9
Applied Chemistry
Activity Sheet
Quarter 4 – MELC 2
Week 3-6
Organic Compounds
Applied Chemistry
Organic Compounds
First Edition, 2020
Published in the Philippines
By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas
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This Learning Activity Sheet is developed by DepEd Region 6 – Western Visayas.
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Development Team of Activity Sheet
Writers: Luz D. Latoza
Jessa Mae Pampag
Illustrators:
Editor:
Layout Artist:
Regional Management Team:
Ma. Roselyn J. Palcat
Novelyn M. Vilchez
Elleda E. De la Cruz
Minda L. Soldevilla
Arthur J. Cotimo
Felizardo S. Valdez III
Marve E. Gelera
Regional Management Team:
Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma
Josilyn S. Solana
Elena P. Gonzaga
Donald T. Genine
Welcome to Applied Chemistry
The Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative efforts of the
Schools Division of Iloilo and DepEd Regional Office VI - Western Visayas through the
Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is developed to guide
the learning facilitators (teachers, parents and responsible adults) in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum.
The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to
guide the learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using the
contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist the learners in
acquiring the lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and
employment.
For learning facilitator:
The Applied Chemistry Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the leaching-learning
activities specified in each Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC) with minimal or no
face-to-face encounter between you and learner. This will be made available to the learners
with the references/links to ease the independent learning.
For the learner:
The Applied Chemistry Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue learning even if
you are not in school. This learning material provides you with meaningful and engaging
activities for independent learning. Being an active learner, carefully read and understand
the instructions then perform the activities and answer the assessments. This will be
returned to your facilitator on the agreed schedule.
Name of Learner: ________________________________________________________
Grade and Section:__________________________ Date: _____________________
Applied Chemistry
Organic Compounds
I. Learning Competency
Explain the properties of some polymers in terms of their structure.
II. Background Information
Are you familiar of the toy called snap beads? Perhaps, some of you have
played this colorful toy when you were a toddler. These colorful plastic
shapes
can be snapped together end-to-end to form chains of your desired lengths.
You can even form loops of various sizes with these beads. These snap beads
resemble chemical compounds called monomers or polymers. What is a
monomer? What is a polymer?
This learning activity will help you understand the properties of some
polymers.
III. Activity Proper
Activity 1.
Building a Polymer Model
Objective:
To understand how monomers link together to form polymers.
Materials:
Paper clips
Procedure:
1. Build a chain by connecting one paper clip to another.
Analysis:
1. What does each paper clip represent?
2. What kind of molecule is formed when you connect one paper clip to
another?
3. What do you think are some of the properties of monomers?
Polymers
Do you know that everyday you see or even use polymers? Can you give an
example of polymers you are using? A polymer is a large/giant molecule formed
by covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers. Polymers can
contain
either only one type of monomer or two or more monomers. The reaction that
joins monomers to form a polymer is called polymerization.
A polymer can either be an addition polymer or condensation polymer.
An
addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers like ethene react to
form a polymer. The ethene molecules bond to one another to form a long
chain
polymer polyethylene (PE). Can you give some uses of polyethylene?
Addition Polymers
An addition polymer is formed when unsaturated monomers react to
form a polymer.
1. Polyethylene
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic polymer with a variable crystalline structure.
It is
the most popular plastic in the world.
PE is classified by its density and branching. The most common types of polyethylene
are
: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
High-density Polyethylene
Chemical Structure
High Density Polyethylene Molecular Structure
https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyethylene-plastic
Properties:
Melting point = 120-140°C
Density = 0.93 to 0.97 g/cm3
Excellent resistance to most solvents
Very good resistance to alcohols, dilute acids and alkalis
Moderate resistance to oils and greases
Poor resistance to hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated)
Good low temperature resistance
Excellent electrical insulating properties
Very low water absorption
Uses/Applications:
1. Packaging - used in several packaging including crates, trays, bottles for milk and
fruit juices, caps for food packaging, jerry cans, drums, industrial bulk containers
etc.
2. Consumer Goods –a material of choice in several household/ consumer goods like
garbage containers, housewares, ice boxes, toys etc.
3. Fibers and Textiles – used in ropes, fishing and sport nets, nets for agricultural
use, Industrial and decorative fabrics, etc.
Low-density Polyethylene
Chemical Structure:
Properties:
Melting point= 105 to 115°C
Density = 0.910–0.940 g/cm3
Good resistance to alcohols, dilute alkalis and acids
Limited resistance to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral oils, oxidizing
agents
and halogenated hydrocarbons
Temperature resistance up to 80°C continuously and 95°C for shorter times.
High impact strength at low temperature, good weatherability
Excellent electrical insulating properties
Very low water absorption
Transparent in thin film form
Uses/Applications
1. Packaging –used in packaging industry for pharmaceutical and squeeze bottles,
caps
and closures, tamper evident, liners, trash bags, films for food packaging (frozen,
dry
goods, etc.), laminations etc.
2. Pipes and Fittings –used to manufacture water pipes and hoses for the pipes and
fittings industry due to Its plasticity and low water absorption.
3. manufacturing containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags
for computer components, and various molded laboratory equipment. The most
popular application of low density polyethylene is plastic bags.
2. Polypropylene (PP)
Polypropylene is a stiffer polymer than polyethylene. Polypropylene (PP) is a
thermoplastic polymer made from the combination of propylene monomers. The
chemical formula of polypropylene is (C3H6)n. PP is among the cheapest plastics
available today.
It has the lowest density among commodity plastics.
Molecular Structure:
Molecular Structure of Polypropylene
Properties of Polypropylene
1. Chemical Resistance – don’t react easily with diluted bases and acids, which
makes
it a good choice for containers of such liquids, such as cleaning agents, first-aid
products, and more.
2. Elasticity and Toughness - will act with elasticity over a certain range of
deflection
(like all materials), but it will also experience plastic deformation early on in the
deformation process, so it is generally considered a "tough" material.
3. Fatigue Resistance - retains its shape after a lot of torsion, bending, and/or
flexing.
4. Insulation - has a very high resistance to electricity and is very useful for
electronic components.
5. Transmissivity - used for applications where some transfer of light is important
or
where it is of aesthetic value.
Uses/Applications
1. plastic furniture
2. low friction applications, such as gears in machinery and vehicles.
3. packaging for cleaning products, bleaches and first-aid products
4. plastic casing in electrical goods and cables.
5. In its fibre form, used for tote bags, ropes, twine, tape, carpets, upholstery,
clothing and camping equipment
6. battery casings, trays and drink holders, bumpers, interior details, instrumental
panels and door trims.
7. In medical world, it is used in syringes, medical vials, Petri dishes
pill containers and specimen bottles
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC is a thermoplastic--a substance that loses its shape when heated,
and then becomes rigid again as it cools.
https://chlorine.americanchemistry.com
Properties of PVC
1. Density - very dense compared to most plastics (specific gravity around 1.4)
2. Hardness - ranks well for hardness and durability.
3. Strength - has excellent tensile strength.
4. Melting Point – 100oC-260oC
Uses/Applications
1. Building and Construction - ideal for cladding, windows, roofing, fencing,
decking, wallcoverings, and flooring.
a. Siding and Windows
b. Wiring and Cables
c. Water Pipes
2. Packaging - used in blister and clamshell packaging to protect medicines,
personal
care products and other household good.
3. Healthcare - IV bags and medical tubing
4. Household Products - rain coats, boots and shower curtains
4.Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE)
PTFE is a product of polymerization of tetrafluoroethene monomers.
Polytetrafluoroethylene is better known by the trade name Teflon®.
Properties of PTFE
1. Good resistance to heat and low temperature
2. Good electrical insulating power in hot and wet environments
3. Good resistance to light, UV and weathering
4. Low coefficient of friction
5. Strong anti-adhesion properties
6. Flexibility
7. Good fatigue resistance under low stress
8. Availability of food, medical and high-purity grades
9. Low water absorption
Uses/Applications
1. PTFE as Teflon - used to make non-stick cookware.
2. used on building surfaces to prevent insects from climbing walls.
3. In dental industry for fillings to prevent them from sticking to adjacent teeth.
4. used to make containers and pipes because it is anti-corrosive, and non-
reactive..
5. used as a lubricant for machinery
6. used to make gaskets because of its strength and heat resistance
7. used as a thread seal tape for plumbing.
8. used to insulate cables and connector assemblies
9. found in consumer products such as outdoor apparel, school uniforms, footwear,
insoles, orthotics.
5. Polyisoprene
Polyisoprene, harvested from tropical plants such as the rubber tree, is the
Polymer that constitutes natural rubber. Polyisoprene is diene polymer, which is
a polymer made from a monomer containing two carbon-carbon double bonds.
The chemical structure of isoprene can be represented as CH2=C(CH3)—CH=CH2.
:
Properties of Synthetic Polyisoprene
1. Non-Allergenic -alternative to natural rubber latex since it offers many of the
same qualities without the allergy-causing latex.
2. resistance to abrasion, inorganic chemicals, weather, and low temperature
environments
3. excellent tensile strength, synthetic polyisoprene provides longevity and
durability
4. provides excellent purity, processability, and consistency.
Uses/Applications
1. used in the medical, surgical, and food and beverage industries. From fluid
transport tubing to medical devices and parts, sports equipment
2. used in rubber bands, cut thread, baby bottle nipples, and extruded hoses
3. footwear, sponges, and sporting goods
4. sealants and adhesives
5. anti-vibration mounts, drive couplings, tires, springs, bearings
Activity 2.
Classify each of the following illustrations as to what type of addition polymers (PE, PP,
PVC, PTFE, polyisoprene)
1. __________________ 3.
_____________
2. _______________ 4. __________________
5. _____________________ 6. ______________
7. ____________________ 8. ______________
9. _____________________ 10.
______________
11. ____________________ 12. __________________
13. _________________ 14. _______________
15. ___________________-
Condensation Polymers
A condensation polymer is formed by the head-to-tail joining of monomer units.
Water is formed as a reaction product, thus the name condensation polymers.
1. Polyester
Chemically, polyester is a polymer primarily composed of compounds within the
ester functional group. Polyesters most commonly are prepared from a condensation
reaction between an organic alcohol (containing hydroxyl [OH] groups) and a carboxylic
acid (containing carboxyl [COOH] groups).
Polyester terephthalate (PET)
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE) is a general-purpose thermoplastic
polymer which belongs to the polyester family of polymers.
Molecular Structure of Polyethylene Terephthalate
PET Chemical Formula: (C10H8O4)n
PET Plastic (Polyethylene Terephthalate): Uses, Properties & Structure
(specialchem.com)
Properties of PET
1. higher strength
2. strong and lightweight
3. good gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and moisture barrier properties
4. exhibits excellent electrical insulating properties
5. has broad range of use temperature, from -60 to 130°C
6. has higher heat distortion temperature (HDT)
7. has low gas permeability, in particularly with carbon dioxide
8. suitable for transparent applications, when quenching during processing
9. doesn’t not break or fracture.
10. Excellent resistance to alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, oils, greases and
diluted acids
11. Moderate resistance to diluted alkalis, aromatic & halogenated hydrocarbons
Uses/Applications
1. used for mineral water and carbonated soft drinks
2. use in tape applications
3. packaging trays and blisters
4. suitable for food packaging applications
5. cosmetic jars, microwavable containers, transparent films, etc.
2. Polyamides
Polyamides are polymers in which the carboxylic acid and amine
monomer
units are linked by amide bonds.
Nylon
Chemically, nylon is a condensation polymer made of repeating units with
amide linkages between them: hence it is frequently referred to as
a polyamide.
It was the first synthetic fibre to be made entirely from inorganic
ingredients:
coal, water and air.
Properties of Nylon
1 Lustrous
2 Elastic
3 Very strong
4 Damage resistant to oil and many chemicals
5 Resilient
6 Does not absorb water
7 Dries quickly
Uses of Nylon
1. Clothing – Shirts, Foundation garments, lingerie, raincoats, underwear, cycle
wear. in dress socks, swimwear, shorts, track pants, active wear, windbreakers,
draperies and bedspreads
2. Industrial uses – Conveyer and seat belts, parachutes, airbags, nets and ropes,
tarpaulins, thread, and tents.
3. used to make a fishnet.
4. used as plastic in manufacturing machine parts
5. used as a material uses include flak vests, parachutes, combat uniforms and life
vests;
6. the fiber is also often used in manufacturing umbrellas, luggage and the netting
for bridal veils.
Activity 3
Classify each of the following illustrations as polyester or polyamides
1. __________________________
2. _________________________
3. _____________________
4. _______________________
5. __________________________
IV. Reflections
1. What are some of the disadvantages of synthetic polymers over metals and other
natural materials?
2. Why do you think PTFE is used for cooking utensils?
3. What is the key to polymerization?
4. What do you think is the reason why woven PET fibers are used to replace major
blood vessels?
VI. Links and/or Other References
Wilbraham, Antony C. et al. Chemistry.Prentice Hall. Needham,
Massachussets.pp.672-724
https://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/polyethylene
https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyethylene-plastic#
https://sciencing.com/nylons-properties-uses
https://www.kentelastomer.com/
Polyethylene (pslc.ws)
https://www.google.com/search?q=polyethylene+as+packaging+material
