BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO

3408-4:2006

Ball screws —
Part 4: Static axial rigidity
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ICS 25.060.99

12&23<,1*:,7+287%6,3(50,66,21(;&(37$63(50,77('%<&23<5,*+7/$:
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

National foreword

This British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of

ISO 3408-4:2006. It supersedes BS 6101-4:1987 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
MTE/1, Machine tools.
A list of organizations represented on MTE/1 can be obtained on request to its
secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.

This British Standard was Amendments issued since publication

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee Amd. No. Date Comments
on 30 November 2006

© BSI 2006

ISBN 0 580 49522 1

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3408-4

First edition
2006-06-15
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Ball screws —
Part 4:
Static axial rigidity
Vis à billes —
Partie 4: Rigidité axiale statique

Reference number
ISO 3408-4:2006(E)

Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

ii
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4 Symbols and subscripts ...................................................................................................................... 1
4.1 Symbols ................................................................................................................................................. 1
4.2 Subscripts ............................................................................................................................................. 2
5 Determination of static axial rigidity, R............................................................................................... 3
5.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.2 Static axial rigidity, R ............................................................................................................................ 5
5.3 Static axial rigidity of ball screw, Rbs .................................................................................................. 5
5.4 Static axial rigidity of ball screw shaft, Rs .......................................................................................... 5
5.4.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 5
5.4.2 Rigid mounting of ball screw shaft at one end .................................................................................. 5
5.4.3 Rigid mounting of ball screw shaft at both ends .............................................................................. 6
5.5 Static axial rigidity of ball nut unit, Rnu ............................................................................................... 6
5.5.1 Static axial rigidity of ball nut unit with backlash, Rnu1 .................................................................... 6
5.5.2 Static axial rigidity of symmetrically preloaded ball nut unit, Rnu2,4 ............................................. 10
5.5.3 Correction for accuracy, far ................................................................................................................ 12
Annex A (informative) Example calculation of static axial rigidity in preloaded symmetrical double
nut system ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Annex B (informative) Correction for load application, fal ........................................................................... 17

Copyright British Standards Institution iii

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 3408-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39, Machine tools.

ISO 3408 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ball screws:

⎯ Part 1: Vocabulary and designation

⎯ Part 2: Nominal diameters and nominal leads — Metric series

⎯ Part 3: Acceptance conditions and acceptance tests

⎯ Part 4: Static axial rigidity

⎯ Part 5: Static and dynamic axial load ratings and operational life

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

iv
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Ball screws —

Part 4:
Static axial rigidity

1 Scope
This part of ISO 3408 sets forth terms and mathematical relations relevant to the determination of the static
axial rigidity of the ball screw.

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 3408-1:2006, Ball screws — Part 1: Vocabulary and designation

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3408-1 apply.

4 Symbols and subscripts

4.1 Symbols

Symbol Description Unit

α Contact angle degrees, °
ρ Reciprocal curvature radius mm−1
τ Ratio of the semi-major to the semi-minor axes of the contact ellipse —
ϕ Lead angle degrees, °
∆l Elastic deflection µm
cE Material constant —
ck Geometry factor N−2/3 µm
dbo Diameter of the deep hole bore mm
dc Diameter of load application on the ball screw shaft mm
Dc Diameter of load application on the ball nut mm
Dpw Ball pitch circle diameter mm
Dw Ball diameter mm
D1 Outer diameter of ball nut mm

Copyright British Standards Institution 1

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Symbol Description Unit

E Modulus of elasticity N/mm2
far Correction factor for accuracy classes (rigidity) —
fal Correction factor for load application —
frs, frn Conformity (ratio of ball/balltrack radius to ball diameter) of ball screw shaft —
and ball nut
F Axial force, load N
i Number of loaded turns —
k Rigidity characteristic N/µm3/2
l Length mm
ls Unsupported length of ball screw shaft mm
m Poisson’s constant (e.g. for steel m = 10/3) —
n Rotational speed min−1
Ph Lead mm
q Time percentage %
R Rigidity N/µm
sa Backlash (axial play) µm
Y Auxiliary value according to Hertz for the description of the elliptic integrals N−2/3⋅µm4/3
of the first and second kinds
z1 Number of effectively loaded balls per turn —
z2 Number of unloaded balls in the recirculation system, only for systems —
where balls will be recirculated after one turn

4.2 Subscripts
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Symbol Description
ar refers to accuracy
b refers to ball
bs refers to ball screw
c refers to nut body/ball screw shaft
e refers to external load or the resulting deformation respectively
lim refers to limit load (at this value the contact between balls and balltracks of ball screw shaft and
ball nut is eliminated)
m refers to equivalent
N refers to normal load which acts upon balls and balltracks of the ball screw shaft and ball nut in
the direction of the contact angle
n refers to ball nut
pr refers to preload
s refers to ball screw shaft
b/t refers to ball/balltrack area
nu refers to ball screw within the loaded ball nut area
1 refers to ball nut 1
2 refers to ball nut 2

2
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

5 Determination of static axial rigidity, R

5.1 General

The static axial rigidity of a ball screw exerts a major influence on its positioning accuracy. It is a function of
the design of the ball screw, its support and bearing arrangement. For the purpose of the calculation given
below support and bearing arrangement have been disregarded.

The static axial rigidity of ball screws is not linear. For the purpose of the study of rigidity, a ball screw can be
conceived as a combination of several linear and non-linear spring elements. For this reason the rigidity value
indicated is correct only for one load application.

The deflection to be determined is caused by

⎯ axial deflections of the screw shaft and the ball nut body,

⎯ radial deflections of the screw shaft and the ball nut body,
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

⎯ deflections of the balls and the thread land.

The calculation of the deflections attributable to the ball contact is based on the theory related to Hertz stress.
The following preconditions should be met as closely as possible:

⎯ the material of the contacting partners shall be homogenous and isotropic,

⎯ in addition, Hooke’s law applies, i.e., no plastic deformation, and

⎯ in the contact area only normal stress shall be acting, i.e., a level pressure surface is generated.

Moreover, the applied simplified theory of Hertz specifies identical elasticity modulus and transversal
contraction parameter for the material of ball screw shaft, ball nuts and balls.

When calculating axial rigidity it is important to differentiate between ball nuts that have backlash and those
that have none, i.e. preloaded ball nuts.

It is possible to generate preload by different methods:

a) Single ball nut with continuous thread. Preloading by oversize balls, resulting in four-point-ball-contact.

See Figure 1.

Figure 1

Copyright British Standards Institution 3

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

b) Single ball nut with shifted thread between the preloaded areas, achieving two-point-ball-contact.

See Figure 2.

Figure 2

c) Single ball nut with double start thread and shifted pitch (two-point-ball-contact).

See Figure 3.

Figure 3

d) Double ball nut consisting of two single ball nuts, each with continuous thread. Axial displacement
of the two single ball nuts against each other.

See Figure 4.

Figure 4

The rigidity calculation set forth in this standard can be applied to all preloading methods described.

As it is very time-consuming — and hence unsuitable for practical purposes — to determine the precise axial
deflection on the basis of the corresponding formulae, a reasonably simplified calculation method is outlined
below so that the calculation may be effected with a pocket calculator.

4
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

5.2 Static axial rigidity, R

The static axial rigidity, R, constitutes the resistance to deformation and denotes the force ∆F, in newtons,
which is required to effect a component deflection ∆l by 1 µm in the axial direction of load application:
∆F
R= (1)
∆l

5.3 Static axial rigidity of ball screw, Rbs

The overall rigidity, Rbs, is arrived at by adding the pertinent rigidity values of the components:

1 1 1
= + (2)
Rbs Rs Rnu,ar

5.4 Static axial rigidity of ball screw shaft, Rs

5.4.1 General

The rigidity of the ball screw shaft follows from the elastic deflection of the ball screw shaft ∆ls caused by an
axial force ∆F and depends on the bearing arrangement.

5.4.2 Rigid mounting of ball screw shaft at one end

See Figure 5.

a See Equation (4).

Figure 5

Where the rigidity is

R s1 =
(
π ⋅ d c2 − d bo
2
⋅E ) in case of a solid shaft d bo = 0 (3)
3
4 ⋅ l s ⋅ 10

d c = Dpw − D w ⋅ cos α (4)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution 5

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

5.4.3 Rigid mounting of ball screw shaft at both ends

See Figure 6.

a See Equation (4).

Figure 6

Where the rigidity is

Rs2 =
(
π ⋅ d c2 − d bo
2
⋅E ) ⋅
ls
(5)
4 ⋅ l s2 ⋅ 10 3 l s − l s2

the minimum of rigidity is obtained at

ls
l s2 =
2

and thus is

Rs2,min =
(
π ⋅ d c2 − d bo
2
⋅E ) (6)
l s ⋅ 10 3

5.5 Static axial rigidity of ball nut unit, Rnu

5.5.1 Static axial rigidity of ball nut unit with backlash, Rnu1

5.5.1.1 Static axial rigidity of nut body and screw shaft under resulting radial components of load
Rn/s

Determination of Rn/s:

∆F
Rn/s = (7)
∆l n/s

∆F
∆l n/s = (8)
Rn/s

Nut: thick-walled cylinder subjected to “internal pressure” (radial component of normal ball thrust).

6
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Screw shaft: cylinder subjected to “external pressure” (radial component of normal ball thrust).

Premise:

⎯ the ball screw shaft is either solid or deephole drilled;

⎯ ball screw shaft and ball nut have the same Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

The axial rigidity of the nut body and screw shaft under this type of load is

2 ⋅ π ⋅ i ⋅ Ph ⋅ E ⋅ tan 2α
Rn/s = (9)
⎛ D2 + D2 2 2 ⎞
⎜ 1 c + d c + d bo ⎟ ⋅ 10 3
⎜ D2 − D2 2 ⎟
d c2 − d bo
⎝ 1 c ⎠

where

Dc = Dpw + D w ⋅ cos α (10)

5.5.1.2 Static axial rigidity in ball/balltrack area, Rb/t

In order to simplify, the ball nut body and the screw shaft deformations have been disregarded in this
calculation. The same applies to

⎯ uneven distribution of load on the balls and threads,

⎯ machining inaccuracies, and

⎯ change of contact angle.

The relative displacement between ball nut and ball screw shaft due to the axial backlash has not been taken
into account because it is not an elastic deflection [see Figure 7 a) and b)].

Copyright British Standards Institution 7

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

X axial displacement between ball nut and ball screw shaft

Y external axial load, Fe

Figure 7

The extent of the axial deflection on the ball/balltrack area is a function of

⎯ load applied,

⎯ nominal diameter,

⎯ ball size,

⎯ number of loaded balls,

⎯ conformity, and

⎯ angle of load application.

Thus the axial deflection in the ball/balltrack area is sufficiently approximated by the following equation:

∆l sb/t + ∆lnb/t
∆l b/t = (11)
cos ϕ ⋅ sin α

According to Hertz the approach of the components is calculated from:

∆l s,nb/t = Υ s,n ⋅ cE2 ⋅ 3 FN2 ⋅ ∑ ρ s,n (12)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

8 Standards Institution
Copyright British
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Where for the screw shaft balltrack/ball contact applies:

4 1 2 ⋅ cos α
∑ ρ s = D w − f rs ⋅ Dw + Dpw − Dw ⋅ cos α (13)

For the nut balltrack/ball contact applies:

4 1 2 ⋅ cos α
∑ ρ n = Dw − f r n ⋅ Dw − Dpw + Dw ⋅ cosα (14)

The auxiliary values Ys,n depend upon the ratio of the semi-major to the semi-minor axes of the contact ellipse
cos τ. The following equation makes use of sin τ, which can be obtained by:

sin τ = 1 − cos 2 τ

Ys,n = 1,282 ⎡ − 0,154 ( sinτ ) + 1,348 ( sinτ ) − 0,194 sinτ ⎤

1/ 4 1/ 2
(15)
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

cosτ is solely conditioned by the contour of the rolling partners. It is described as follows:

1 2 ⋅ cos α
− −
f rs ⋅ D w Dpw − D w ⋅ cos α
cos τ s = (16)
∑ ρs

1 2 ⋅ cos α
− +
f r n ⋅ D w Dpw + D w ⋅ cos α
cos τ n = (17)
∑ ρn

E 0 s,n + E 0b
cE s,n = 3 11 550 (18)
E 0 s,n ⋅ E 0b

with

E s,n,b
E 0 s,n,b = (19)
1
1−
2
m s,n,b
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

For ball bearing steel:

E s = E n = Eb = 2,1⋅ 10 5

m s = mn = mb = 10 / 3

E 0 s = E 0n = E 0b = E 0

cE s = cEn = cEb ≈ cE = 0,4643

Copyright British Standards Institution 9

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

F
FN = (20)
i ⋅ z1 ⋅ cos ϕ ⋅ sin α

⎛ Dpw ⋅ π ⎞
z1 = ⎜ − z2 ⎟ (21)
⎜ cos ϕ ⋅ D ⎟
⎝ w ⎠ integer

Ph
ϕ = arctan (22)
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

π ⋅ Dpw

The rigidity characteristic k of one loaded turn of the ball screw is calculated from:

z ⋅ sin 5 / 2 α ⋅ cos 5 / 2 ϕ
k= 1 (23)
cE3 ⋅ ck3 / 2

and

ck = Υ s ⋅ 3 ∑ ρ s +Υ n ⋅ 3 ∑ ρ n (24)

Thus, the axial deflection due to Hertz stress exerted on a single nut can be calculated:

2/3
⎛ F ⎞
∆l b/t = ⎜ ⎟ (25)
⎝ k ⋅i ⎠

⎛ ⎞
2 1
d ( ∆l b/t ) = ⋅ F −1/ 3 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ dF (26)
⎜ ⎟
⎝ (k ⋅ i)
3 2/3
⎠

The static axial rigidity of the ball/balltrack area Rb/t at the axial force F is:

dF 3
= ⋅ 3 Fe ⋅ ( i ⋅ k )
2
Rb/t = (27)
d ( ∆l b/t ) 2

This reveals the dependence of the spring rigidity on the load. The system rigidity may be increased by
increasing the axial force exerted on the ball screw, e.g. by a preload force Fpr.

5.5.1.3 Static axial rigidity of ball nut unit with backlash, Rnu1

1 1 1
= + (28)
Rnu1 Rb/t Rn/s

5.5.2 Static axial rigidity of symmetrically preloaded ball nut unit, Rnu2,4

5.5.2.1 Static axial rigidity of nut body and screw shaft under preload, Rn/s,pr

As both nut bodies act like preloaded rings, the rigidity, Rn/s,pr, of a double nut is twice as high as that of a
single nut:

Rn/s,pr = 2 ⋅ Rn/s (29)

10
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

5.5.2.2 Static axial rigidity of ball/balltrack area under preload, Rn/t,pr (see Figure 8)

In order to obtain high rigidity in the ball/balltrack area, nut systems are preloaded. Thus the backlash in the
individual nut and the relatively large ball/balltrack deflection at low load are eliminated.

Key
1 ball nut 1
2 ball nut 2
3 ball screw shaft
4 straight approximation line
5 actual curve

a Actual curve of the axial deflection in the ball/balltrack area of the preloaded ball nut system if an additional external
load between Fc = 0 and Fc = Flim is applied.
Maximum deviation between 4 and 5 is approximately 6 %.

Figure 8

The preload force to be applied has to be determined carefully, as excessive preload will reduce life.

The following equation will furnish a guide value for symmetric double nuts:

Fm
Fpr = (30)
23 / 2

The equivalent load Fm is obtained from the following equation:

n
n
Fm = 3 ∑ Fe3i ⋅ nmi ⋅ qi (31)
i =1

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution 11

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

The axial deflection of the ball/balltrack area due to the preload of a symmetrically preloaded nut system is
calculated according to Equation (25):

2/3
⎛ Fpr ⎞
∆l b/t,pr =⎜ (32)
⎜ k ⋅ i ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠

For 0 < Fe u Flim, the rigidity Rb/t in the ball/balltrack area is determined as follows:

⎯ ∆l b/t,pr for Fpr is determined as for Equation (32),

⎯ as there is

∆l b/t,pr = ∆l b/t,lim

and

Flim = 2 3 / 2 ⋅ Fpr (33)

⎯ the approximation results in

Flim
Rb/t ≈ (34)
∆l b/t,pr

Rb/t ≈ 2 3 / 2 ⋅ 3 Fpr ⋅ ( k ⋅ i )
2
(35)

5.5.2.3 Single or double ball nut preloaded by two-point-ball-contact, Rnu2

As both nut bodies act like preloaded rings, the rigidity Rn/s of a double nut is twice as high as that of a single
nut [see Equation (29)]:

1 1 1
= + (36)
Rnu2 Rb/t Rn/s,pr

5.5.2.4 Single ball nut preloaded by four-point-ball-contact, Rnu4 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

The static axial rigidity Rn/s of a nut preloaded by four-point-ball-contact is calculated according to that of a
double ball nut preloaded by two-point-ball-contact:

1 1 1
= + (37)
Rnu4 Rb/t Rn/s,pr

5.5.3 Correction for accuracy, far

As tolerances accumulate during the manufacturing process, differences occur in rigidity evaluations.

The correction factor takes into account the following influences:

⎯ machining inaccuracies of balltrack (travel variations, groove, surface roughness, contact angle,
diameter).

See Table 1.

12
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Table 1 — Correction factor for accuracy far (reference data)

Standard tolerance grade 0,1 3 5

Factor far 0,6 0,55 0,5

The static axial rigidity of the ball nut unit calculated with the corresponding correction factor is:

Rnu,ar = f ar ⋅ Rnu (38)

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution 13

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Annex A
(informative)

Example calculation of static axial rigidity in preloaded symmetrical

double nut system

A.1 Givens

Ball pitch circle diameter Dpw = 63,5 mm

Lead Ph = 5 mm
Ball diameter Dw = 3,5 mm
Number of loaded turns i =5
Number of unloaded balls in the recirculation system z2 =3
Conformity ratio of ball screw shaft and ball nut frs, frn = 0,55
Contact angle α = 45°
Outer diameter of ball nut D1 = 75 mm
Equivalent axial load Fm = 8 000 N
Preload Force Fpr = 4 000 N
Unsupported length of ball screw shaft ls = 1 000 mm
Modulus of elasticity E = 2,1 × 105 N/mm2
=3
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Standard tolerance grad

Ball screw shaft mounting according to Figure 2.

A.2 Indication of screw shaft rigidity

Given: a screw shaft mounted rigidly at both ends, length ls = 1 000 mm

d c = Dpw − D w ⋅ cos α (4)

d c = 63,5 − 3,5 ⋅ cos 45°

d c = 61,03 mm

According to Equation (6):

d b0 = 0

π ⋅ 612 ⋅ 21 000
Rs2min = = 2 457 N/µm (6)
1 000 ⋅10 3

14
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

A.3 Static axial rigidity of screw shaft and nut body Rn/s due to resulting radial load

Given: outer diameter of ball nut D1 = 75 mm, then:

Dc = 63,5 + 3,5 ⋅ cos 45° = 65,98 (10)

2 ⋅ π ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 210 000 ⋅ tan 2 45°

Rn/s,pr = 2 ⋅ (9) + (29)
⎛ 75 2 + 65,98 2 ⎞
⎜ 2 + 1⎟ ⋅ 10 3
⎜ 75 − 65,98 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Rn/s,pr = 7 458 N/µm

A.4 Determination of axial deflection due to preloading ∆lb/t,pr

Geometry factors:

4 1 2 ⋅ cos 45°
∑ ρ s = 3,5 − 0,55 ⋅ 3,5 + 63,5 − 3,5 ⋅ cos 45° = 0,646 55 (13)

4 1 2 ⋅ cos 45°
∑ ρ n = 3,5 − 0,55 ⋅ 3,5 − 63,5 + 3,5 ⋅ cos 45° = 0,601 94 (14)

1 2 ⋅ cos 45°
− −
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

0,55 ⋅ 3,5 63,5 − 3,5 ⋅ cos 45°

cosτ s = (16)
0,646 55

cosτ s = −0,839 3 = 0,839 3

1 2 ⋅ cos 45°
− +
0,55 ⋅ 3,5 63,5 + 3,5 ⋅ cos 45°
cosτ n = (17)
0,601 94

cosτ n = −0,827 4 = 0,827 4

Ys = 1,282 ⋅ ⎡ −0,154 ⋅ ( 0,543 6 ) + 1,348 ⋅ ( 0,543 6 ) − 0,194 ⋅ 0,543 6 ⎤

1/ 4 1/ 2
(15)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Ys = 0,969 4

Yn = 1,282 ⋅ ⎡ −0,154 ⋅ ( 0,561 6 ) + 1,348 ⋅ ( 0,561 6 ) − 0,194 ⋅ 0,561 6 ⎤

1/ 4 1/ 2
(15)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

Yn = 0,984 5

cE = 0,464 3

⎛ 63,5 ⋅ π ⎞
z1 = ⎜ ⎟ (21)
⎝ cos 1,435 7° ⋅ 3,5 ⎠ integer

Copyright British Standards Institution 15

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

z1 = 54 (rounded down)

5
ϕ = arctan (22)
π ⋅ 63,5

ϕ = 1,435 7°

ck = 0,969 4 ⋅ 3 0,646 55 + 0,984 5 ⋅ 3 0,601 94 (24)

ck = 1,669 5

54 ⋅ sin 5 / 2 45° ⋅ cos 5 / 2 1,435 7°

k= (23)
0,464 3 3 ⋅ 1,669 5 3 / 2

k = 105,07

(
For Fm < Flim Flim = 4 000 ⋅ 2 3 / 2 = 11 313 N )
Rb/t ≈ 2 3 / 2 ⋅ 3 4 000 ⋅ (105,07 ⋅ 5 )
2
= 2 923 N/µm (35)

A.5 Rigidity Rnu,ar of ball screw/ball nut system over loaded area

2 923 ⋅ 7 458
Rnu,ar = ⋅ 0,55 = 1155 N/µm (36) + (38)
2 923 + 7 458

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Overall rigidity Rbs:

1 1 1
= + (2)
Rbs 2 457 1155

Rbs = 785,7 N/µm

16
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

Annex B
(informative)

Correction for load application, fal

The correction load application factor, fal, given in Table B.1, takes into account different loadings as shown in
Figures B.1 a) and b) and B.2 a) and b).

Screw shaft — Tensile condition Screw shaft — Compressive condition

Nut sleeve — Tensile condition Nut sleeve — Compressive condition

a) T-T loading condition b) C-C loading condition

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure B.1

Screw shaft — Compressive condition Screw shaft — Tensile condition

Nut sleeve — Tensile condition Nut sleeve — Compressive condition

a) T-C loading condition b) T-C loading condition

Figure B.2

Table B.1 — Correction factor for load application fal (reference data)

T-T loading
Load application T-C loading
C-C loading

Factor fal 0,9 0,7

Copyright British Standards Institution 17

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO 3408-4:2006

The correction factor for accuracy will be modified to the values according to Table B.2.

′ (reference data)
Table B.2 — Modified correction factor for accuracy f ar

Standard tolerance grade 0, 1 3 5

′
Factor f ar 1,0 0,9 0,8

The static axial rigidity of the ball nut unit with the correction factor is then:

′ ⋅ Rnu
Rnu,ar = f al ⋅ f ar

--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

18
Copyright British Standards Institution
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright British Standards Institution

blank
Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
 BS ISO
3408-4:2006
BSI — British Standards Institution
BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing
British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the
--`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter.

Revisions
British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of
British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or
editions.
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services.
We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using
this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee
responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400.
BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures
that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.

Buying standards
Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
addressed to Customer Services. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001.
Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: orders@bsi-global.com. Standards are also
available from the BSI website at http://www.bsi-global.com.
In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the
BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards,
unless otherwise requested.

Information on standards
BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and
international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters
Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which give
details on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048. Email: info@bsi-global.com.
Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments
and receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details
of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration.
Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001.
Email: membership@bsi-global.com.
Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards
Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global.com/bsonline.
Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website at
http://www.bsi-global.com.

Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the
UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written
permission from BSI.
This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
BSI written permission of BSI must be obtained.
389 Chiswick High Road Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager.
London Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553.
Email: copyright@bsi-global.com.
W4 4AL

Copyright British Standards Institution

Provided by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale