Integration (A-level) (i) ∫ √ dx

It the reverse of differentiation. Solution

During integration the following concepts should Let u = x2-2

be considered. -
(a) Polynomial functions;
∫ √ ∫√
∫
i.e. increase the power by 1 and divide the ∫√
term by the new power, e.g.
(i) ∫ ∫ ∫
(ii) ∫ ∫

(iii) ∫
(iv) ∫ ∫ √

(v) ∫ Or let u =√ =>

(b) Trigonometric functions, e.g.
2du = 2xdx i.e. xdx = udu
(i)
- ∫ ∫ √ ∫√
(ii) ∫ ∫
- ∫
(iii)
- ∫ √
(iv)
(ii) ∫
- ∫
Solution
Methods of integration
The choice of the method depends on Let u = x2 => du =2xdx i.e. xdx =
judgement. Below are some of the methods: ∫ ∫
∫
Integration by change of variable where a
derivative exist/integration by recognition or
inspection
(iii) ∫
Example 1 √

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 Solution
∫ √( )
Let u = => – Solution
i.e. ( – ) Given x= cos2θ => dx = -2sin2θdθ
Changing limits
∫ ∫
√ √

x θ
0
√
1 0
- ∫ √
√
∫ √( ) ∫ √( )
(√ √ )
(√ √ ) ∫ √( )

∫ ( )
(iv) ∫ √
∫
Solution
∫
2
Let u = => du = sec xdx (double angle form
∫ √ ∫ * +

* + ( )
(b) Use the substitution x = sinθ to evaluate
* + √
∫

(v) ∫ √ Solution
Given x = sinθ => dx =cosθdθ
Solution Changing limits
Let u = 1-2sinx => du = -2cosx x θ
i.e. cosxdx =
√
∫ √ = ∫
√
∫ ∫

∫ ∫

[ ] [ ]
√
√
Integration by change of variable where a Revision exercise 1
derivative is given
Integrate the following using the suggested
Example 2 substitution in each case.
(a) Using the substation x =cos2θ or otherwise,
prove that

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1. ∫ ,u=x+4 (b) ∫ dx * +
√
* +
(c) ∫ * +
2. ∫ ,u=x–1
19. By using the substitution u = √ , show
* + √
that∫ √
3. ∫ , u = 2x – 3
Integration by change of variable where a
* +
derivative not exist
4. ∫ , u = 2x – 5 Here a term is solved by changing it to another
* + variable

Example 3
5. ∫ , u= x+3 [ ]
Find
6. ∫ , u= x+1 * +
(a) ∫ √
7. ∫ , u= 2x – 1 * +
8. ∫√ ,u=x+1 Solution
* √ + Let u= √ hence => x =u2 + 5
9. ∫ √ √
dx = 2udu
* √ + Changing limits
x θ
10. ∫ √ ,u=x+5 6
* √ + 5 0
11. ∫ √ √ ∫ √ ∫
* √ + ∫
12. ∫ , u= x+1 * +
√
* √ +
13. ∫ , u= √ (b) ∫
√ √
* √ +
Solution
14. ∫ , u=
√
Let u= √ i.e.
* √ +
- x = u2 – 1 and dx = 2udu
15. ∫ , u= √
√ ( )
∫ ∫
√
* √ + ∫
( )
16. Use the substitution to
evaluate∫ * +
√
√
17. Use the substitution u = √ to evaluate
√
∫ [ √ ]
√
18. Evaluate
(a) ∫ [12]

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(c) ∫ Integrations involving trigonometric
Solution
functions

Let u = x+2 => x = u-2 and dx = du A. The double formulae, i.e.

- Cos2x = 2cos2x – 1= 1 – 2sin2x
∫
- 1+ cos2x = 2cos2x
∫[ ]
- 1 – cos2x = 2sin2x
∫
- Sin2x =2sinxcos2

Example 4

Find the following integrals

(a)
√
√
(d) ∫
√ Solution
Solution
=∫ ∫
√ √ √
Let u = √ => and dx= 2u
Let u = cosθ => du = -sinθdθ
∫ ∫
2cosu + c -
2cos√ + c
∫ ∫
√ √
Revision exercise 2
1. Integrate each of the following with respect ∫ ∫
√ √
to x using suitable substitution
(a) x(x+3)3 √

* +
√
(b) √
* ( √ )+ (b) ∫ √
Solution
(c) * +
∫√ ∫√
(d) * √ + √ ∫
√
(e) √

* + (c) ∫ ∫
(f) * + ∫
√ √

(g) * +
(h) B. The factor formulae, i.e.
* + - ( ) ( )
(i) √ - ( ) ( )
* √ + - ( ) ( )
- ( ) ( )

Example 5

Find the following integrals

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(a) ∫ ∫ ∫
Solution
∫ ∫
∫ Method II: the factor formula
( )
∫ ∫

(b) ∫
Solution
(ii) The integral of ∫ where the
∫ ∫
angles are different, use method I because
∫ method II is inapplicable.
( ) Revision exercise 3
1. Evaluate
(a) ∫ * +
(c) ∫ (b) ∫ [0.1083]
Solution
2. Integrate the following using appropriate
∫ ∫ substitution.
∫ (a) ∫
[ ]
( )
(b) ∫
* +
(c) ∫ √
(d) ∫
[ √ ]
Solution
(d) ∫ * +
∫ ∫
(e) ∫ * √ +
∫ √

( ) Integrations of odd and even powers of

trigonometric functions
(e) ∫ (sinx, cosx, tanx, cotx, secx and cosecx)
Solution
Integration of trigonometric functions rose to
∫ ∫
odd powers
∫
The Pythagoras theorem in trigonometry is
( ) handy namely

- cos2x +sin2x = 1
Note - 1 + tan2x = sec2x
- 1 + cot2x = cosec2x
(i) The integral ∫ , where the
angles are the same can be solved in two Example 6
ways. Integrate the following
Method I: double angle formula (a) ∫

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 Solution Also
∫ =∫
∫
∫
∫ ∫
(f) ∫
(b) ∫ Solution
Solution ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
∫
∫ ∫
( )
∫

(c) ∫
Solution Or
∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫

* ( ) + ∫

( ) ∫ ∫
(d) ∫

Solution

∫ ∫ (g) ∫
∫ Solution
( )
∫ ∫
∫
(e) ∫ ∫ ∫
Solution
∫ ∫
∫ Note: the integration of odd powers of secx and
∫ ∫ cosec x are done using integration by parts.
By inspection
Integration of trigonometric functions rose to
even powers
∫
Also These are worked out using double angle
formulae.

Example 7
∫
∫ Find the integrals of the following
Or (a) ∫
Solution
∫ ∫ ∫

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 ∫( ) Exercise 4
1. Integrate each of the following
(b) ∫ (a) sinxcos5x * +
Solution
(b) cos34x * +
∫ ∫
∫ ( ) (c) sin3xcos2x * +

∫ (d) cos3xsin4x * +

∫( ) ∫ (e) cos32xsin22x * +
(f) sin2xsin2x * +
(c) ∫ (g) cos3xsin3x * +
Solution 2. Integrate each of the following
(a) cot22x * +
∫ ∫
(b) cos23x * +
(c) sin3xcos2x * +
(d) ∫
(d) cos26x * +
Solution
(e) ( ) * +
∫ ∫
∫ (f) cos4x * +
∫ ∫ (g) sin42x * +
∫ 3. Integrate each of the following
(a) cot2x [ ]
(e) ∫ (b) tan22x * +
Solution (c) sec2xtan3x * +
∫ ∫
∫ (d) cosec22xcot42x * +
∫ (e) tan3x * +
(f) cot43x * +
(f) ∫ ( ) (g) tan45x * +
5
Solution (h) tan 2x
∫ ( )
* +

(g) ∫ (i) cosecxcot3x * +

Solution 5
(j) tan xsecx
∫ ∫ * +
∫ 4. Find the Integral of each of the following
(a) cosec2x [ ]
∫ ∫
(b) sec23x * +
∫ (c) cosec2( ) * ( ) +
(d) sec4x * +

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 (e) cosec45x * + ∫
(f) sec43x * +
(g) sec6x * +
(c) ∫
√
Integration involving inverse trigonometric
Solution
functions
∫ ∫
√ √
A. From ( )
√ Let sinu = , dx =
- ∫
√ - ∫ ∫
√ √
This result enables the integration of the form ∫
∫√ to be workout, i.e.
∫

∫√ ∫ ∫
√ √ ( )

(d) ∫
Let √

Solution
- ∫√ ∫ √
∫ ∫√ ∫
√( ( ) )
∫ Let sinu = , dx =
( ) - ∫√ ∫
√
Example 8 ∫
Integrate the following ∫
( )
(a) ∫
√
Solution (e) ∫
√
∫√ ∫ Solution
√( ( ) )

Let sinu = , dx = ∫√ ∫
√( ( ) )
- ∫√ ∫
√
Let sinu = , dx =
∫
- ∫√ ∫
√
∫
∫
( )
∫
(b) ∫
√
( )
Solution
(f) ∫
∫√ ∫ √
√

Let sinu = , dx = Solution

- ∫ ∫
√ √

∫ By completing squares

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 [ ] Comparing ∫ with∫
2
(x+1) a=√ and b =3
∫ * ( )+
∫√ ∫ √ √
√ √
* ( )+
∫ ∫ √
√ √ ( ) (c) ∫
Let sinu = , dx = Solution
- ∫ ∫
√ √
( )
∫
∫ [( ) ]

( ) ( )
B. From ( )
- ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ dx
( ) ( )
This result enables the integration of the form
∫√ to be workout, i.e Comparing ∫ with∫
( )
√
∫ ∫ a= and b =2
( )
( )
∫ √
0 . √
/1
∫ ( )
( ( ) ) √
* ( )+
√
Let = tanu, dx= (d) ∫
Solution
∫ ∫
( ( ) ) ( )
* +
∫
* +
∫
∫ ∫
( )
Comparing ∫ with∫
Example 9
a= and b =√
Find √
∫ * ( )+
√
(a) ∫ [ (√ )]
√
Solution
Comparing ∫ with∫ ∫ [ [ (√ )]]
√
a=3 and b =5
∫ * ( )+ [ ( √ ) (√ )]
√

* ( )+
(b) ∫
Solution

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Revision exercise 5 ∫ ∫
Find
∫
(a) ∫ * ( ) +
(d) ∫
(b) ∫ [0.7854]
(c) ∫ [1.833] Solution
√
(d) ∫ [ ] Let u = => du =
(e) ∫ * ( ) +
√
(f) ∫ * ( ) + ∫ ∫
√
(g) ∫ * ( ) +
√ ∫
(h) ∫ * ( ) +
B. From
(i) ∫ * ( ) +
- ∫
(j) ∫ * ( ) +
This result shows that
(k) ∫ * ( ) +
√ √
(l) ∫ * ( ) + ∫ [ ] i.e.
√

- ∫ ∫
Integration of exponential and logarithmic
functions.
- ∫
A. From
Example 11
- ∫
Find
Example 10
(a) ∫
Find
Solution
(a) ∫ Let u = 3x+4 => du 3dx i.e. dx=
Solution
∫ ∫
Let u = => du = 6xdx i.e. xdx =
∫ ∫
(b) ∫
∫ Solution
(b) ∫ Let u =
Solution
=> du -10xdx i.e. dx=
Let u = secx => du=secxtanxdx
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫
(c) ∫ (c) ∫
Solution Solution
Let u = cotx ∫ ∫ (an odd
- Du = -cosec2x = power)
∫
∫ ∫

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 For ∫

Let u = tanx, => du = sec2xdx

(c) ∫
∫ ∫ Solution
Let u = cotx, => du=-cosec2x
For∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Let u =cosx, => du = -sinxdx ∫

∫ ∫

= -In(cosx)+c =In(secx)+c
Revision exercise 6
∫ 1. Find the following integrals

(d) ∫ (a) ∫ * +

Solution (b) ∫ * +
∫ ∫ ∫ (c) ∫ * +

[ ( )] (d) ∫ * +
√ √
(e) ∫ √ * √ +
( ) ( )
√ √
(f) ∫ √ * √ +
(e) ∫
Solution (g) ∫ * √ +
√

∫ [ ] (h) ∫ [√ ]
√
(i) ∫ * +
( ) =0.535 (j) ∫ * +
√
C. From (k) ∫ * √ +
√
 ∫ (l) ∫ * +

It follows that ∫ (m) ∫ * +

(n) ∫ * +
Example 12
2. Evaluate
Integrate
(a) ∫ [ ]
(a) ∫ (b) ∫ * +
Solution
(c) ∫ [ ]
Let u = 3x3, => du = i.e.
(d) ∫ * +
∫ ∫
(e) ∫ ( ) [ ]

Integration involving partial fractions

(b) ∫
Solution There are three established types of partial
Let u = sinx, => du = cosxdx fractions depending on the nature of the
∫ ∫ denominator.

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A. Denominators with linear factors e.g. 3x – Putting x = 3; 1 = 18B =>
1, x + 2 and 3x – 4.
Each linear factor (ax + b) in the Putting x = -3; 1 = 18C =>
denominator has a corresponding partial
fraction of the form ’ where a, b and c 
are constants.
Hence,
Example 13
∫
(a) Express each of the following in partial
fraction. Hence find the integral of each with ∫ ∫ ∫
respect to x.
(i) = +c
Solution =
Let = * +
Multiplying by (x+1)(x-2) (iii)
 x – 1 = A(x – 2) + B(x+1)
Solution
then we find the values of A and B

Putting x = 2: 1 = 3B, => B =

Putting x = -1: -2 = -3A, => A =

Multiplying by

2x + 1= A(x+2)(3x+1)+B(x-1)(3x+1)+C(x-1)(x+2)

Putting x = 1; 3 = 12A =>

Hence, Putting x = -2; -3 = 15B =>

∫ ∫ ∫ Putting x = - ; = C =>

Hence,

(ii) ∫

Solution ∫ ∫ ∫

Multiplying through with

(iv)
1=
Solution
Putting x = 0; 1 = -9A =>

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 * +

 , - , -

Multiplying through by (x+1)(x-1)(x+2)

2x2 – x+1= A(x-1)(x+2)+B(x+1)(x+2)+C(x+1)(x-1) B. Denominators with linear factors

Quadratic factors
Putting x = -1; 4 = -2A =>
Each quadratic factors (ax2+bx +c) has a
Putting x = 1; 2 = 6B => corresponding partial fraction of the form
where a, b, c and A and B are
Putting x = -2; 11 = 3C =>
constants.

Example 14

Hence, (a) Express in partial fraction.

∫ Solution
Let
∫ ∫ ∫ Multiplying through by (x – 6)(x2+3x+5)
7x2+2x-28= A(x2+3x+5)+ (Bx +C)(x – 6)
Putting x = 6; 236= 59A, => A = 4
Equating coefficients of x2
(b) Evaluate ∫ 7=A+B
7 = 4 + B; => B = 3
Solution
Equating constants
-28 = 5A – 6C
-28 = 20 – 6C
C=8
Let

Multiplying with x(x – 3)(x + 3)

x2+ 1 = A(x – 3)(x+3)+ B(x)(x+3)+C(x)(x-3) (b) Find the integral of

Solution
Putting x = 0; 1 = 3A =>
Let
Putting x = -1; 2 = -2B => Multiplying through by
2x – 1 = A(x2+1)+ (Bx + C)(x-1)
Putting x = -3; 10 = 6C =>
Putting x = 1; 1 = 2A => A =
Putting x= 0; -1 = A –C => C =
Putting x= -1; 2A + 2B – 2C => B =
Hence

∫ ∫ ∫ Note the values of x = 0 and x = -1 are

conveniently chosen, but the constants B and C

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by expansion of the expression and equating Solution
constants, i.e.
-1 = A –C => C =
2=C–B
Let
B=
Thus, By multiplying through by (x – 1)(x+1)(x2+1)

∫ x2= A(x+1)(x2+1)+ B(x -1)(x2+1) + (Cx+D)(x2-1)

By equating coefficients
∫ ∫ ∫
x3: A + B + C = 0 …………………… (i)

x2: A – B + D= 1 ………………………(ii)
(c) Evaluate
x1: A + B – C = 0 ……………………….(iii)
(i) ∫ dx
x0: A – B – D = 0 ……………………….(iv)
Solution
Eqn. (ii) – Eqn. (iv)
Note memorize the identities
2D = 2 => D =

Eqn.(i)+ (iii)

2A+ 2B = 0 …………………………. (v)

Then
Eqn. (ii) + Eqn. (iv)

2A – 2B = 1………………………….(vi)

Eqn. (v)+ Eqn. (vi)

Multiplying through by (x – 1)(x2+x+1) 4A = 1 => A =
2
3+3x = A(x +x+1) + (Bx+C)(x – 1)
Eqn. (v)
Putting x = 1, 6 = 3A, => A = 2
B=
By expanding and equating coefficients
Eqn. (i)
x2: A + B = 0, => B = 0 – 2 = -2
C=0
x0: A – C = 3, => C = 2 – 3 = -1

∫
∫ ∫ ∫

[ ] ∫ ∫ ∫

( )

(ii) ∫

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 Each repeated factor (ax2+ b)n in the
* +
denominator has corresponding partial fraction
of the form: ,
* +
where a, b, Ai are constants (i = 1, 2, ….n)
,* + * +- Example 15

* + Express each of the follow in partial fraction and

hence find their integrals.

(a)
Solution
Let =
(iii) ∫
Multiplying through by (x-3)2
Solution 4x – 9 = A(x-3) + B = Ax – 3A + B
Equating coefficients
Let x1: x = 4
x0: -3A + B = 4; B = 3
Multiplying by (x2+4)(x2+9)
=
2 2 2
x +6 = (Ax+B)(x +9) +(Cx+D)(x +4) Hence
2 3 2
x +6 =(A+C)x +(B+D)x +(9A+4C)x+9B+4D ∫ = ∫ ∫

Equating coefficients
(b)
x3: A + C = 0 ……………….(i)
Solution
x2: B+D = 1………………….(ii)

x1: 9A + 4C = 0 …………...(iii) Let =

x0: 9B + 4D = 6 …………..(iv) Multiplying through by (x-4)2
3x – 14 = A(x-4) + B = Ax – 4A + B
Solving simultaneously
Equating coefficients
A= C= 0; B= and D = x1: x = 3
x0: -4A + B = -14; B = -2
=
Hence
∫ ∫ = ∫ ∫

∫ ∫

* + (c)
Solution
. / Let
Multiplying through by (x – 2)(x – 1)2
C. Repeated factors 2x2-5x+7 = A(x -1)2+B(x – 2)(x-1)+C(x – 2)

Putting x = 1: 4 = -C, => C = -4

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 Putting x = 2: A = 5 Example 16

Putting x = 0, 7 =A – 2B – 2C; B = -2 (a) Express in partial fractions.

Hence find ∫
Solution
Hence

∫ Using long division

5
∫ ∫ ∫ x +x-20 5x2+0x-71
2

- 5x2+5x-100
-5 +29

(d) =>
Let
Solution
Multiplying through by (x+5)(x-4)
-5x + 29 = A(x – 4)+ B(x + 5)
Putting x = 4, B = 1
Let Putting x = -5; A = -6

Multiplying through by x2(3x+1)

Hence
7x+ 2 = Ax2 +Bx(3x+1)+C(3x+1)
∫
Putting x = 0; c = 2 ∫ ∫ ∫
Putting x = - ; => A = -3

Putting x= -1; -5 = A + 2B- 2C, => B = 1 (b) Evaluate ∫

Solution

Hence

∫ Using long division

-2
∫ ∫ ∫
x+1 -2x+3
-2x -2
In 5

Integration of improper fractions

Improper fractions are those whose index of the Hence
numerator is equal to or greater than that of the
denominators. ∫ ∫ ∫

They are first changed to proper fraction by long [ ]

division or otherwise, before being integrated.
= -2+ 5In2

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 = 1.4657 (b) ∫ [0.18]
Revision exercise 7 (c) ∫ dx [0.3489]
1. Express the following into partial fraction (d) ∫ [0.1535]
(a) * +
(e) ∫ [0.4689]
(b) * +
(f) ∫ [0.3165]
(c) * +
(g) ∫ [1.05]
(d)
Integration by parts
* +
This stems from differentiating the product of a
(e) * +
function, y = uv,
(f) * +

(g) * +
2. Find
(a) ∫ * ( ) +
∫ ∫ ∫
(b) ∫
∫ ∫
* +
Or simply ∫ ∫
(c) ∫
The function chosen as u should be easily
* + differentiated whereas the other function
chosen as v should be easily integrated.
(d) ∫ The above expression of the integration by parts
* + can be summarized by using a technique of
integration by parts
(e) ∫
This is summarized in the table below
* +

(f) ∫ Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ u1
[ ]
(g) ∫ - u2 v1
+ u3 v2
- u4 v3
0 .√ / 1
√ NB: the signs change as +, -, + etc.

(h) ∫ The u function is differentiated until a zero value

is obtained otherwise we continue with
* + differentiation.

The integral of the function is equal to the sum

(i) ∫ of result shown in the table above.
[ ]
3. Evaluate Integration by parts is applied in the following
areas:
(a) ∫ [-4.5489]

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A. Integration products of polynomials by =
parts
Sign Differentiate Integrates
Example 17 + x+3
(a) Find - 1
(i) ∫ + 0
Solution ∫
= -
Let u = x and
∫
; v= =

From ∫ ∫ (iii) ∫
∫
Solution
= ∫
= ∫ ∫ ∫ dx

=
Let u =(3x – 4) and
=
= ;v=

= ∫
Or by using basic techniques
( – ) ∫
Sign Differentiate Integrates
+ x ( – ) ∫
- 1
+ 0 ( – )

∫ =
=
∫ =

∫
(ii) ∫

Solution Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ 3x-4
Let u = (x+3) and - 3
+ 0
;v=
∫
∫
= ∫ dx
= ∫
=
=

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(b) Evaluate * +
(i) ∫
(d) ∫ dx
Solution
* +
Sign Differentiate Integrates
+ x (e) ∫ dx
√
- 1 * √ +
+ 0 (f) ∫ dx
√
∫ +c ( )
2. Evaluate
(a) ∫ * +
(b) ∫ * +
√
B. Integration products of polynomials and
circular/trigonometric functions by parts
 ∫ =* + Example 18

(a) Find
=
(i) ∫
(i) ∫ Solution
√

Solution Let u = x and

Sign Differentiate Integrates
, v = -cosx
+ x
- 1 ∫ = ∫
+ 0 =

∫ – +c Or: by using basic technique

√

[ ] Sign Differentiate Integrates

+ x
- 1
 ∫ * + + 0
√ ∫
* + * +
(ii) ∫

Solution
Revision exercise 8
Let u = and
1. Integrate
(a) ∫ dx , v = sinx
* +
∫ ∫ +c
(b) ∫ dx
* + Let u = and
(c) ∫ dx
, v = -cosx

19digitalteachers.co.ug
∫ ( ) ( )
[ ∫ ]
( )
[ ∫ ]
[ ]

Or using basic technique

(iv) ∫
Sign Differentiate Integrates
Solution
+
- 2x ∫
+ 2 Let u = x and =
- 0
∫ =x2sins+ 2xcosx – 2sinx + c ,v= ( )
∫
(iii) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )
Solution ( ) ∫ ∫

Let u = x2 and

,v= ( ) (b) Evaluate

∫ (i) ∫
= ( ) ∫ ( )
Solution
= ( ) ∫ ∫
∫
= ( ) ∫
Let u = x and =[ ]
and v = - cos2x
=* +
∫ =- xcos2x+ sin2x+c
Substituting for∫ =( )
∫
= ( ) * + (ii) ∫
= ( )
Solution

Let u = x and
Or by using basic technique
; v = tanx - x
Sign Differentiate Integrates
+ ∫ =xtanx - -∫
- 2x =xtanx - +Incosx+
+ 2
=xtanx +Incosx
- 0
∫

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Or by using basic technique ;v=
Sign Differentiate Integrates
∫ ∫
+ x
- 1 tanx – x
+ 0 -Incosx Or by using basic technique
∫ =xtanx - +Incosx+
Sign Differentiate Integrates
=xtanx +Incosx + x
- 1
Hence; + 0
∫
∫ * + (ii) ∫

Solution
[ ( ) ]
Let u = x and

Revision Exercise 9 ;v=

1. Integrate each of the following
∫ ∫
(a) ∫
∫
* +
(b) ∫
[ ] Or by using basic technique
(c) ∫
[ ] Sign Differentiate Integrates
(d) ∫ + x
- 1
* + + 0
(e) ∫ ∫
* +
(iii) ∫
(f) ∫
Solution
* +
2. Evaluate Let u = x and
(a) ∫ [ ]
(b) ∫ [ ] ;v=

(c) ∫ [ ] ∫

C. Integration products of polynomials and Or by using basic technique

exponential functions by parts Sign Differentiate Integrates
Examples 19 + x
- 1
(a) Find
(i) ∫ + 0

Solution ∫
Let u = x and

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(b) Find
(i) ∫ dx

Solution
(ii) ∫
Let u = x and
Solution
;v=
∫ * +
∫ dx= ∫
[ ] [ ]
= ( )

= Revision exercise 10

(ii) ∫ √
dx 1. Integrate each of the following with respect
to x
Solution
(a) * +
2 [ ]
Let p =√ , p = 2x – 1 (b)

2pdp = 2dx (c) [ ]

pdp = dx (d) * +

√ (e) * +
 ∫ dx=∫
(f) * +
Let u =p and
2. Evaluate each of the following
(a) ∫ [ ]
,v=
(b) ∫ [ ]
∫ ∫ D. Integration products of polynomials and
inverse trigonometric functions by parts
( )
Example 20
√
∫ dx (a) Find
√ √
(i) ∫
√
( )
Solution
√
(√ ) ∫ ∫

(c) Evaluate Let u= and

(i) ∫
; v=x
√
Solution
∫ ∫√
∫ [ ]
For ∫
√

Let u = 1 – x2

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Du= -2x Let u = and

-
;v=

∫√ ∫
∫ ∫

∫ For∫ ∫( )

* += ∫ ∫

By substitution

∫ By substitution

∫
∫ √
[ ]
(ii) ∫ ( )

Solution [ ]
(b) Evaluate ∫
∫ ( ) =∫ ( )
Solution
Let u = ( ) and
Let u = sin-1x and
√
; v=
√
∫ ( ) ( ) ∫√
∫ ∫√
For ∫
√
For ∫
Let u = – x2 √

Let x = sinθ => dx = cosθdθ

Du= -2x

- ∫√ ∫√

∫√ ∫ ∫

∫
∫
∫
* +=

By substitution

∫ ( )

∫ ( ) √
√
(iii) ∫
∫
Solution

23digitalteachers.co.ug
 √ Let u = and

∫ ;

* √ + ∫
∫
* + ∫
For∫
By using long division
Revision exercise 11
1. Find the following integrals
 ∫ ∫ ∫
(a) ∫
* +
∫
(b) ∫
√
[ √ ] (iii) ∫
(c) ∫
[ ( √ ) ] Solution
(d) ∫
Let u = Inx and
* +
and v =

2. Evaluate ∫ ∫ dx
(a) ∫ * + ∫
(b) ∫ [ ]

E. Integration products of polynomials and

(b) Evaluate ∫
logarithmic functions by parts
Solution
Example 21
Changing from base 10 to base e
(a) Integrate
(i) ∫

Solution
∫ ∫
∫ =∫
Let u = Inx2, Let u= Inx;

;v=x
∫ ∫
∫ [ ]

∫
* +
(ii) ∫

Solution * +

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Revision exercise 12
1. Integrate each of the following
(a) * +
∫
(b) * +
Or by using basic technique
(c) √ * √ +
(d) [ ] sign Differentiate integrate
+ sinx
(e) * +
- -cosx
(f) * + + -sinx
(g) ∫
* +
2. Evaluate the following
(a) ∫ [ ]
(b) ∫ [ ]
(c) ∫ [ ] ∫

F. Integration of products of exponential and (ii) ∫

trigonometric functions by parts Solution
Example 22 Taking I =∫
(a) Find
Let u = ,
(i) ∫

Solution ; v = sin3x

Taking I =∫ ∫
Let u = ,
sin3x ∫ sin3xdx ... (*)

; v = -cosx For ∫ sin3xdx

∫ Let u = ,
∫ …(*)
; v =- cos3x
For∫
∫
Let u = ,
cos3x ∫ cos3xdx
; v = sinx
cos3x ∫ cos3xdx
∫ ∫
cos3x ……………….…(**)
……...(**)
Substituting (**) into (*)
Substituting for (**) in equation (*)
sin3x ( )

25digitalteachers.co.ug
 sin3x +c ∫

sin3x + Or using basic technique

sign Differentiate integrate

sin3x
+ sin2x
- - cos2x
+ - sinx
∫

(iii) ∫
cos2x
Solution

Taking I =∫

Let u = , ∫

;v= cos2x (b) Evaluate ∫

∫ Solution

Taking I =
cos2x ∫ cos2xdx ... (*)
Let u = ,
For ∫ cos2xdx
;v= cos3x
Let u = ,
cos3x-∫ sin3xdx
; v = sin2x

∫ sin3x ∫ cos3xdx ...... (*)

sin2x ∫ sin2xdx For ∫ cos3xdx

Let u = ,
sin2x ∫ sin2xxdx
; v = sin3x
sin2x ……………….…(**)
∫ cos3xdx
Substituting (**) into (*)
sin3x ∫ sins3xdx
( )
sin3x …..…(**)
+c
Substituting (**) into (*)

cos3x ( )
cos2x
cos3x +c

scos3x -

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 Proof

∫
∫
Example 22
 ∫ (a) Find
(i) ∫
=* +
Solution
= since Taking ∫ ∫

Revision exercise 13 Let u = secx and

Integrate each of the following with respect to x
; v = tanx
(a) * +
−∫
(b) * +
−∫
(c) * +
−∫
(d) * +
G. Integration of products of trigonometric −∫ ∫
functions by parts − I + In(secx+tanx)+c
A student should take note of the following 2I + In(secx+tanx)+c
(i) ∫ +c [ ]
Proof
∫
Hence∫ +c
[ ]
(ii) ∫
(ii) ∫
Proof
Taking ∫ ∫

Let u = cosecx and

cosecx
; v = -cotx
∫
−∫
(iii) ∫
−∫
Proof
−∫

−∫ ∫

− ∫ +A
secx
∫ +c

(iv) ∫ [ ]

27digitalteachers.co.ug
 ∫ and

[ ]

Generally
(b) Show that∫ ( √ )
If t = , then
Solution
and
∫ ∫

Let u = and

Example 23

Find
∫ ∫
(a) ∫

Solution

Let t = tan

∫ * +

* ( ) ( )+

√
* + * + ∫ ∫ ∫
√

√ ∫
* +
∫ ( )
[ √ ] (b) ∫

Revision exercise 14 Solution

Integrate each of the following with respect to x Let t = tan

1.
* [ ] +
2.
[ [ ] ]
3.
∫ ∫ ∫
* + ∫ ∫
Integration using t- substitution
Let
Case 1
2= A(1 – t) + B(1 + t)
We know that if t = , then
Putting t = 1, B = 1

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Putting t = -1; A= 1

=> =∫
∫ ∫
( )

∫ ∫ ∫
√
(√ ) (√ )
√
( )
√
∫ (√ )
∫ . /
(e) ∫

Solution
(c) ∫
Let t =
Solution

Let t =

∫ ∫
( )

∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫
( )
∫ ∫
√ √ ( )
Let
√ √ √( )

2= A(1 – t) + B(1 + t)

Putting t = 1, B = 1 √ √

√
Putting t = -1; A= 1 ∫ ( )
√
(f) ∫
=>

∫ ∫ ∫ Solution

Let t =
( )

∫ . /

(d) ∫

Solution
(g) ∫ ∫
( )
Let t =
∫ ∫

Let

29digitalteachers.co.ug
2= A(2 – t)+ B( 2 + t) 1 = A(2t – 3) + B(2t + 3)

Putting t = 2; B= Putting t = ; B =

Putting t = -2; A= Putting t = ;A=

∫ ∫ ∫  ∫
∫ ∫

( ) ( )
∫ ( )
∫ . /
(b) ∫
Case II Solution
When integrating fractional trigonometric Dividing by the numerator and denominator
functions containing the square of sinx, cosx,
etc.
∫ ∫
We use the
∫
t-substitution, t = tanx

For sin2kx or cos2kx, we use t = tanx Let t = tan5x

Example 24

Find the integrals of the following

(a) ∫ ∫ =∫ ( )
Solution ∫
√
Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2x √ √
(
√
)

∫ ∫ √
( )
√ √
∫ √ √
∫ ( )
Let t = tanx
(c) ∫

Solution

Dividing numerator and denominator by

∫ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫
∫
Let t = tan3x
Let

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 (a) ∫ 0 1

∫ ∫ (b) ∫ 0 . / 1
∫
(c) ∫ * +
Let
(d) ∫ * ( ) +
By equating coefficients and solving
simultaneously (e) ∫
A = 2, C = -1, B = D = 0
√
0 . / 1
√
∫ ∫ ∫
2. Integrate each of the following
* ( ) + (a) ∫
√ √
√
* (√ ) +
* ( ) +
√ √ (b) ∫
√
( ) * +
√
(c) ∫
(d) ∫
√
*√ ( ) +
Solution
(d) ∫
∫ ∫ * +
Dividing the numerator and denominator by
(e) ∫
cos2x
[ ]
∫
(f) ∫
Let t = tanx
* +
3. Evaluate

∫ ∫ (a) ∫ [ ]

∫ ∫ (b) ∫ * +

Let (c) ∫ [ ]
1 = A(1 – 2t) + B (1 + 2t)
(d) ∫ [ ]
Putting t = ; B =
Putting t = ;A= Integration of special cases involving
∫ ∫ ∫ splitting the numerator

* + Case 1

( ) When a fractional integrand with quadratic

denominator expressed in the form of is
∫ ( )
such that g(x) cannot be factorized or written in
Revision exercise 14 simple partial fractions, it is normally very useful
to express it as a fraction by splitting the
1. Integrate the following numerator.

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i.e. Numerator = A(derivative of denominator + ∫
B
∫ ∫
Example 25

Find the integral of each of the following ∫ dx

( )

(a) ∫
( )
√ √
Solution

Numerator= * +
(d) ∫
2x – 1 =A(8x)+B
Solution
Putting x = 0, B= -1
∫
√
Putting x = 1, A =
∫ ∫
√ √
∫ ∫ ∫ ( ) ∫
√
√ √
( )
For ∫
√
(b) ∫
Let sinu =
Solution 3sinu= x +2
3cosudu=dx
Numerator= * +
∫ ∫√
√
2x +3 =A(2x+2)+B
∫
√
Putting x = -1, B= 1

Putting x = 0, A = ∫

∫
√ ( ) ( )
∫ ∫

∫ dx Substituting for ∫
√

( ) ∫
√

(c) ∫ ( ) √ ( ) ( )

Solution ( ) √ ( )

Numerator= * + Case II

x =A(2x+3)+B When finding the integral of fractional

trigonometric function expressed in the form
Putting x = , B=
∫ , a, b, c and d are constants, we

Putting x = 0, A = split the numerator as:

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Numerator = A(derivative of denominator)+
2. Evaluate∫
(denominator)

Example 26 Solution

1. Find Let 3sinx = A (3cosx+2sinx) + B(3cosx+2sinx)

(a) ∫
cosx-sinx = A(-3sinx+2cosx) + B (3cosx +2sinx)
Solution
cosx- sinx = (2A+3B)cosx +(-3A+2B)sinx
Let 2cosx+ 9sinx =A (3cosx+sinx)+B(3cosx+sinx) Equating coefficients
2cosx+ 9sinx =A(-3sinx+cosx)+B(3cosx+sinx) For cosx: 2A + 3B = 1 …………………. (i)
2cosx+ 9sinx =(A+3B)cosx +(-3A+B)sinx For sin x: -3A+2B = -1 …………………. (ii)
Equating coefficients: Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously
For cosx: A+3B = 2 ……………….. (i) A= and B=
For sinx: -3A+B = 9…………………(ii)
∫
Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously
= ∫ ∫
A= and B =
=
 ∫
= ∫ ∫ ∫
= In(3cosx+sinx)+
(b) ∫ =* +

Solution
=* ( ) +
Let 3sinx = A (4cosx–sinx) + B(4cosx–sinx)
* ( ) +
3sinx = A(-4sinx–cosx) + B (4cosx – sinx)
√
=* + * +
3sinx = (-A+B)cosx +(-4A-B)sinx

Equating coefficients = ( )
√

For cosx: -A + 4B = 0 …………………. (i) Revision exercise 15

For sin x: -4A- B = 3 …………………. (ii) 1. Integrate each of the following

(a) ∫
Solving Eqn. (i) and Eqn. (ii) simultaneously
√
A= and B= * ( ) +
√

∫ (b) ∫

∫ ∫ * ( ) +
√ √
+c
(c) ∫

33digitalteachers.co.ug
 * ( ) + (m) ∫ * +
√
(n) ∫ * (√ ) +
(d) ∫
(o) ∫ [ ]
* ( ) + (p) ∫

2. Integrate the following * +

(a) ∫
(q) ∫ [ ]
* + (r) ∫ [ ]
(b) ∫
(s) ∫ * +
* +
(t) ∫ * ( ) +
(c) ∫ (u) ∫

* + * +

(v) ∫ [( ) ]
(d) ∫ √

(w) ∫ * +
* + √
(x) ∫ dx *√ +
√
(y) ∫ [ ]
Revision exercise 16: general topical √
(z) ∫ [ ( ) ]
revision questions √
2. Evaluate
1. Find
(a) ∫ [0.3669]
(a) ∫ [ √ ]
√
(b) ∫ [ ] (b) ∫ [ ]
(c) ∫ *√ ( ) + (c) ∫ * +
√
(d) ∫
(d) ∫ [ ]
* ( ) + (e) ∫ [ ]
√

(e) ∫ * (√ ) + (f) ∫ [ ]
√
(f) ∫ √ (g) ∫ [ ]
√
[ (√ ) ] (h) ∫ [ ]

(g) ∫ * ( ) + √
(i) ∫ [ ]
(h) ∫ * + (j) ∫ [ ]
(i) ∫ * + (k) ∫ [ ]
√

(j) ∫ * ( ) + (l) ∫ * +
(k) ∫ [ √ ] (m) ∫ [ ]
√

(l) ∫ * +
(n) ∫ * +

34digitalteachers.co.ug
 √
(o) ∫ [ ] [ ( ) ]
√

(p) ∫ [ ] (b) f(x) = in partial fraction

(q) ∫ [ ]
(r) ∫ [ ]
(s) ∫ [ ]
Hence evaluate
(t) ∫ √ [ ] ∫ [ ]
(c)
(u) ∫ * +
10. Using the substitution x = 3sinθ, evaluate
√
(v) ∫ * + (a) ∫ √( ) [ ]
3. Show that [ ]
(b) ∫
(a) ∫ (e)
(b) ∫ 11. Use t= tan to evaluate
(c) ∫ (a) ∫ [0.6755]
(d) (b)
4. Given that 12. Given that ∫ , find the
value of a [a=-6]
Determine the values of A, B, C, D 13. Use the substitution to find
Hence evaluate ∫ dx ∫ 0 1
[ ]
14. Resolve into partial
5. Use the substitution of x = to evaluate
fraction
∫ * +
√

6. Express as partial fractions * +

* + Hence find ∫

Hence find ∫ * ( ) +
√ √
* +
15. Express f(x) = in partial fraction
7. Express f(x) = in partial fraction
* +
* +
Hence evaluate∫ [ ]
Hence evaluate∫ [ ]
8. Using the substitution 2x+1 = u, find
∫ * +
9. Express
(a) f(x) = in partial fraction

* +
Hence evaluate∫

35digitalteachers.co.ug
Application of integration A particle with a velocity (2i+3j)ms-1 is
accelerated uniformly at the rate of (3ti – 2j)ms-1
Like differentiation, integration has a wide from the origin. Find
spectrum of application, some of which are
discussed below (i) The speed reached by the particle at t = 4s.
Solution
Acceleration, velocity, displacement Given a= 3ti – 2j
Given the acceleration, a, of a particle, its v=∫ =∫( – )
velocity, v and displacement, s can be computed =
as long as the initial values are known. At t= 0, 2i+3j
c =2i+3j
Acceleration, a = => v = ∫
By substitution
Also, velocity v = => s = ∫ ( )
At t = 4s
Example 27
( )
The acceleration of a particle after t seconds is = (26i – 5j)ms-1
given by a = 5 + t.
Speed = | | √ =26.5ms-1
If initially, the particle is moving at 1ms-1, find
the velocity after 2s and the distance it would (ii) The distance travelled by the particle after
have covered by then 2s.

Given Solution


r=∫

Whet t = 0, v = 1, =>c = 1 r ∫ (( ) )

( ) ( )
When t = 2s
At t = 0, r = 0; => c = 0
-1
= 13ms .
( ) ( )
And At t = 2

( ) ( )

s= | | √ =8.25m

when t = 0, s= 0 => c = 0 Hence the distance = 8.25m

s= Example 29

A particle has initial position of (7i+5j)m. the

At t =2s
particle moves with constant velocity of
s= =13 m (ai+bi)ms-1 and 3s later its position is (10i – j)m.
fins the values of a and b.
Example 28
Solution

36digitalteachers.co.ug
Given v = ai +bj At t = 0, r = 0 => c = 0

r =∫ ∫
( )
At t = 3
at t = 0; r = c =(7i+5j)m ( ) ( )

| | √( ) ( ) =11.02m
After 3s

Area under a curve

Equating corresponding vectors
If the area under the curve y = f(x) for α≤ x ≤β is
For i: 10 = 3a+7 => a = 1 required, a small strip can be used for analysis
For j: -1 = 3b +5 => b = -2

Example 30

A particle of mass 2kg, initially at rest at (0, 0, 0)

is acted on by a force ( ) . Find

(i) its acceleration at time t

from F = Ma Suppose the shaded region is δA, the area of the
shaded strip lies between areas of the rectangles
( ) . / ABCF and AVDE.
(ii) its velocity after 3s i.e. Area of ABCF ≤ δA ≤ ABDE.

velocity v =∫ ∫. /
Dividing by δx

v=
( )
at t = 0, v = 0 => c= 0 and

Hence
v=
Integrating both sides with respect to x
( )
At t = 3s ∫ ∫

Now for the interval

(iii) the distance of the particle travelled after
∫ ∫
3s.
r= ∫ =∫ ( ) Note: when finding the area under the curve, it
is advisable that you sketch the curve first in
=( ) order to establish the required region.

37digitalteachers.co.ug
Area between the curve and the x-axis +
=*
Example 31
=( )
(i) Find the area enclosed by y = x(x – 4) and x-
axis Area B =∫
Solution
=* +
By sketching the graph y = x(x – 4) with the x-
axis we have
=( ) ( )

Area=

(iii) Find the area between y=x2 – 4, the x-axis

and line x = 3.

Solution

By sketching the graph of y=x2 – 4 with the x-

axis, we have
Area required = ∫

=∫

=* +

Hence the area under the curve is (-

sign indicates that the area is below the x-axis). Required ∫
(ii) Find the area enclosed by the curve [ ]
y = x3 – 4x2 + 3x and the x-axis from x = 0 and
x=3 sq. units
Solution
Area between the curve and the y-axis
3 2
By sketching the graph y = x – 4x + 3x with the
This involves finding the area under the curve
x-axis we have
with respect to y or by subtracting the area
under the curve with the x-axis from the
rectangle (s) formed.

Example 32

Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2- 4 and

the y = x2 -4 and y-axis between

(i) y = -4 and y = 0
Required area = A+ B Solution

Area A =∫

38digitalteachers.co.ug
 1st approach

Required area= 2 x shaded region

Required area = 2∫

= ∫

= * +
st
1 Approach
= [ ]
Integrating with respect to x
= sq. units
Required area ∫
2nd approach
[ ]
Required area = 2 x shaded area
( ) ( )
=2[Area of OBCD – area of ABC]
( )sq. units =2[(3 x 5) – ∫ ]

=2[15– ]= sq.units

Hence the required area is Area between two curves

2nd approach Suppose we want to find the area between two

intersecting functions f(x) and g(x), required it to
y = x2 – 4
(i) find the point of intersection of the
x= functions
(ii) sketch the functions f(x) and g(x)
Required area = ∫
Note if f(x) is above g(x), then the required area
= ∫ ∫ ∫

= * + Example 33

Find the area enclosed between the curves

= [ ]
(a) y = x2 – 4 and y = 4 – x2
= sq. units Solution
Finding the points of intersection
(ii) y = 0 and y = 5 x2 – 4 = 4 – x2
2x2 = 8
x = 2 or x = 2
when x = 2, y = 0
when x = -2, y = 0
The sketch of the functions:

39digitalteachers.co.ug
 ∫ [ ]

* +

( )

Required area
Example 34
∫ [ ]
Find the area enclosed between the curve
∫
y = x2 – x – 3 and the line 2x +1
* +
Solution
( ) ( )
Finding the points of intersection
sq. units
x2 – x – 3 = 2x +1

(b) y =2x2+7x+3 and y=9+4x-x2 x2 – 3x – 4 = 0

Solution (x+1)(x-4) = 0

Finding the points of intersection X = -1 or x = 4

When x = -1, y = -1

When x= 4, y = 9

x = -2 of x = 1

When x = -2, y = -3

When x = 1, y = 12

Area required

=∫ [ ]

=∫ dx

Required area =* +

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=( ) ( ) Example 36

(a) Find the volume of revolution when the

=20.83 sq.units
portion of the curve y = cos2x for 0≤x≤ is
Example 35 rotated through four right angles about the
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sinx and x-axis.
the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2 . Solution

Solution

∫ ∫
∫
Required area = A + B
* +
=∫ ∫
cubic units
=[ ] [ ]
(b) Find the volume of the area bounded by the
= curve y = x3 + 1, the x-axis and limits x = 0
and x = 3 when rotated through four right
=-(-1 – 1)- (-1 – 1)
angles about the x-axis.
= 2 +2 = 4sq. units

Volume of a solid of revolution

A solid of revolution is formed when a given area
rotates about a fixed axix. Due to the way in
which it is formed, it is referred to as solid of
revolution. ∫ ∫
These bodies have always got axes of symmetry.
∫
The solids formed is subdivided into small
cylindrical disks of thickness δx and height y. * +

Volume of each disk =

( )
Thereforethe colume of the whole solid of
revolution is obtained by rotating through one cubic units.
revolution about the x-axis, the region bounded
Rotation the area enclosed between two
by the curve y = f(x) and the linex x = a and x =b
curves
is given by v = ∫
If we have two curves y1 and y2 that enclose
If the rotation is about the y-axis, the volume is some area between a and b as shown below
given by v =∫

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 Example 37

Find the volume of revolution when the portion

of the area between the curves y = x2 and x = y2
is rotated through 3600 about the x-axis.

Solution

Points of intersection

Now if we rotate this area about the x-axis the

volume of the solid formed is given by

∫ [ ]

Example 36 Either x = 0 or x = 1

(a)A cup is madeby rotating the area between

y= x2 and y = x+1 with x ≥ 0 about the x-axis. Find
the volume of the material needed to make the
cup.

Solution

Finding the points of intersection

2x2 = x + 1

2x2 – x + 1 = 0

(2x+1)(x – 1) = 0
The volumeof revolution
x =1 since we only need to consider x≥ 0.
= ∫ *(√ ) +

= ∫

= * +

= *( ) +

=
V= ∫ [ ] Example 38

= ∫ Find the volume generated when the area

enclosed by the curve y = 4 – x2 and the line
= * + y = 4 – 2x is rotated through 2π.

Solution
= ( )
Finding the points of intersection
= units cubed
4 – 2x = 4 – x2

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x2 – 2x = 0

x(x – 2)= 0

Either x = 0 or x = 2

When x = 0, y = 4

When x = 2, y = 0

(b) The area enclosed by the curve in (a), the y-

axis and x-axis is rotate about the line y = 0
through 3600. Determine the volume of the
solid generated. (04 marks)
V= ∫
Required volume = ∫
= ∫ [ ] = ∫

= * +
= ∫ [ ]
= ( )
= ∫
= =250.5082 units3
= * + The mean value theorem for integrals

= cubic units If f(x) is a continuous function on the closed

interval [a, b], then there exist a number c in the
Example 39 closed interval such that
(a) Sketch the curve y = x3 – 8 (08marks) Area of the rectangle = f(c).(b-a)
y = x3 – 8 But area under the curve between a and b
Intercepts =∫
When x = 0, y = -8
When y = 0, x = 2 Equating the two
(x, y) = (2, 0)
∫
Turning point:
3x2 = 0 Dividing both sides by (b – a)
x=0
∫

Where f(c) is the height of the rectangle

Point of reflection= (0, 8) This height is the average value of the function
over the interval in the question.
x<2 x>2
Hence the mean value of f(x) over a closed
y - +
interval (a, b) is given by

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M.V = ∫ Find the mean value of y = x(4 – x)in the interval
where y ≥ 0.
Example 40
Solution
2
Find the mean value of y= x + 2 for x = 1 and
Given y ≥ 0 => x(4 –x)≥0 (positive)
x = 4.
The solution is 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
Solution
M.V = ∫ ∫
M.V = ∫

= ∫ = * + =

= * +
Revision exercise 17
= *( ) ( )+
1. Find the volume generate in each case
Example 41 whenthe area enclosed by the curve
y = x2 – 6x + 18 and the line y = 10 is rotated
Find the mean value of about
(i) Y = 10 [1541π units3]
y= for 0 ≤ θ≤
(ii) x –axix, [256π units3]
Solution 2. Find the volume generated when the area
enclosed by the curve y = x4 from y = 3 and y
M.V = ∫ = 6 is rotated about the y-axis [6.33π units3]
3. The displacement x of a particle at time t is
given by x = sint. Find the mean value of its
= ∫
velocity over the interval 0 < t <
(i) with respect to t [0.637ms-1]
= ∫
(ii) with respect to displacement x
Let t = tan => dt = sec2θdθ= (1+t2)dθ [0.785ms-1]
4. (a) Determine the equation of the normal to
the curve y = and the point x = 2. Find the
Changing limits coordinates of the other point where the
normal meets the curve again.
When θ = 0, t = 0 and when θ= , t = 1 [2y – 8x+15 =0; ( )
(b) Find the area of the region bounded by
∫
the curve y = , the x-axis and the lines
∫ x = 1 and x = 2. ( ( ))
5. A shell is formed by rotating the portion of
* √ +
√ the parabola y2= 4x for which 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
√
through two right angles about its axis.
√ Find
(i) the volume of the solid formed [2π]
= 0.86
(ii) the area of the base of the solid formed
Example 42 [4π units2]

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6. Show that the tangents at (-1,3) and (1,5)on 10. Given the curve y = sin3x, find the
the curve y = 2x2 + x + 2 passes through the (a)(i) the value of at the point ( )
origin. Find the area enclosed between the
(ii) equation of the tangent to the curve at
curve and these two tangents * + this point [y= 3x+π)
7. Sketch the curve for x > 0,
showing any a symptotes. Find the area (b) (i) sketch the curve y = sin3x
enclosed by the x-axis, the line x = 4 and the (ii) Calculate the area bounded by the
curve . [10 sq. units] tangent in (a)(i) above, the curve and y-axis
If this area is now rotated about the x-axis
[0.9783sq. units]
through 3600, determine the volume of the
solid generated, correct to 3 significant 11. A hemisphericalbowl of internal radius r is
figures. [42.1 cubic units] fixed with its rim horizontal and contains a
8. Show that the tangents to the curve liquid to the depth h. show by integration
4 – 2x – 2x2 at points 9-1, 4) and that the volume of the liquid in the bowl is
( )respectively passes through the
point ( ). Calculate the area of the 12. Find the volume of the solid of revolution
formed by rotating the area enclosed by the
curve enclosed between the curve and the
curve y = x(1+x), the x-axis, the lines x = 2
x-axis. [9sq.units]
and x = 3 through four right anglesabout the
9. (i) find the Cartesian equation of the curve
x-axis. [31.033π cubic units]
given parametrically by
x= ,y= * + Thank you
(ii) sketch the curve
Dr. Bbosa Science
(iii) find the area enclosed between the
curve and the line y = 1 [1.955sq.units]

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