i x= 6a_x46b _ lab
Gi) Find the value of Tgq—"— gp «if «=p
xo3y_a+3 _ 3x
Gy) Find the value of [35 —Toae > if x= 75
So3p s43q 4, Opa
() Find the value of 3p +539 > ifs =7 00
(-2? ye 12
i) Sove Cie grains
(vii) Solve
(vill) Solve E82 Ve =o
Verspeye—p 3
(e+5P-G-3) 13,
(et5P+@-3p 14
3.3.4) Joint variation
A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables,
forms joint variation
Ira variable y varies directly as x and varies inversely as z
Then yar and yo!
(ix) Solve.
In joint variation, we write it as
yey
x
ie, yaks
Where k# 0 is the constant of variation, For example, by Newton’s law of gravitation, if one body attracts another with a
force (G), that varies directly as the product of their masses (m), (m,) and inversely as the
square of the distance (d) between them.
m
ie, G= I or G=k TAT, where ks the constant
3.3.Gi) Problems related to joint variation.
Procedure to solve the problems related to joint variation is explained through
examples.
Iy varies jointly as x? and z and y= 6 when x= 4,2=9. Write y ae a function
‘of x and z and determine the value of y, when x=~8 and z= 12.
Since y varies jointly as x? and z, therefore
yeexte
ie, yekee @
Pu y=6,x=4,2=9
KAP)
6 1
Texan = k=39
Purk=gzin eq), y=pys%2
Now put x=-8, 2= 12 in the above equation,
yeoman
p vaties jointly as q and 72 and inversely as s and #, p = 40, when
= 3, = 2, Find p in terms of qr and 1. Also find the value of p when q =~2,r
and
e
MMM Given thar pa
ae
nO)
Put = p=40,q=8,r=5,s=3andr=2
=, BOGE
40=k 307
40x3 x
8x25
BR
S
‘Then eq. (i) becomes
12 gr
POS st Now for g=~2, r=4, s=3 and 1=—1, we have
12 2) 4" 128,
Ps My
—— EXERCI!
1 If-s varies directly as u? and inversely as v and s = 7 when u = 3, v = 2. Find the value.
of s when « and v = 10.
2. fw varies jointly as x, y? and z and w= 5 when x= 2, y= 3, z= 10. Find w when
x=4,y=Tand 2=3.
3, If y varies directly as x° and inversely as 2? and 1, and y = 16 when
1= 3, Find the value of y when x= 2, 2=3 and r= 4.
4, fu varies drety a x and inversely asthe product ye, and w= 2 when x=8,y=7,
z=2. Find the value of u when x=
5. I'v varies directly as the product xy* and inversely as
