The document discusses temperature and heat, including the zeroth law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scales, thermal expansion, heat capacity and latent heat. It also covers heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.
The document discusses temperature and heat, including the zeroth law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scales, thermal expansion, heat capacity and latent heat. It also covers heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.
The document discusses temperature and heat, including the zeroth law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scales, thermal expansion, heat capacity and latent heat. It also covers heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.
The document discusses temperature and heat, including the zeroth law of thermodynamics, absolute temperature scales, thermal expansion, heat capacity and latent heat. It also covers heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation.
Intended Learning Outcomes – after this lecture you will learn:
1. zeroth law of thermodynamics 2. the absolute (Kelvin) temperature scale 3. thermal expansion 4. heat capacity and latent heat (revision) 5. heat transfer – conduction, convection, and radiation Textbook Reference: Ch 17 ( excluding thermal stress in 17.4) Some questions to begin with: 1) What is temperature? – reading from a thermometer (will give a microscopic definition for temperature in PHYS 4050). 2) What does it mean by two bodies having the same temperature? – the answer is in the zeroth law of thermodynamics: Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics If C is initially in thermal equilibrium (i.e., no measurable change when they are put in thermal contact) with both A and B, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium
If C is a thermometer, then we conclude:
Two systems are in thermal equilibrium if and only if they have the same temperature.
thermometer
in thermal equilibrium, i.e., nothing
system A system B changes when they are in thermal contact
If you put a thermometer in hot water, the reading is the temperature of the thermometer itself, which by the above conclusion is also the temperature of the water.
Different units of temperature:
Fahrenheit TF 9 Celsius TC Kelvin T 𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹 = 5𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 + 32 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 = 𝑇𝑇 − 273.15 (absolute temperature) freezing and freezing and boiling points of boiling points of triplet point (solid, liquid water at 1 atm are water at 1 atm are and gas forms coexist) of 32 oF and 212 oF 0 oC and 100 oC water is 273.16 K
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 1
How to measure absolute temperature? Constant volume gas thermometer
use a dilute gas, (recall the “pressure law” from high school) 𝑇𝑇2 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑇𝑇1 𝑝𝑝1 calibrate at the triplet point of water 𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇triple = (273.16 K) 𝑝𝑝triple 𝑝𝑝triple
Linear expansion (e.g. of a rod) for small temperature change, assume fractional increase in length is proportional to ∆𝑇𝑇, ∆𝐿𝐿 = 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇 𝐿𝐿0 coefficient of linear expansion, a property of the material, unit: K −1 i.e., 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0 + ∆𝐿𝐿 = 𝐿𝐿0 (1 + 𝛼𝛼∆𝑇𝑇)
Question A square with a hole cut out. Due to thermal expansion, at higher temperature the hole will be (larger / smaller).
Quantity of Heat Heat means energy in transit from one body to another due to temperature difference How to quantify heat?
Heat Capacity – amount of heat needed to raise temperature without change of form specific heat c defined by 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚∆𝑇𝑇
heat required for temperature change ∆𝑇𝑇 of mass m
If the amount of substance is n moles (1 mole = 6.02214 × 1023 molecules)
Avogadro number 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴
i.e. 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 molar mass, i.e., mass of 1 mole of the substance 𝑄𝑄 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∆𝑇𝑇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛∆𝑇𝑇 ⇒ 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 specific heat, unit: J/kg·K molar heat capacity, or molar specific heat, unit: J/mol·K For example, specific heat of water is 𝑐𝑐 = 4190 J/kg∙K, molar heat capacity 𝐶𝐶 = (0.0180 kg/mol)(4190 J/kg∙K) = 75.4 J/mol∙K
Latent heat amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of substance from one state (phase) to another without temperature change 𝑄𝑄 = ±𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
+ absorb heat, e.g., water → vapor
− release heat, e.g. vapor → water
unit of L: J/kg
latent heat of fusion 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 latent heat of vaporization 𝐿𝐿𝑣𝑣
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 3
Question You take a block of ice at 0 oC and add heat to it at a steady rate. It takes a time t to completely convert the block of ice to steam at 100 oC. At time t/2, you have (all ice at 0 oC / a mixture of ice and water at 0 oC / water at a temperature between 0 oC and 100 oC / a mixture of water and steam at 100 oC) Answer: see inverted text on P. 588 of textbook
Example 17.8 P. 587
You have 𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 = 0.25 kg of water initially at 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 = 25 ℃. How much ice, initially at 𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼 = −20 ℃, must you add to obtain a final temperature of 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 = 0 ℃ with all the ice melted? Principle: total heat change = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑤𝑤 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 � + 𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼 𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼 � + 𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 = 0
heat change heat change heat change due to
of water of ice melting of ice + because absorb heat in order to melt 𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 𝑐𝑐𝑤𝑤 �𝑇𝑇𝑤𝑤 − 𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 � (0.25 kg)(4190 J/kg∙K)(25 K) 𝑚𝑚𝐼𝐼 = = = 0.070 kg 𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼 �𝑇𝑇𝑓𝑓 − 𝑇𝑇𝐼𝐼 � + 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 (2100 J/kg∙K)(20 K) + (3.34 × 105 J/kg)
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction – through physical contact heat current H – rate of heat (energy) flow from high (hot) to low (cold) temperature by conduction 𝑇𝑇𝐻𝐻 − 𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝐿𝐿 thermal conductivity temperature gradient unit: W/m·K cross sectional area
if temperature variation not uniform
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐻𝐻 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 temperature gradient energy flow in direction of decreasing T Define thermal resistance 𝑅𝑅 = 𝐿𝐿/𝑘𝑘, unit: m2·K/W
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 4
Example 17.12 P. 591
𝑘𝑘S = 50.2 W⁄m∙K
𝑘𝑘Cu = 385.0 W⁄m∙K
𝑇𝑇H − 𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇 − 𝑇𝑇C ⇒ 𝑇𝑇 = 20.7 ℃
𝑘𝑘S 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑘𝑘Cu 𝐴𝐴 0.100 m 0.200 m
Convection – through motion of fluid from one region of space to another (such as heating up a pot of water water)
Radiation – through electromagnetic wave, does not need a medium, such as sun → earth Any body at absolute temperature T > 0 radiates energy
Stefan-Boltzmann law 𝐻𝐻 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑇𝑇 4
where 𝜎𝜎 = 5.6704 × 10−8 W/m2·K4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant e emissivity (how efficient the body emit/absorb heat, 1 for a perfect emitter/absorber) A surface area Stefan-Boltzmann law holds for both emission and absorption of the same body with the same emissivity 𝑒𝑒. E.g. a body at temperature 𝑇𝑇 in a surrounding of temperature 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 : Hrad Ts 𝐻𝐻net = 𝐻𝐻rad − 𝐻𝐻abs = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝑇𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑇s4 ) Habs Note: if 𝑇𝑇 > 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 , net emission radiation – absorption – energy flow if 𝑇𝑇 < 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 , net absorption energy flow from environment to if 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠 , in thermal equilibrium with from system to system surrounding environment Example 17.15 P. 594 A human body has temperature 30 oC, surface area 1.20 m2, and emissivity close to 1. If the surround temperature is 20 oC , the net rate of energy loss by radiation of the human body is 𝐻𝐻net = (1.20 m2 )(1)(5.67 × 10−8 W⁄m2 ∙K 4 )[(303 K)4 − (293 K)4 ] = 72 W Question A room has three walls made of concrete, copper and steel respectively, all at the same temperature. Which wall feels coldest to you? Thermal conductivities are 385.0 W/m·K for copper, 50.2 W/m·K for steel, and 0.8 W/m·K for concrete. Answer: see inverted text on P. 595 of textbook
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 5
Clicker Questions:
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 6
Ans: Q17.1) E, Q17.2) A, Q17.6) D, Q17.8) B
PHYS1112 Lecture 18 Temperature and Heat P. 7
Biography from Eric Weisstein's World of Science http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/
