Set
wie ‘
LOBE Sample, Tet (ny, 30)
methods 4 aalecting date
Census
me thee ond
© 39 _COsUs methed in feamarian it Collected
eos evel member ef the popular ia
® 30 methed infer marion i8 colleod
fem oe ata reap Callected _ftesn the,
PUNE UES. 4 Seme tec 1 Quah
_pakmeters_§- :
—_A_starissical yroonet ie mean b—
—stondatd clevienivn ia called neg ts is
| fe Population 9
+ Stotintics
—__ A stonstica) meaiuldd ie mean b>
—_steenelents) lev ietin eo fem 148 Semple.
—\5_ called sroaistid. 7 i
4 athe Sarspligg
—— 7 eae ee
Nem tandem some | \ J ® sieple Randers)
“et
e~ < i. lings /piababi
en oe on . Ls-_ © ten Ramon) Sample ;
+39 that the V some liey _dapends a
~petenal judgement of the } Atigate 4
— fli ether) Snag more iad beets
~~) Sirble Rand oyn sempling +.
— da that Samp]; _everd el
——_hey_on Cura a, et Wig elech
~——10_the Sample, ‘ 4
i. Jt BK Scietet 24 yy Objects ve. method 4
Selecta. 5° this iy thy bet pret hed
DE at~ 5
oe mar hypothe is 4 wmey tig abe
ate tf ale PALA me perk
Ct Bast renner be tue ed set othe
* LU .
ae
Ts ii a =
~O ee pegs
[3 a hypothere the_ePts pti. that
there i8 mo 5; grificomp di eeence bet
the popula ten _ ees = oe
-tg = = ;
oe 30 null oo we _Cupyme, thet
souk CSc pion. a tee ge |
£2 the ome ee ef 20pe.ction idee
bjpothais
>t 14 denoted bt Ha
@_Altanative Typathaig 32 :
And porters which ons ml ip
—hefpotheg§.
Ef vom denoted tt He a4 weThere com be mee than me otterng tive
nypothents.
Null Pppotheris ge Attenative pot beat aus
eppelite te each other
we (Eats in the Test of btpothelf f-
Type-t ara. Type TT ee.
o “Typed eno, g- as oe ee ede
___Tpe- J eer occu when uc » Anteet
fe wah nul| chppoth (5 theufh yr a tea rnzang |
coceuay when tee bypothohs 13 Actected
The piobebility of “Type-t era. dame ted Uy P= =k,
——Thu aes of net ay
Saeed, Arad 8 9 = |= of ae eee
2. Type Ace s Seidl les
eee Type 2 Qs occurs | when false hypothe ny
S accepted ee
- te Se oceweet When cue ciccept the null
—hppotheatt sath “ache folie.
The pubability. j of | Type - 2 err 18 donated My
ee the, cebility ef net et ss a 2
eet is. rear i oe eeeae | Recepp the | Peiect they
ioe Null bppothe. | Nut) h4po-
———} —_ sis Hy thes He
ao ae eee wet
dn Wo cote deti- Type Sait
—_fTee | = Shen eer ating |e
[e p= ina ee PINKS ee
to 18
_X [level of _sigaificamee +
cert t cle. ene
pene sfieme |
}_.f O= |
Level of. Significance is denoted bt x.
. ee & significance, means the _ptoberbj |}
q eo fee eee aoe
i it token -5% 2 Af darel.
es
Srh_42 494.
| tobe _cadeecp_ teipectvelt
an a aes Cee ees ea Sn ON
preles eeeiaiaPith old fi im |]
5 peotidente leel + 2s
rh ‘conficlence level iy “the __plebabitity ef Met _
va amen pPont ct hs it
ss pH enesting af ese of daget omer
. sb , combi dence “level mean mean ‘acce 4 Nw!
T pppot eds when it is see mice ting
4 Hf level A saqn{ iow sy 5y% then aoa
eee eee ia
= \- 005 = = 0:95
PT egrasy, = 95 7 4 the condiclence
RH ,
Pk ope steed eit a oi tee es _x what ih cutical Pegion $-
a critical pagion alfo jenown af Pejece, |
Apion. oe
mia
Accep
“51 —T a
aia | tegien Sato
regen / (ic) Regn
=i. Fs
Two -teiled curve. CNe~tailed Creve
+ | Two - tarled YH one Tarled Tesp $-
O one Tailed tap 2
Jn ee_tailed tert we Use cies
Lping en one side of the Ostmay Cures
-Bavwhich alternative +p pot hetis ut exptaases|
Lj using symbol Le then CX) & Qeata
tan CS
DFO thot, the critical Regier) lies in the,
ene taal ef Aistel butiey cone,
i> Utica) teflen will be Ue St the sight tm
If attenertive hypothe, hea symbol ef
preata than (>),Ly chintead “qin Will be ob sefy
toul if
alpemartiye
vepothay hoy Sybes of seas
ahan ~)
Va \
/ nccerter \ PReopg
a peyear'/ = ne \ pane. ni
ed Pegten . f ie)
one q : —f Pg ben aie
I - es TE Tegan
teft Tailed Tea} Pi ght Torled Peep =
© Two Tauled tett 1. = echcaencinetrere
“Two tayled tea isa tert of ype beni
‘i which alternative hzpot heii 14 exptstsed
bythey eyabol Net owo} to Cp)
Io this test of hygotherts ctrical Aygien 3
divided inte 4wo pars. Tc
en beth Sided, deft os wed) as 2aghet side
Ace tomy
Pefectien Atghn a
te tation x
(1-4) a -X_CUitica) yooue gC table value)
Jo_hypothesis tetting q ceitica} value
ae —-a_polof_on the test distebuticn hort 3
~ Om pated to the tet Statistic to determine
~~ —whetha te Lect the mull hypot Hy
1 eke cbseltte value of test stonistis
~B_ guecitee_ than the etiticay value , thes
~~} we will 2efeok the muy] Mpotherss
+8 th the absoion, oohut af teap Saris tid
14 AMS than the Gtical value thy we
ae ctih GCC t the uly pote 44. ita
SP ponrenn — pilin ciastep. Sep up Switable Leve] of signuficomcs
ep I Set up suitable crete af hypothe}
“spi 3 colced ation fe test Sporistic
Stepy-: compare calewlated veduy ef Tett
_ Hatistic with rable volut meone arti -
col valle
step Take Surtable deeisien.
48 coleetart jan ef Statistic therm Samele yous
—to test the byppothetts i il a
~—Pepencting upen the norauee ef datq f— the
ety se, ne plodlomry ne uge nema} olistebutay
1 2 disterhutien, t- cUsperburin 2° ities.
~butien ere. Gch) tee |Fhe _t- Storietig 1S clatined oh
Tt was pe Ke whee = (X-X% a __4
____—$/¥q— C-——
ohne = Spleen :
M = pe pulerti ca —meae) ____ 7
_ = Size cf ~ |
Diteibutien hap keen dened
The t -
the bypathiset thet —
‘A disttybuted oomollyLae | oo ee SS
| fu »perties A t- dister butian
or Neve
Tete cette 7 \ cht
) + MH — (7 ¥ Ute
Freer} \ \ tag
ia igo — 1—_— 7” NG Fm,
~ tA A~ wT arn=5
——_t—- \ mre —
~~ _ _ er eerinnciventtiee
on ». fee Ustabutien 4 oo nama) liste bwin
~ —AiKe_z- distybuin a extends P17 — 2 +, ie
~9t ~ ste bation is Symmetei cal about mec
~ dike 2-Uistejburien — _
~ 5) The votiomee of t- disigs bur io i quae e1_then
it—— ame = a piled mit 2% a = Fis
~ ~ Ta), A thurs ptt eng 5 fa ie t= teyy ‘ -
1) Samples cto. dtawn Rom meme] Populertia,
Ye the ata Bander, .
Fa tering of equality ot meemy ef two
——Popultitieny” phejh varicmen cite cyge road
+o be mm eof
8) Degtee of_fitedery —
_ Deguee of Ateedem meomy phe number
ef veluesd we ate free to choofe_
HTT
\wy 1s the Srple size Hun @-1)
gic the clegeets ef freedom.
4 H 4 bos vie thae A.B cp
Ay Sets abe there fet them.
Bup only 3 bows forty chemce tO Select oy
choot: thef Se one ied doesnt go-f
chance. to get cheete gq “sent
a Boe B® =
1 _utes_of _£- cbt teybutin
| To edtimorte phe Popultien ereom J) Pte —
the Sample moor
Ea To rei the _bppetheris thet the populatin
mean id with sepa tlt oan ante
pean KF
_3) Te test the | hgpotheld that 10 pepulatias
bE howe phe Scrme mean with the hel p ef th
E a ————
iden fe fa gh
ice “Confidence Vietit rp 5% Level
E- te ter - te Srynficemee # 95 7% devel —
~—-h aaa Sa Acr i Eee eee a eae oo
_@ Vo tex Sigruficonce. of mem ef Lembo
—~———|Sample_Cn< 20)
~ Nine item of 1 ha q_felasin
i a sep hah Pala
es dah Be “4, BO, 62, 48, 44, 49, 53 5)
Pork _the mean of G items differ Sipe -
Alcea ftom the _qptummed —_poptort jer
Pp on yp Fo
ib PW hipethenis Ho LA= AFS te
wy tetomett vee bejpo they Ht a $Ate
Fa
e —D-caleulation of tert stenisaig »
Z= 84 5885 raeRee Mts = 49:
(ee. 3 fe AG
+ ;
1g: Ee
eat gq-|
at J
eee
j = VY 6S6yp = 2614 ae
. a - :
6 -s % 6 = feGcx
Fes SA = n-1
2 AGN -ags Ge
ce San
© _leel of Signs ficomeae pp 5 je
a ee |
~The fabule ted toe @caguss —ef_fisstle,
or _textl_ef Sigairticomce ——
—CLO5) fer eae tekf
LH
ype ae eeeerceraneeerP areas
Oa ue en 47 it a atin) eet74 hp
14 —__1@)_Dedis toy) are oe
A ES ee ey
Jt}
—Stlo-2 : |Sp_~_ 13:33
TSE FE =the
ron,
= maa f por - 642
g 10
t= ke
SE
Hey = do
te yr Set
“}t] = 0-41
© Cried value ie tabulated ralue ef
Loo & = 005
Teble value &f t fe Ao 0s LOS of
Jot$-2 =16 aig of Pteedem jf gar
© Decisien OS
coll sted value ¢} Table _volut «tL
Om < 2.42
=) Nall ~ Iyperhert qecepted
> a Covet gas Hedi ie GP "S$ tated
ages accoptes}- a4 ‘The heighee of sik bandon chet, salle
Ake 19 _tnches, ~ .
a 63,65, 68 6 FL Pe —
a0 The heights _tall hypothelis ‘b defecterf wand
7 2 Th. cscs dis. eftel—1e_th_ sittin
_ +hat the Sellers on the
reedongte Dat.
Taha a al ef
~~~Jo eh} Shynificmea -f difference. bet
neo ef 4+wWo Somply hepearclerrr} Sormpley]
[eee t- t- tet) CfA %04] Sormple.)
reer
F
e
f
Jere fou hore to take Nul] others
hee Bw no Sgr fico} sett hs
pn je
- Wy
[Yau feuh given the dora ‘in phe petted
form, 80 ample ate dependent.
| g © feading A gc offer meal o hefac meal
| @ Sale. 4 Pleducy after advertisermnt Yhepar
whee d= incur! bet? two Somphs
le Ky HK
x besonple
= Sami
t d = mean of Cinaemcop
5 = semple 5D = ee
|
OF Y= a7
Here 9, = 0, = 1
_————fe a
_&% An 3-4 ter mat _administeted to ¢
7 pelos _befere afte. ee seh, Panes
The dept are paren below ——__
)
picid
)
e
2
td
ve
hl |
a Tesp bo apuegers thee 4 org chorge. iq +g
a after phe Haining 4
: bel hype Ha The in No es
~19_F-@ befere omd
7 je pasta Se
f TQ ele 1g alter
= Tov eura (4) ny Xa) de Xe tae et ut
flo (20 -10 Bon
g \20 ug 2 ania
p—_j 123 gion -2 : Ost
14 1s ee
a5 a4 etgyemeleied) devintien of oom le oH
5 faa : vc G4 7
Se]
ny
|s sy t/
@® feay 99s
4 a ava
pe eth NG = ER = ott
ot S44
gf aye 0+ 2 6-124
& cen ica) valud
jahalated top 4 at of AZ (0%)
LOS 1S A464
calcul apes} \t) jabolsted |
o:%} 4 4604
=) pl] hypo hers accepted
=> Thae 137° Sigeu fiance
ag beface Je afta:
chi ff erence. bet?vw
YA certain jajectien acl US t exe gf to
mF i {2 popients tesubteo lo phe Following
Dm -inaease of blood pred uit
~ 52815 ,0,-2, 1 5,0,4,6
C49 it be coctuded that phe in je Chin
will be in genera) Ae Compou ned by on
ee A an ce a le i
7 — interge jo blooc| payee 2
4 _— Del hypo thay Hoe Thre 3 no Siqnrdicn,
f -——1 di fhewnce A in blood pretsure
= : Aogding -befete y ottel 19 jectin,
i-——- teh, SHS AC two tasled teat}
7-— Alternative hypo thedys Hy: 4, yy
iO cateutayjin
|
|
sa sft nee
Se TTS EY
| | | |
Kokgta iiatisalas
tod at dy;
oltn 5
42 258 Vio
3:J0
af) 2 Oy = yor) =
fabulated t+ OF 5% 10S
saieal 6 + Na of
© Pekisin
~caleulerfed real ee Tabuleted velue of t
k ithe Pao oe _ -
9.89 Ss 2:20) /
5 Mul) bripo then 1b Aeyected
5 Tas W Higificona Deana in Used
— Plasure Aneretiog lctste. ge alter jayeckn—; set os
KX __Non _pagqmetec Tetp |
+ Hee the populatien 13 Ob jo tk
£24 ef netmaj. Aad dota mea be
phen ia Aerunal fem re otelsnaf Rem
——| Rich port, blue exe « black eye's
tl = jaferied ete 7
In hpothais we dort [kqow about
: populations E (Popudatien —petarmetas it
- at that hypothe tating ta 'S called
“———-Ren_-_patameteic tegp oF
~~ chi- spuene tery is Nom patameteic Tey
Hisep och sasipanicapta lhe J
4)
SD LEVY Papd)) pp) yy
LV
: :
\
7 fenuig sah
i?
eee] —
\
-cldewred -Peuncey
fe senpntted Beouencieyy i
\
~ dn tht tet ue hove to teap the
eli ffeen ce _bep” pbterrcee| Prequunciey and
, expected teguencies cue Significanp 2439 ther tecp, ext will Le
olin .
ts - tesp of good nets ot tit
~—juclg t whith ©
conditiems fet_applzi tap:
total Ptequesr4 cheated be yeild louge
ew = fo =N DSO
eto = z fe
po_expecter fequency sheuld net le Les
shan 1B
mo infemerien abot patant pe palatiay
+ depends A degre f Puecdor
ee Tae. — 2
Applicaricas ct —2_ te}
pb tee ef mdpendence fortes buts
whether two otie bute ate. indepench nt
ob Nef.
Tap of —goednass of it
phe obterrvee|
Plequencies or _clortg ment ching se! th expected
fiaguencjes ad Ard
1S a tetb of
b§eered dlatq fit &
marth Varjth expected data.ch) squete. tpetp of |Back pendence of
> -oastibstt)
- Here pou thewe gen ene orttibute ia the
eum _-f 29 Ye ober ortiei bute 10 the fam
cf Aolum4. Ancl yeu! hone fo checle tadepery -
_ dence bet? thee two oHeibutel- la tng
y How to Find 2x0 Conti gency toble
Ge i
fo = va ey
fe = expected
Pq”
ede) = eT KO
whee _ ay = Row terol
CT = colnet of —
nN Gteand Tete} N
§ How to Pind expected fiepenud
Ty fe .
TxCl = (ath) Cate)
a a a fr arbtetd
: onsets)
bE = a eererd
cee) = CYCLO
Tat bterd
A ecd) = Cerddchea)
~ 4 atbtctd aoN
“Now Hao to Aind dager of Baden” :
Ox -eomtgene ett Bel ay 4
af) = = [#1) Co “tn tes
hee = = 0 aut an
l
l
i
f
CF 90 ef wham 7
I 21 epexy = 7 ——
Sepa Take weal apo thas Sa) No
— late et te egbetg
he step ay tap spor ti suistia
Step il} ——_mitical value : :
4 calylotd vue Stable value
wall Wypo this aafected
x calcedartedl value table value
roth bypothay accepted 7
|
St
\ |
>) ddd
| {
\ |
2
aa
|
|
|
4
|
4
|
7fi povertigore Tht apeciatiien ber? dorknets of
eye _colout jo fathel ¢ 40m frm the. fello.
ee int deta
Codout f Jathers eres,
QM hypotheis t- Thete is mo ancdertien
er? the dagkners ef erfes coloud i
father Y sen _ -
© calavation ef tet statistid
fo 0 fe)
“He Et4s) = 138x129 1g goo |S°=So
‘ai ~ —Too — +6
gba) = BbLAI28 _ 0 L goo goo, = S18
—3O Se No
ato olor’
“$o—E tS) SERBTES no jee ear
+—_—_———————Tooo = 120
“qe2 _ ec4er) = 620942 = $92 pee = [20
000
Teco CC OS
_ oe
0) (0-E) = 99 48-/8 = 30
@_(o-£) = Moe-go = 3°
® (o-£) = 120-9e = 39
®(o-E) = F82-F52 = 30© Vedsien
}
RD) ) Pp ppp pd)?
Cala) ofecl value
+f *#= 6659 5
table value of
A= geu) :
>There 18 an athoccrtie bepa
pep? clatkney
ef Colout of fithey fy sony, —
+
—
a} t ao
4 ;
YF wit
i4 | an-
fo Mow ir
cles
The fe
Aaccounnd Iny
.
ame
wotlk
in an
Nord clerks
Gomi ting
ener
qo
166°
“ecu nod
\ wr} ecuinec)
Teal 925
Tery the effectiveness ot teary
yesinecl and unter nud
ory Ise Ln
roble gives the oumber
net Comer 11°74 Os,
claws
tle f clak¢ “Totod
tet comm
thing eu
40 boo
qs » 400
\ogs \G00
in. Plaen-
“ling ends OF 5 % Lef Signujiconce,
(Nall bppe thas +
That
i No alo uct ery
et? tHaaning fp- Cots.
“Alter notixe \e}pe
theory & There ‘15 ot 6 ort ian
be 9 deans Go earstya A ceclalatien of test Storistid
{—~__ io] fe) J
fo Efe) = booxe2 5 - Jo | - 20
j bon D gos.
TT
5 530, EC) = BooKyotS | 20
[soo
_[ECits) = gooxers 20
__ lSoe
[© bel siguficone, 805
a pegee f ftucdem j= (eco
= = yon =4
a eit pt,
¢ © Calialated value a
i Fie table seit of 20 opt df ot —0) Dedsien
sink. colo ated solute Toble yaluse ¢
of C2 4U:t 67 co ata
e_colwtoted Koos) 2 Tobub-ted Lies)
=e hypo thes Anjected
= Tre tiasairy chet ue 10 Plare tig
the chip. —
chi SUL tet fel poodranan Hb fe Une,
cDitubtien $-
Zn that we will check how the
oltared clotq Pit with expected a *hedoticos
data
—Jo_that pou heree gen olteved data 4
you hefee tu 4ind ‘expected dota oi theut icof
_ date “4 uni far distabstio :
ga hot, piobabilities cue emal 41 geri
eid obverse).
“Hee Suppae nid] Pypothad at the fit goad
yes phe “they Suppeuts the obseveition,A pp
)
)
oe
OS SS, LEA IIIE EIA LOD DY Pd
a
——
Goo cUMtS eat Cheten ot zomclerry Pow,
—Trble. tormdem murmbeis phe Requteray
ef clights was as fellud
digt fo 1 2 3 4 $ 6 1 Fy,
Peper) og 43 88 3) 9C 45 42 ye s\ ay
Us we tebe eCxamant he be the
4 f WAL the hypo thers 93
the “digits acre iste buted ia Jemal} « rh,
190 the table
© Nul] Hep po thurs s Th digitt We clitthay
4 equal g ob wenucfctend
Altanct ire beppothett 1 The chgats Oe nef
— Asie buted equal “
2) Cadbadert jen
——wmder the hypothesis Ho. 3 |
—diteibuted uni fart
Cth digit
ex pectec| Freq ney ~ Toal
n° of obtener af
. =—§00_ = 30
~ _\o9 a
O-t (o £) (oU/r
pigit Of
° 08 40 -2 4 “yo ~ 9 \44
‘ 24 40 a4 ) 1/40 =% 04
q 33.40 3 3 4/30 = © 3
Joi s! 39,4 ! \j4n_ > 0033
4 a6 80 -4 1 Wao = 053
5 38 80 5 a5 IS/4o ~ 0 443
6 3% 30 2 64 G]80 = 0433
“fF 30 30 0 6 Of = 0
613) 30 1 se qo = 0°33
[1g 25 21 8 Onmade Fi as Lie = O33
oes 7 = 2:86
“ ™ ——_____—— Ae =~& = 2:36)
Oar yale aos
— tambo stan f Hiadien = at
= 5
b ow Girica) volute
af ot 5 LOS the table valu
as. yh jg = 16-S19- ve
: o. fo-Gl5 t
ies fo05,3) -© Pecisten —
7 sine phe “calculated value fe 2.44)
7 1 pls thom srbe table ——.
ge a le-a19
fie cake : a Tahuleted |
ete Keensy 2561 __ Serre
16-9)
eee
=) Null sees accepted —
ed > digits ey dette in the
the abet
\
|
|
ef, The [ppd difects in puntel eae
= raven poids en atthe
Observed fleguen- 82 ir 9 q : "
_| -dg feel alata dnl ” —
——Dut_t yppothet of peitien, obit =
pabetlen Seon) approptiote PFT
ss Dell ypethe Tha cefacht fell tM
fase | 1) led ray a
ig— Almenatire hypotheutt The deleces. qa
_#dlloud the poltien oliste; bu tice
Hl
See ee
L |
>
|
|calasarion ef Statirid
aa 7 = 4. a
4 So Tee Ge (Fo-te) (forte) Uo-fey
__—_——— xrXfo te
So
Ls ISIE aye —61F 3F82 1:48
St S09 9-9 0% {0
6 4) Sea=)e ary?
i eee
>£260 E245 “aa C= E+ 3M
FIFI
wher K = no. cf clefects
____f = _diferred Pq"
Pe_= _expethed Peg?
ra Re eapected Feeney Vy poison liste but ing
Aegean Vy .- eee
“Expected fuy2= NP = nx rain 7k
eae ee oe
bh = pio ft observations
= tandem yatiebl
voz _ mean of the digtubutio
“Hee mean = ahx |! lee
or, aay ane | eps Bik
— a oR
’Pe depend DOF
;
—__ exp teh =o FC ay”
exp. Psy x gf wa
ell
— = 60% BYE = 23.2 —~
ee eee
Ce oo
See Gey
ae Se
ma | PY hon on OR
- =2 = KOSE(O FS) SF.
2 aL
ee
he Ree ry = hoxo-4e x (ony
—&e = bys
© lore! of sign) Bicone, + xx — 9.05 eaas}
a Degree of Pteedom = A= |-2 : a
ty | rie
a aaa
oe oltre s
i i ae en hee
—fe—end ae yh ad
F- ae pa wat ty
EE
1 Lee
Pry bad |pod 4a ae Le pafasnetia we used
F "apo surg—t fi y e fix, + Ths agen
sn the dig. ef fuedem >
GR = nda) 2 45 a
@:! BY icod Va
_ Fat ak of 57 Los the fab velo —
af = $84
—@ session pt oth
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t = 48
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