[[] QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Syllabus : (a) Nature of roots :

• Two distinct real roots if b2 _ 48c > 0
• Two equal real roots if b2 _ 4ac = 0
• No real roots if IY- - 4ac < o
(b) Solving quadratic equation by
• Factorization
• Using Formula

Quadratic Equation
2
An equation of the form ax + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers and a -:t. O, is
called a quadratic equation.

Examples. (i) x 2 - 7x + 12 = 0 is a quadratic equation in x.

5
(ii) x + .!_ = , when simplified, takes the form 2x2 - 5x + 2 = O•
X 2
So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.
Roots of a Quadratic Equation
A number a is called a root of ax2 + bx + c = 0, if aa2 + ba + c = 0.
Examples. Show that :
(i) x = 4 is a root of the equation x 2 - x - 12 = 0.
(ii) x = 2 is not a root of the equation x2 - x - 12 = 0.
Solution : (i) Substituting x = 4 in x 2 - x - 12 = 0, we get :
LHS = (42 - 4 - 12) = (16 - 16) = 0 = RHS.
:. x = 4 is a root of the equation x2 - x - 12 = 0.
(ii) Substituting x = 2 in x 2 - x - 12 = 0, we get :
LHS = (22 - 2 - 12) = (4 - 14) = - 10 -1: 0.
Thus, LHS -1: RHS.
:. x = 2 is not a root of the equation x2 - x - 12 = 0.
Solution Set
The set of elements representing the roots of a quadratic equation, is called its
solution set.

Zero Product Rule

Let a and b be any two real numbers.
Then, ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or b = 0.
This is called zero product rule.
Method of Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorization
Step 1. Make the given equation free from fractions and radicals and put it into the
standard form ax2 +bx+ c = 0.
Quadratic Equations 47
 . to two Jincnr fnctorR.
• ( + bx + c) in
:2
Stop 2. Fnctor11.l' ax to o (zero produrt rule).
l' r factor equnI
Step 3. Put C'nch men t' 5 nnd get two roots of the given
Stop 4. Soh'c th<'sc linear cqun wn L Quadratic

--.-::=-=.----=,{ SOLVED EXAMPLES f '

Example 1.
Solve : 3x2 + lOx = 25.
r. 3x2 + 1Ox - 25 = 0
Solution : 3x2 + lOx = 2o c=> 5 25 - 0
c=> 3x2 + 15x - x - -
~ 3x (x + 5) - 5 (x + 5) = 0
~ (x + 5) (3x - 5) = 0
_ o or 3x - 5 = 0
c=>x+ 5 -
5
~ x = - 5 or x = 3•

:. Solution set = {-s, %} ·

Example 2. Solve : x2 = 3.x.
Solution : x2 = 3x ~ x2 - 3x = 0
~
X (X - 3) = 0
~ x = o or x - 3 = 0 [Zero Prod
Uct]?
~ x = O or x = 3. 1'/e,
:. Solution set = {O, 3}
Example 3. Solve : x 2 = 36.
Solution : x2 = 36 ~ x2 - 36 = 0
~ (x + 6) (x - 6) = 0
~ x + 6 = O or x - 6 = 0 {Zero Product n
llU/e)
~ x = - 6 or x = 6.
:. Solution set = {- 6, 6}.
Example 4. Solve : 9x2 - 22x + 8 = 0, when (i) x e N (ii) x e Q.
Solution : 9x2 - 22x + 8 = O ~ 9x2 - 18x - 4.x + 8 = 0
~ 9x (x - 2) - 4 (x - 2) = 0
~ (x - 2) (9x - 4) = 0
~ x - 2 = 0 or 9x - 4 =0 [Zero Product Rule/
4
~ x = 2 or x =
9.
(i) When x E N :

As 2 e N and ¾e N, so the solution set = (2).

(ii) When x e Q :

As 2 e Q and ¾E Q, so the solution set = { 2, ¾} ·

Example 5. Solve : 3a2x2 + llabx + 6b2 = 0, a "# 0.
Solution : 3a 2x 2 + llabx + 6b 2 = 0 <=> 3a2x 2 + 9abx + 2abx + 6b 2 = O
<=> 3ax (ax + 3b) + 2b (ax + 3b) = 0
<=> (ax + 3b) (3ax + 2b) = 0 {By Factorization]
<=> ax + 3b = 0 or 3ax + 2b = 0 [Zero Product rule)

48 Foundation Mathematics for Class X

Ill"
rt

-:l/1, -, ';./i \
:. Solution 1-wt = {
" ·'" '

example 6. SPlt•1• : f:i.t:t +tot+ 7 J~ -= n.

solution : Wr hnn'
./3.r'!. + IOx+ 7f:i = O <⇒ Jit ~ 1- 7.1- ◄ :J t ~ 7 J:j ~ O
c⇒ x(J:Jx + 7) I- J:1 (J: I t 1- 7} " II
~ (Ji\·+ 7)(.r + ✓:i) = 0 Illy F11rl11rt.:t1111111 I

~ (.Ji~+ 7) = 0 or (x +J;J) = 0 l½"m l'r111lu1·1 /lrdl'I

~x= ~ or :c=- ✓3
·v3

:. Solution set = l1, -✓3l·

2 2 3
Example 7. Solve : x + = x -
x+3 3x-7
Solution : By cross multiplication, we hnve
(x + 2)(3x - 7) = (x + 3)(2x - 3)
~ 3x2 - X - 14 = 2x2 + 3x - 9
~x2 -4x-5=0 [J,'orm ax2 + bx + r. = OI
~x2 -5x+x-5=0
~ x(x - 5) + (x - 5) = 0
~ (x - 5)(x + 1) = 0 [By Factorization1
~ x - 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 [Zero Product Rule)
<=> x = 5 or x = -1
:. Solution set = (5, -1)
X (X + 1) 34
Example 8. Solve : (x + l) + - x- =
15 [x :;t 0, x ;t -1)
x x+l 34
Solution : --+--=-
x+l x 15
<=> 15x2 + 15 (x + 1)2 = 34.x (x + 1) [Multiplying throughout by 15x (x + 1))
<=> 30x2 + 30x +15 = 34x2 + 34.x
<=> 4x2 + 4x - 15 = 0 (Form ax2 + bx + c = OJ
<=> 4x2 + lOx - 6x - 15 = 0
<=> 2x (2x + 5) - 3 (2x + 5) = 0
<=> (2x + 5) (2x - 3) = 0 [By Factorization)
<=> 2x + 5 = 0 or 2x - 3 = 0 [Zero Product Rule]
5 3
<=> x = - - or x = - •
2 2

:. Solution set= {-%, %} ·

Quadratic Equations 49
 x )
2
S( _!_-) +6 ::: 0, X1 0.
Exampto 9. Solt'(' : l-;:;i - xt 1 2
. th given equation, it becomes y - 5y + 6 == 0
Putting _!_ == Y H1 c •
Solution : x+l ~ y2 _ 3y - 2y + 6 == 0
Now, y2 - Sy + 6 = O ~ y (y - 3) - 2 (y - 3 ) = 0
[By Facto,.;
~ (y _ 3) (y - 2) = 0 • •ZO.t.
[Zero Prod ton.J
~ y - 3 = 0 or y - 2 = 0 Uct n
14leJ
~ y = 3 or Y = 2. -3
X -3x+3 ::::>2x=-3 ⇒ x= 2 •
Now y = 3 => - = 3 ::::> x -
' x+l
X --' ~ :: 2x + 2 ::::> X = -2.
And, y = 2 ⇒ - = 2 '-< .,.,
x+l
3
:. Solution set = { ~ , - 2} •

Example 10. Solue : 3(2x _ 1)2 + 4(2x - 1) - 4 = 0

Solution : Substituting (2x _ l) = y in the given equation, it becomes 3y2 + 4y _ 4 :: O.

Now, 3y 2 + 4y - 4 = 0
¢=> 3y2 + 6y - 2y - 4 = 0
¢=> 3y(y + 2) - 2(y + 2) = 0
[By Factorization)
¢=> (y + 2)(3y - 2) = 0
[Zero Product Rule]
¢=> Y + 2 = 0 or 3y - 2 = 0
2
¢=> y = -2 or y = -3 -1
Now, y = -2 ⇒ 2x - 1 = -2 ⇒ 2x = -1 ⇒ x = -2 •

⇒ 6x = 5 ⇒ x =
5
And, Y = ~ ⇒ 2x - 1= ~ ⇒ 6.r - 3=2 6
3 3
1
:. Solution set = {-2'6
~} .

Example 11. Solve the following equations for x.

a + - -b= 2 ; x,t:a b (l
a + - -b= - - ;2cx , t : a b c
·i·) - -
,./i·) - - x-a x-b x-c ' '
x-b x-a '

1
(iii) a+b+x 1 1 1 a# 0, b # 0, x ~ 0, x #-(a+ b)
=~+b+;,

Solution : (i) We have'--b+--=2

a b ⇒ ---1+---1=0
a b
x- x-a x-b x-a

=> (a::;b)+(b:::a)=o ⇒ (a+b-x) [-1-+_l_]=o

x-b x-a

=>a+ b - x =0 or _l_+_l_=O
x-b x-a
x-a+x-b
=> x =a+ b or (x - b)(x - a) = O => 2x - a - b = 0

50 Foundation Mathematics for Class X

 ⇒ x = a + b or x = a + b
2
0
:. Solution set = {a+ b, ; b}
We have, _a_+ _L = ~
x-a x-b x-c
⇒ (-a-+ l J+
x-a x-b
(-b- I)-(
+ 2c + 2 J= 0
x-c

⇒ ( a + x - a) +( b + x - b )-( 2c + 2x - 2c J= 0
x-a x-b x-c

⇒ x(-1-+_1___2_)=o ⇒ x((x-b)(x-c)+(x-a)(x-cJ-2<x-a)(x-bJ) =O
x-a x-b x-c (x-a)(x-b)(x-ci
2 2
(x 2 - (b + c)x +be+ x - (a+ c)x + ac - 2(x - (a+ b)x +ab))
⇒ X. . ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = - =0
(x - a)(x -b)(x - c)
⇒ x[(a + b - 2c)x + be + ac - 2ab] = 0
⇒ x = 0 or (a + b - 2c) x + be + ac - 2ab = 0
2ab-bc-ac
⇒ x=O orx= - - - -
a+b-2c

:. Solution set = {o,

2
ab-bbc-dc}
a+ -2c
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x-(a+b+x)_b+a
~ (iii) We have,---=-+-+- ⇒ -----=-·+- ⇒----
a+b+x a b x a+b+x x a b x(a+b+x) ab
⇒ -(a+b) =a+b ⇒ -1 =2_ ⇒ -ab=x2+(a+b)x
x(a+b+x) ab x(a+b+x) ab
⇒ x2 + (a + b)x + ab = 0 ⇒ x 2 +ax+ bx + ab = 0 ⇒ x(x + a) + b (x + a) = 0
⇒ (x + a) (x + b) = 0 ⇒ x + a = 0 or x + b = 0
⇒ x = -a or x = -b
:. Solution set = {-a, -b}
Equations of the Form : ✓ax+ b =(ex+ d).
We find those solutions only for which ax + b ~ 0 and ex + d ~ 0.
Those values of x which do not satisfy these conditions are called extraneous
values. Such values are rejected.
Caution : We shall take only positive value of the square root.
Example 12. Solve: ✓2x+7 = x+2.
Solution : ✓2x + 7 = x + 2. ... (i)
⇒ (2x + 7) = (x + 2)2 [On squaring both sides of (i)]
⇒ x2 +2x-3=0
⇒ x2 +3x-x-3=0
⇒ x (x + 3) - (x + 3) = 0
⇒ (x + 3) (x - 1) = 0 [By Factorization]
⇒ x + 3 = 0 or x - 1 = 0 [Zero Product Rule]
⇒ x = - 3 or x = 1.
Checking : Putting x = - 3 in (i), we get
L.H.S. = -/2x(-3)+7 = ✓1 = 1.
R.H.S. = (- 3 + 2) = -1.
So, L.H.S. '# R.H.S.
:. x = - 3 does not satisfy (i), so it is rejected.

Quadratic Equations 51
 • . - t in lil, wr ~el :
Attn in, putt II\~ .\ -
L.11.S. = Jfx 1+7 ={9:: 3•
R.H.S. = (1 + 2) = 3.
:. L.H.S. = R.H.S.
:. x = 1 satisfies (i).
Hence, solution set= 111,_
Equations of the Form : -.;ax
r 2 +bx+c:: (dx+e).
• h 2 + bx + c ~ O.
We find those solutions for whic ax .
. s We reJect them.
The other values of x will be extraneou •
.. lue of the square root.
Caution : We shall take only positive va
Example 13. Solve : J2x 2 - 2x +21 = (2x - 3) •

Solution : J2x 2 - 2x +21 = (2x -3) ...(i)

o- )2 [On squaring both sides}
⇒ 2x2 - 2x + 21 -3 = (~
⇒ 2x2 - lOx - 12 = 0 ⇒ x2 - 5x - 6 = 0
⇒ x2 - 6x + x - 6 =0 ⇒ x (x - 6) + (x - 6) = 0
⇒ (x _ 6) (x + l) =0 • [By Factorization}
⇒ x - 6 =0 or x + 1 =0 [Zero Product Rule!
⇒ x = 6 or x = -1
Checking : Putting x =6 in (i), we get :
L.H.S. = J2x36-2x6+21 = ✓Bl= 9
R.H.S. = (2 x 6 - 3) = 9.
:. L.H.S. =R.H.S.
Hence, x = 6 is a root of the given equation.
Again, putting x = - 1 in (i) , we get :
L.H.S. = J2x(-1)2 -2x(-1)+21 = ✓25 = 5.
R.H.S. = [2 x (- 1) - 3] = - 5.
:. L.H.S. ~ R.H.S.
Thus, x = -1 does not satisfy (i).

So, it is an extraneous root.

Hence, solution set = {6}.
Example 14. Find the quadratic equation whose solution set is I- 3, 5).
Solution : Since the solution set is {- 3, 5), we have :
x = - 3 or x = 5
⇒ x+ 3 = 0 or x - 5=0⇒ (x + 3) (x - 5) = 0
⇒ x2 - 2x - 15 =0, which is the required quadratic equation.
'H _ asw EXERCISE 5A f a PW 1 1 1 a1
'>?:-_J 1. Find which of the following are the solutions of the equation 6x2 - x - 2 =0 ?
(i') -1 (u. ') --1 (m
.. ') -2
2 2 3

~
J.~ . whether x = --1 and x 2
2. etermme = - are the solutions of the equation
2
9x - 3x - 2 = 0. 3 3

52 Foundation Mathematics for Class X

>
..p'
~o/l'C the follow111R <'q11nt101111 l,y fnctonzatw 11 :
2
.S. t6x = 25 4. .r2 + 2x = 24 r,, x 2 - x ::: I !if.
6. x2 - 11.r = 42 7. x2 _ 1x + 10 = () 8. x2 + 18.r : 40
9, x2 + 17 = 18.,· @1'x2 = 5x 11. (x + :lJ <x - :ll =27
~ - 30.r + 216 = 0 13. 12x2 + 29x + 14 = 0 1~ 2
- 1x = :rn
2
}5, } 0x :: 9.r + 7 . ~ x2 - 28 :: X 2
17. 8x + l!i = 26x
2
18. 3x + 8 = lOx 19. x (6x - 11) = 35 20. 6x (3x - 1) = 7 (7 - 3xJ
(i}: 2x 2 - 9x + 10 = 0, when (i) x e N (ii) x e Q
22, 4.x2 - 9x - 100 = 0, when x e Q
~ + llx + 10 = 0, when x e I

24. x+~=3i,x;t0 Gvsx- 35 =18 ~~=3

X
X
2x2 + Babx + 4b 2 = 0, a ;t O
2-4ax + (a2 - b2) = 0, where a, b e R

®5x2 - 12x - 9 = 0, when (i) x e I (ii) xe Q

-
[Hint : Given equation may be written as : 4.x2 -lP + b) x _ 2(a - b) x + (a 2 - b2) =0)

";('2x2 - llx + 15 = 0, when (i) x e N (ii) x e I

✓.J?,x 2 + llx + 6✓3 == 0 GY 2✓5x 2 -3x - ✓5 = 0 ~ 3

x - (1 + ✓
2
2)x + ✓2 = 0
x+l 3x-7 ~ 3x+l 5x+l 5 +- 6 -=3 ~
34. x-1 == 2x-5 ~ 7x+l = 7x+5 • (2x+l) (x+l)
2x 2x - 5 25 ~+ 3 1- x 1 , _ 1 2 6
• 37• x-4 + x-3 =3 • • x-2----;-= 4 4 39
(x-2/ (x-1) =~
2
-=-)
x+l
- 5(-X-) + 2 == 0, X ;t -1
x+l
41. 5(3x + 1)2 + 6(3x + 1) - 8 = 0

42. ✓x+15 =(x+3) <e> • ~.J2tt9 =(13-x)

44. ✓3x 2 - 2 == (2x -1) '@ ✓3x + x + 5 2
== (x - 3)

~ @ind the quadratic equation whose solution set is :

(i) {2, - 3} (ii) {-3, ¾} (iii) {¾, -i}
4 . ind the value of k for which x = 3 is a solution of the quadratic equation
(k + 2)x2 - kx + 6 = 0.

Thus, find the other root of the equation. (2et·5)

-------------------- ----------~
Solving A Quadratic Equation by Formula <-

Quadratic Formula (Shreedharacharya's Rule)

The roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ;t 0, are given by :
-b ± ✓b2 -4ac
x=-----
2a
Quadratic Equations 53
r ,_
rquotron
, . Con~rdrr II1<' i + bx = - c
• ,,.r2 ~ bx + r = 0, whcro a, b, c E fl o11d ,,
' fJ

I ''" ' • :=-, n.r

2 1. , r =0
/l.\ t p\ ,..
b C fDivid/nl{ ti,
=" X
2 + -x = --
a ,,,,,,
iro,,lf/.
2 I,,
b 2
a c ( -b )
( b )2 -- -+ lAdding ( - ) ',
b - a 2a 2a
~ x2 +; x + 2a Ofi L
'h1t/2
\
2 2
b ) -( b - 4acj
~ (x+ 2a - 4a 2

Ji 2a 4ac , when (h
2
-
2- 4ac) ~ o
b )-
~ ( x+ - -±
2a
2
-b [b -4ac
E ~ x = -± 2a
2a
..
C:
-b ±[b -4ac' when (b
2 2 - 4ac) ~ 0

=> r = - - - -
2a
en by :
equation ax2 + bx + c = O, a -t Ohas two roots giv
Thus, the 2
-b±Jb -4ac
x=
2a
~
c::c=========:
:=-:=/=i SOLVED EXAMPLES I
answer co
quadratic equation and calculate the rrect lo t1J.,,
Example 1. Solve the following
decimal places :
x2 - 5x - 10 = 0. r2o1.1
2 5x - 10 =0.
The given equation is x
-
Solution ;
2 +bx+ c =0, where a= 1, b =
-5 and c _
form ax - - 10•
This is of the
we have :
:. By quadratic formula,
°"
65.ooooca·'JI)
B 64
2a 16 06 10 0Q o
) -W .§
-( -5 )± J( -5 )2 -4 xl x( -lO
2x l
5 5±8.06
_ 5± ✓25+40 5± ,/6
- =~=~
2

_ 5+8.06 5- 8. 06
=-
x--orx 2
2
_ 13.06 -3.06
_ --
~ x - - or x = 2
2
~ x = 6.53 or x
= - l.53

:. Solution se t =(6.53
, -1.53/.

tics for Class X

54 Foundation Mathema
Examplo 2. Solr-e tht rquatwn ,t,r:l _ f'>.t _ 3 = onnd pu •· _m 11 , ,rn •. , .., , " " f l f tn Ill o d,·, 111111/
places. :.!O Ii
Solution : The giYen qundratic equntion is 4.t2 - :i.t -3 = 0
This is of the form a.r2 + b:r + c = 0, whrre a = ,t. h = -;, nnrl r "' .. ;J

:. By quadratic formula, we ha\'c :

8 i:3.0000(8:;t
x = -b ~ ✓ b - -tac
2
64
2a 165 9 00
8 2:i
= -(-5)± \/(-5)2 -4 x4 x(-3J 1704 7500
2x4 6816
684
= 5 ± .)25 + 48 _ 5 ± ff3 = 5 ± 8.54
8 - 8 8
5+8.54 5-8.84
⇒ x =---or x = - - -
8 8
13.54 -3.54
⇒ x =-orx=--
8 8
⇒ x = 1.69 or x = -0.44
:. Solution set = {1.69, -0.44}.
Example 3. Solve the following quadratic equation for x and give your answer correct to
two decimal places :
5x(x + 2) = 3 (2008)
Solution : The given quadratic equation is 5x2 + 10.x - 3 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 5, b = 10 and c = - 3.
:. By quadratic formula, we have :

-b±Jb2 -4ac
X =-----
2a
3 10.0000 ( 3.16
= -10± ✓(10) -4x5x(-3) = -lO±Jl00+60
2
61
9
1 00
2x5 10 61
626 3900
-10± J16o -10±4✓10 3756
=----
10 10
-10+ 4✓10 -10- 4✓10
X =---- orx=----
10 10
-10+4x3.16 -10-4x3.16
⇒ X = 10 or x = - - - - - \
10
-10+ 12.64 -10-12.64
=) X = - - - - or x = - - - -
10 10\
2.64 -22.64
⇒ x = w or x=
10
⇒ x = 0.26 or x = -2.26

:. Solution set = {0.26, -2.26}.

Quadratic Equations 55
 . ,'I.
J
_ ::. 7. \~trnt ~ your answer rorrcrt
Example 4. Solc,e the. rquat1on "'' - ·r to ltiia
r/,,(
plac,·s. . , •>-:1 - 7x - 1 = O.
The given rqu3Uiln is ~ '> '<
Solution : :2 + bx + r. :: o, where a = .., b = - 7 ana
This is of thC' form a.i c :::
1
By quadrotic Comm n., W<'
· hon' •
'l
•
r.,
-b±vb" 4ac
:r =
2a
-(-7)± ✓(-7)2 -4x2x(-1) = 7±J49+8 = 7± ✓67
4 4
= 2x2
r::; 7 57 0
49' 000(7
7+ -./57 7- ✓57
x = - - or x= 145Boo'
4 4

7+7.54 7-7.54
1504 -4L
7500
~x = - - or x=
4 4 ~
14.54 -0.54
~ x =-- orx=-
4 4
⇒ x = 3.635 or x = - 0.135
(correct to 2 decimal
⇒ x = 3.64 or x = - 0.14 Ploee
:. Solution set = {3.64, - 0.14}.
Example 5. Solve the equation 2x2 + ✓ Sx - 5 = 0. Write your answer correct to 2
decimal places.
Solution : The given equation is 2x2 + ✓5x - 5 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 2, b = ✓ 5 and c :: _ 5
By quadratic formula, we have : •

X=-----
-b± ✓b2 -4ac
2a 2 5.0000(22'.
4 .\
45
-✓5±.J5-4x2x(-5) -✓5 ± ✓ -✓5 ±3✓5 42 1 00 -
= _ _;.___ _ _ = - - - =
2x2 4 4 84
443 1600
-✓5 +3✓5 -✓5-3✓5 1329
x = - - - or x = - - -
4 4
⇒ x = 2✓5 or x = - 4✓5 => x = ✓5 or x = -✓5
4 4 2
2.23
⇒ x = - orx=-2.23
2
⇒ x = 1.115 or x = -2.23
⇒ x = 1.12 or x = -2.23
:. Solution set = {1.12, -2.23/·
x+l x+3
Example 6. Solve : - - = - - •
I 2x+5 3x+4
Solution : By cross multiplication, we have
(x + 1) (3x + 4) = (x + 3) (2x + 5)
⇒ 3x2 + 7x + 4 = 2x2 + llx + 15 => x2 - 4x - 11 = 0
This i,s of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 1, b = - 4 and c = - 11.

56 Foundation Mathematics tor Class X

 :. By quadratic formula, we have
3 15.0 000 ( 3.87
X = _ ✓b2 -4ac
-b±__;,__-=-::::, 9
2a 68 6 00
5 44
= ___;_-..:.._..:_
-(-4)±-/16-4xlx(-8) 767 5600
_ _ ___:_~ = 4±../16+32 5369
2xl 2
4 ± ✓60 4 ± 2✓15 r.;;
= = = 2 ± ..,.-15
2 2
x = 2 + ✓15 or x = 2 - ../15
⇒ x = 2 + 3.87 or x = 2 - 3.87
⇒ x = 5.87 or x = -1.87
Hence, the solution set is 15.87, -1.87).
1 2 4
Example 7. Solve : - (l) + - () = -(- - • Give your answer correct to 2 place.q of decimal.
x+ x+ 2 x+4)
1 2 4
Solution : --+--=--
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 4)

(x + 2) + 2 (x + 1) (3x + 4)
4 4
⇒ (x+l)(x+2) ⇒ (x+l)(x+2)
= (x+4) (x+4)
⇒ (3x + 4)(x + 4) = 4(x + l)(x + 2)
⇒ 3x2 + 16x + 16 = 4x2 + 12x + 8 ⇒ x 2 - 4x - 8 = 0
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = O, where a = 1, b = - 4 and c = - 8.
:. By quadratic formula, we get :

-b± ✓b 2 -4ac -(-4) ±-/16-4 x 1 x (-8) 4 ± ../16 + 32

x= = =
2a 2X1 2

= 4 ± ../48 = 4 ± 4../3 = 2 ± 2../3

2 2
x = 2 + 2 ✓3 or x = 2 - 2 ✓3
⇒ x = 2 + 2 x 1.732 or x = 2 - 2 x 1. 732
⇒ x = 5.464 or x = 2 - 2 x 1.732
⇒ x = 5.464 or x = -1.464
⇒ x = 5.46 or x = -1.46 (Correct to 2 decimal places)
:. Hence, the solution set is (5.46, -1.46).

_E_X_E_R_c_1s_e_s_B_l=========:::i5
cc::::r::;:;1~=::::;:w+WEZ!:li::::::C:lf::ia:te:::;::I...

Solve each of the following equations using quadratic formula :

1. x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 2. 9x2 + 7x - 2 = 0 @ ~x2 -x-1 = 0

0 4 - l lx = 3x2 5. 25x2 + 30x + 7 = 0

4
6. 5x2 - 19x + 17 = 0

7. 3x2 - Bx + 2 = 0 -AJ,,../3x 2 + lOx-8../3 = 0 ~2x2 + ✓7x-7=0

.~2 - 31x = 105 \Al. _i+3 x+l
~ --+--=3-
x-1 x-3 1
~ 6x • 2x + 3 = 3x + 2 x-2 x-4 3
\
Quadratic Equations 57
 Sol ve ,or . your answer correct t0 2 decimal places :
r. x a11d gwe
13 x2 - lOx + 6 = 0 14, 2:c:2 - 6x + 3 :: 0
~
2
+ 7x = 7 (2018) 17, 3x2 - x - 1 = O
¥, 2
- 7x + 3 = O
2 8
~olve for x the quadratic equation x - 4x - = O,
~ Give your answer correct to three significant figures.
V 2 8
Solve the following qundratic equation : x + 4x - = O .
Give your answer correct to one decimal place. (Use mathematica] tab] . (.

--
Natur;; ;,ots~~ Q;;atic E;atlo;
------- - - - ..._, ,r:
es If
'
Consider the qundrntic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are reaJ
o ~ 0. nulllb
,_ ~
LJCt a and µ be the roots of this equation.
Let D = (b2 _ 4ac). Then, D is called the discriminant of the given equat'
I. If D > 0, the roots are real and distinct, given by ton.

a = -b +.Jf5 and p= -b - Jo
2a 2a
Case 1. If D > o and not a perfect square, then the roots are u
irrational. nequa.1 .
Case 2. If D > o and a perfect square, then the roots are : '
(i) rational and unequal, if a, b, c are rational
(ii) irrational and unequal, if b is irrational -b
II. If D = 0, the roots are real and equal, each equal to 2a •
III. If D < 0, the roots are unequal and imaginary.
Note : Clearly, for real roots, we must have, D ~ 0.
:--:--:--:=--====di SOLVED EXAMPLES ]~-=----- 1

/Example 1. Without solving the following equation, find the value of P for which the~
are real and equal. Ooi
2
px - 4x + 3 = 0. (201
Solution : 0
The given equation is px2 - 4x + 3 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = p, b = - 4 and c = 3.
:. D = b2 - 4ac = (-4)2 - 4 x p x 3 = 16 - 12p.
For the given equation to have real and equal roots, we must have D ::: 0
Now, D = 0 ~ 16 - 12p = 0 •
16 4
~ 12p = 16 ~ p = - ~ p=- .
12 3
Hence, the required value of p is i3 .
✓Example 2. Without solving the given quadratic equation, find the value of p for which it
has real and equal roots :
2 (2013)
x + (p - 3)x + p = 0.
Solution : The given equation is x 2 + (,p - 3)x + p = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 1, b = (p - 3) and c = p.
:. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = (p - 3)2 - 4 x 1 x p = (p - 3)2 - 4p.
For real and equal roots, we must have D = 0.
Now, D = 0 ~ (p - 3)2 - 4p = 0 ~ p 2 - lOp + 9 = 0
~ p2 - 9p - p + 9 = 0 ~ p(,p - 9) - (,p - 9) = 0
~ (,p - 9) (,p - 1) = 0 ~ p - 9 = 0 or p - l = 0 ~ p = 9 or p=l.
Hence, p = 9 or p = 1.
58 Foundation Mathematics for Class X
/example 3. With~ut solui11g the followi11R quadratic t>q11atio11, find the value of m for which
t~e gwcn equation has real and equal roots :
x + 2(m - lh + (m + 6) = o. (2012)
Solution : Tho givon cquntion is x 2 + 2(111 - lk + (m + 6) = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + l,x + r = 0, wlwre n = I, b = 2(111 - 1) nnd
C = (m + o).
.'. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = l2(m - 1)12 - ,t >< 1 x (111 + 13)
= 4(111 - 1)2 - 4(111 + Ci) = 4,,,'l - 12111 - l(j,
For rC'nl nnd l'qunl rootR, we muRt hnvC' D = 0.
Now, D = 0 <4 4m 2 - 12111 - 1G c:: 0
¢"~ 4(llt:.! - 3111 - 4) = 0 <--> Ill 2 - JIii - 4 = 0

~ 111 2 - 4m + m - 4 = 0 ¢c> 111(111 - 4) + (m - 4) = 0

¢c> (m - 4)(m + 1) = 0 ~ m - 4 = 0 or m + = O
¢c> m = 4 or m = -1
Hence, the rcquirod vnlucs of m arc m = 4 or m = -1.
_JExamplc 4. Find the set of values of p for which the cquatio11 px2 - 5x + p = 0 has real
and equal roots.
Solution : The given equation is px2 - 5x + p = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = p, b = -5 and c = p.
:. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = (-5)2 - 4 xp >< p = 25 - 4p 2 .
For real and equal roots, we must have D = 0.
Now, D = 0 ¢c> 25 - 4p2 = 0
¢c) 4p
2 25
= 25 ¢=> p 2 = - ¢:::) p = ± -5
4 2
5 -5
¢=> p = - or p = - .
2 2

.-. Required set = {%, -25}.

JExample 5. Find the set of values of k for which the equation 3x2 - 2x + k = 0 has real roots.
Solution : The given equation is 3x2 - 2x + k = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 3, b = -2 and c = k.
:. D = (b2 - 4ac) = (-2)2 - 4 x 3 x k = (4 - 12k).
For real roots, we must have D ~ 0.
Now, D ~ 0 ¢c> 4 - 12k ~ 0 l
¢=> 4 ~ 12k ¢=> 12k s 4 ¢=> k s .
3
.-. Required set~ {keR:ks½}·
ftxample 6. Find the set of values of k for which the equation 2x2 + kx + 2 = 0 has real roots.
Solution : The given equation is 2.x2 + kx + 2 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 2, b = k and c = 2.
.-. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = (k2 - 4 x 2 >< 2) = (k2 - 16).
For real roots, we must have, D ~ 0.
Now, D ~ 0 ¢=> k2 - 16 ~ 0
¢=> k ~ 16
2

¢=> k ~ 4 or k 5 - 4

.-. Required set = { k E R : k ~ 4 or k s - 4} .

j
Example 7. Find the set of values of k for which the equation kx 2 + 2x + 1 = 0 has distinct
real roots.
Solution : The given equation is kx 2 + 2x + 1 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = k, b = 2 and c = 1.

Quadratic Equations 59
 - l) ::: (4 - 4k).
_4xkX
. _ (b2 _ 4arl == ( 4 ust have D > 0.
.. 0 - ts Wt' JI)
For real nnd distioct J'()(I 0'
4 4k :> k <1.
Now, D '> 0 ~~ i L ~;) 4k < 4 ~
µ 4 ) .,/f }

RMuuvd st't ;; {~q R3.,j J d7

+ .1
•+ B == 0 ,.~ 110! true for any 11ea/
~-.
/Example 8.
Sho11 that th1• 1•q11 ofu>n '2
1
31 71
+ 8 :: O. 1Jo1,

• Thr 1{1\'t'n <'quntion

111 + _ o wlwrr a =3, b = 7 and c~B
Solution !+bJ+c-,
of the form " 1
TJ11s 1!! x x 8)::. (49 - 96) = - 47 < O. •
3
:. D c (b2 4arl -= (40 4 ~cnl roots.
110
So, th~ givt'll rquntion hos r. r IIJJY rcnl value of x.
l 8 0 is not true io 1 = 0 lias no reat
,., . , \1 + 7.1 + ;; 2 b2).x2 + 2(a + b)x +
2 0
/ Example 9. Show that the equation ( + r0o18
a ~ b. . . 2 b2lx2 + 2(a + b)x + 1 = 0.
Solution : The given equation 1s 2(a +
A: 2 Bx+ C = 0,
This is of the form r + b) d C = 1.
2 b2) B - 2(a + an
where A =2(a + , - 2 b2)
:. D = (B2 - 4AC) = 4(a + b)2 ~ B(aBab+ 4(a2 + b2 2.ab)
- 4a2 - 4b + =- -
: = 4(a _ b)2 < o, when a t b.
. h real roots when a ~ b.
oiven equation
Hence, the i:,· as no ent upon the nature or1 1•1
j Example 10. Without solving the giuen(")15.r2-11x+
')n2 -
. •

equation comm
3=0
... 2
(m)9x-6x+I ::::o.
s r0o18
( , a--5.r-4-0 n •
Solution :
2
(i) The given equation is 2t - 5.r - 4 O. = _ .
2 b +c - o where a =2, b - - 5 and c = _4•
. · f h r.
Th1s 1s o t e 1orm ax + x - ,
:. D = (b2 - 4ac) =(-5)2 - 4 X 2 X (- 4) = (25 + 32) = 57 > 0.
Thus D > Oand D is not a perfect square.
Henc~, the roots are unequal and irrational.
2
(ii) The given equation is 15x - llx + 3 = O.
This is of the form ax2 +bx+ c = 0, where a= 15, b =-11 and c =3.
:. D = (b2 _ 4ac) = (-11)2 _ 4 x 15 x 3 = (121 -180) = -59 < 0.
Hence, the given equation has no real roots.
(iii) The given equation is 9x2 - 6x + 1 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 + bx +c = 0, where a = 9, b = - 6 and c = 1.
:. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = (- 6)2 - 4 x 9 x 1 = (36 - 36) = 0.

J Hence, the roots of the given equation are real and equal.
Example 11. Without solving the gi,ven equation comment upon the nature of its roots.
2
(i) 2x2 - 9x + 7 = 0 (ii) 2r2 - Bx + 3 = 0 (iii) x + 2 ./2x + 1 ::: 0
(iv) 3x2 - 6x + 5 = O
Solution : (i) The given equation is 2x2 - 9x + 7 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 +bx+ c = 0, where a= 2, b = -9 and c = 7.
:. D = (b 2 - 4ac) = (-9)2 - 4 x 2 x 7 = (81 - 56) = 25, which is positive and a
perfect square.
Also, the coefficients are all rational.
Hence, the roots are unequal and rational.
(ii) The given equation is 2x2 - Bx + 3 = 0.
This is of the form ax2 +bx+ c = 0, where a= 2, b = -8 and c = 3.
:. D = (b 2 -4ac) = (-8)2 - 4 x 2 x 3 = (64 - 24) = 40, which is positive but not a
perfect square.
Hence, its roots are unequal and irrational.
60 Foundation Mathematics for Class x
 (iii) The given cquntion is x2 + 2 Ji x + 1 = O.
This is of the form nx2 + bx + r = O, where a = 1, b = 2 Ji ond r = 1.
:. D = (l, 2 - 4ac) = (2 fi. )2 - 4 x t x 1 = (8 - 4) = 4 > Oond o perfect square.
Also, h is irrntionnl.
Hcnc<', the root.~ of Iho giv,•n l'quntion nrc 11n<>qunl and irrnlionnl.
(iu) The givl'n <'qunllon iR :lx 2 - Gx + r, = 0.
This iR of lhc form nx2 + l,x + r = 0, whcro" = 3, b = 6 ond r = 5.
:. D = U, 4ar) = (- 6) 4 >< a x r, = (!l6 - 60) .. -24 < 0.
2

-
2

/ Hence, tho root.s of the givc•n <'quotion ore un(•qunl nnd imnginory.
V Example 12. Find thepositiue value ofk for which th<' Pq1wtfrm.'l l-.1 +/ix+ f,4 "'OanrLx2 -8.x +h = O
will haue real roots.
Solution : The given equations arc x 2 + kx + 64 = O ond x 2 - Bx + Ii = 0.
Let D 1 = (h 2 - 4 x 1 x 64) = Ut 2 - 256)
and D = 1(-8)
2
4 x 1 x h)I = (64 - 4k).
2

:. For each equation to have real roots, we must have D 1 ~ 0 and D2 ~ 0

~ (k 2

256) ~ O and (64 - 4k) ~ 0

-

~ k 2 ~ 256 and 4k .s 64
~ k ~ 16 and k 5 16 [ ·: k is positive)
~ k = 16.
Hence, ho~ of the given equations will have real roots when k = 16.

c:=::==-===✓~ I EXERCISE SC I ..i.w

Discuss the nature of the roots of each of the fol.lowing equations without actually solving it :
1. x 2 - Bx + 7 = O 2. 6x2 + 7x - 10 = 0 3. 25x2 + 30x + 7 = 0
4, 15x 2

28 = X - 5. 16x = 24x + 1 6. 2.x

2

2 .J6 X + 3 = 0 2

7. 2.x + 2x + 3 = O
2

8. 2.x 5x - 4 = 0 9. 5x
2

-
13x - 6 = 0 2

10. 9x 2

6x + 1 = O
- 11. 3x 2.x + 5 = 0 ~ x 2 + 2 ✓3 x - 1 = 0
2

Fin<}:)he values of k for which each of the folfowjftg equations has equal roots :
,__)3.~+ kx + 1 = 0 \4. x 2kx + 7k - 12 = 0 2

J5. 2
(3k + l)x + 2(k + l)x + k = O i x2 - 2(5 + 2k)x + 3(7 + 10k) = 0
Hf:, (k + l)x2 + 2(k + 3)x + (k + 8) = 0 " kx2 + kx + 1 = -4x2 - x
~ 3kx = 4(kx - 1)
2
20 x2 + 4kx + (k 2 - k + 2) = O
21. Show that the equation x2 + ax - 1 = 0 has real and distinct roots for all real values
.P<1 ofx.
~ t : D = (a2 + 4) > 0.)
w that the equation 3x + 7x + 8 = 0 is not true for any real value of x. ,
2

t : D = (49 - 4 x 3 x 8) = (49 - 96) = - 47 < 0.)

. If the roots of the equation (c ab)x2 - 2(a bc)x + (b
2

-
ac) = O are real and equal,
2

-
2

show that either a = 0 or a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

[Hint : D = 4a(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc). So, D = 0 ⇒ a = 0 or a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.]
. If a, b, c E R, show that the roots of the equation (a - b)x2 + (b + c - a)x - c = O are
rational.
[Hint: D =·(a_;Yc - b)2 ~ OJ
If a, b, c are rational, prove that the roots of the equation (b - c)x2 + (c - a~ + (a - b) = 0
are also rational.
[Hint : D = [(c - a)2 - 4(b - c)(a - b)] = (a + c - 2b)2 ~ O.]

Quadratic Equations 61