M ATRICES

E LECTRONIC LECTURE

Hoang Hai Ha

HCMUT-OISP
Email: hoanghaiha@hcmut.edu.vn

January 16, 2024

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O UTLINE

1 M ATRIX : DEFINITIONS

2 E LEMENTARY R OW O PERATIONS

3 O PERATIONS ON M ATRICES

4 I NVERSE OF A M ATRIX

5 APPLICATION OF MATRIX OPERATION

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D EFINITION 1.1
A matrix A with size m × n is a rectangular table of numbers, which
contains m rows and n columns.
 
a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n 


 .. . . .. . . .. 
 . . . . . 
a m1 . . . a m j . . . a mn

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D EFINITION 1.1
A matrix A with size m × n is a rectangular table of numbers, which
contains m rows and n columns.
 
a 11 . . . a 1 j . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai j . . . ai n 


 .. . . .. . . .. 
 . . . . . 
a m1 . . . a m j . . . a mn

The numbers a i j are called the entries.

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R OWS AND COLUMNS OF MATRIX

¡ ¢
Ai ∗ = ai 1 ai 2 . . . ai n is the i −th row of matrix A, 1 É i É m,

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R OWS AND COLUMNS OF MATRIX

¡ ¢
Ai ∗ = ai 1 ai 2 . . . ai n is the i −th row of matrix A, 1 É i É m,
 
a1 j
 a2 j 
and A ∗ j =  ..  is the j −th column. If matrix A, 1 É j É n then
 
 . 
am j

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R OWS AND COLUMNS OF MATRIX

¡ ¢
Ai ∗ = ai 1 ai 2 . . . ai n is the i −th row of matrix A, 1 É i É m,
 
a1 j
 a2 j 
and A ∗ j =  ..  is the j −th column. If matrix A, 1 É j É n then
 
 . 
am j

A=

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R OWS AND COLUMNS OF MATRIX

¡ ¢
Ai ∗ = ai 1 ai 2 . . . ai n is the i −th row of matrix A, 1 É i É m,
 
a1 j
 a2 j 
and A ∗ j =  ..  is the j −th column. If matrix A, 1 É j É n then
 
 . 
am j
 
A 1∗
 A 2∗ 
A= =
 
..
 . 
A m∗

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R OWS AND COLUMNS OF MATRIX

¡ ¢
Ai ∗ = ai 1 ai 2 . . . ai n is the i −th row of matrix A, 1 É i É m,
 
a1 j
 a2 j 
and A ∗ j =  ..  is the j −th column. If matrix A, 1 É j É n then
 
 . 
am j
 
A 1∗
 A 2∗  ¡ ¢
A=  = A ∗1 A ∗2 . . . A ∗n
 
..
 . 
A m∗

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E XAMPLE 1.1
µ ¶
1 −4 5
Matrix A = .
0 3 −2 2×3

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Z ERO M ATRICES

D EFINITION 1.2
A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix, that is
a i j = 0, ∀i , j.

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Z ERO M ATRICES

D EFINITION 1.2
A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix, that is
a i j = 0, ∀i , j.

E XAMPLE 1.2
µ ¶
0 0 0
A= is the zero matrix of order 2 × 3.
0 0 0

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S QUARE MATRIX

D EFINITION 1.3
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of
order n  
a 11 . . . a 1i . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai i . . . ai n 

.
 .. . .. .
.. . .. .
.. 
 . 
a n1 . . . a ni . . . a nn

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S QUARE MATRIX

D EFINITION 1.3
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of
order n  
a 11 . . . a 1i . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai i . . . ai n 

.
 .. . .. .
.. . .. .
.. 
 . 
a n1 . . . a ni . . . a nn
The entries a 11 , a 22 , . . . , a nn are said to be on the main diagonal of A.

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S QUARE MATRIX

D EFINITION 1.3
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of
order n  
a 11 . . . a 1i . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai i . . . ai n 

.
 .. . .. .
.. . .. .
.. 
 . 
a n1 . . . a ni . . . a nn
The entries a 11 , a 22 , . . . , a nn are said to be on the main diagonal of A.

E XAMPLE 1.3
 
1 2 3
A =  0 −3 −2  is the square matrix of order 3.
5 4 −5

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S QUARE MATRIX

D EFINITION 1.3
A matrix A with n rows and n columns is called a square matrix of
order n  
a 11 . . . a 1i . . . a 1n
 .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
 
A =  ai 1 . . . ai i . . . ai n 

.
 .. . .. .
.. . .. .
.. 
 . 
a n1 . . . a ni . . . a nn
The entries a 11 , a 22 , . . . , a nn are said to be on the main diagonal of A.

E XAMPLE 1.3
 
1 2 3
A =  0 −3 −2  is the square matrix of order 3. The entries on the
5 4 −5
main diagonal of A are 1, −3, −5
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D IAGONAL MATRIX

D EFINITION 1.4
Diagonal matrix is the square matrix in which all the entries outside
the main diagonal are zeros.

E XAMPLE 1.4
 
2 0 0
A = 0 3 0.
0 0 9

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T RIANGULAR MATRICES

E XAMPLE 1.5
 
2 8 9
A = 0 1 9 .
0 0 5
⇒ upper triangular matrix

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T RIANGULAR MATRICES

E XAMPLE 1.5
 
2 8 9
A = 0 1 9 .
0 0 5
⇒ upper triangular matrix

E XAMPLE 1.6
 
2 0 0
A = 1 1 0
1 3 5
⇒ lower triangular matrix.

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I DENTITY M ATRICES

D EFINITION 1.5
 
1 0 ... 0
 0 1 ... 0 
′
A square matrix I =  . . . .  , with 1 s on the main diagonal
 
 .. .. . . .. 
0 0 ... 1
and zeros elsewhere, i.e. (a i i = 1, i = 1, ..n; a i j = 0, ∀i ̸= j ) is called an
identity matrix of order n and is denoted by I or I n .

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I DENTITY M ATRICES

D EFINITION 1.5
 
1 0 ... 0
 0 1 ... 0 
′
A square matrix I =  . . . .  , with 1 s on the main diagonal
 
 .. .. . . .. 
0 0 ... 1
and zeros elsewhere, i.e. (a i i = 1, i = 1, ..n; a i j = 0, ∀i ̸= j ) is called an
identity matrix of order n and is denoted by I or I n .

E XAMPLE 1.7
 
1 0 0
I =  0 1 0  is the identity matrix of order 3.
0 0 1

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W HERE MATRIX IS USED ?

Solve the following system


 x − 2y + 3z = 9 (1)
−x + 3y = −4 (2)
2x − 5y + 5z = 17 (3)


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W HERE MATRIX IS USED ?

Solve the following system


 x − 2y + 3z = 9 (1)
−x + 3y = −4 (2)
2x − 5y + 5z = 17 (3)


Eq (2) is replaced by taking (1)+(2), eq (3) is replaced by taking

(3)-2*(1) side by side, we get equivalent system

 x − 2y + 3z = 9 (1)
y + 3z = 5 (2) .
−y − z = −1 (3)


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Next, similarly, eq (3) is replaced by taking (3) + (2)

 x − 2y + 3z = 9 (1)
y + 3z = 5 (2)
2z = 4 (3)


From (3), we have z = 2, replacing in (2), we get y = −1, and lastly,

replacing in (1), we get x = 1.
Instead of doing as above, we can rewrite system in matrix form
 
1 −2 3 9
 −1 3 0 −4 
2 −5 5 17

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O PERATIONS ON ROWS

We
 apply some operations
 on rows
 of this matrix: 
1 −2 3 9 r 2 =r 2 +r 1 1 −2 3 9
 −1 3 0 −4  −−−−−−→  0 1 3 5 
r 3 =r 3 −2×r 1
2 −5 5 17 −
− − − −− −− → 0 −1 −1 −1
 
1 −2 3 9
r 3 =r 3 +r 2
−−−−−−→  0 1 3 5 .
0 0 2 4
We get the last matrix the same with the last system above. Matrix
form is convenient for linear system with large number of equations
and variables.

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D EFINITION 2.1
Elementary Row Operations on matrix A are the following operations:

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D EFINITION 2.1
Elementary Row Operations on matrix A are the following operations:

1 Interchange 2 rows r i ↔ r j

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D EFINITION 2.1
Elementary Row Operations on matrix A are the following operations:

1 Interchange 2 rows r i ↔ r j
2 Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant: r i → λr i ,
(λ ̸= 0).

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D EFINITION 2.1
Elementary Row Operations on matrix A are the following operations:

1 Interchange 2 rows r i ↔ r j
2 Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant: r i → λr i ,
(λ ̸= 0).
3 Add a constant times one row to another: r i → r i + λ.r j , ∀λ

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D EFINITION 2.1
Elementary Row Operations on matrix A are the following operations:

1 Interchange 2 rows r i ↔ r j
2 Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant: r i → λr i ,
(λ ̸= 0).
3 Add a constant times one row to another: r i → r i + λ.r j , ∀λ

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E CHELON MATRIX

D EFINITION 2.2
The first non-zero element of each row is called the leading entry of
this row.

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E CHELON MATRIX

D EFINITION 2.2
The first non-zero element of each row is called the leading entry of
this row.

D EFINITION 2.3
A matrix is said to be in row echelon form if it has the following
conditions
1 Each leading entry is in the column to the right of the leading
entry in the previous row.
2 Rows with all zero elements, if any, are below rows having
non-zero element.

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E XAMPLES OF ECHELON MATRICES

E XAMPLE 2.1
 
1 4 −3 7
This is not an echelon matrix  1 1 6 2  ;
0 0 1 5

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E XAMPLES OF ECHELON MATRICES

E XAMPLE 2.1
 
1 4 −3 7
This is not an echelon matrix  1 1 6 2  ; the following
0 0 1 5
matrices
 are
 in echelon form:
1 1 0
 0 1 0 ;
0 0 0

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E XAMPLES OF ECHELON MATRICES

E XAMPLE 2.1
 
1 4 −3 7
This is not an echelon matrix  1 1 6 2  ; the following
0 0 1 5
matrices
 are in
  echelon form: 
1 1 0 0 1 2 6 0
 0 1 0  ;  0 0 1 −1 0  .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

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E XAMPLE 2.2
Transform the following matrix to row-echelon form
 
0 0 −2 0
 2 4 −10 6  .
2 4 −5 6

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E XAMPLE 2.2
Transform the following matrix to row-echelon form
 
0 0 −2 0
 2 4 −10 6  .
2 4 −5 6
   
0 0 −2 0 2 4 −10 6
r 1 ↔r 2 r 3 =r 3 −r 1
 2 4 −10 6  − −−−→  0 0 −2 0  −−−−−−→
2 4 −5 6 2 4 −5 6
   
2 4 −10 6 r 3 =r 3 + 52 ×r 2
2 4 −10 6
 0 0 −2 0  −−−−−−−−→  0 0 −2 0 .
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

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R ANK OF A MATRIX

D EFINITION 2.4
We denote A −→ B to show that B is the matrix that results from A by
performing some of the Elementary Row Operations.

D EFINITION 2.5
If A m×n −→ B m×n , where B is in row-echelon form, then rank of the
matrix A is the number of non-zero rows of matrix B and is denoted
by r (A).

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P ROPERTIES OF R ANK OF A MATRIX

1 r (A) = 0 ⇔ A = 0.

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P ROPERTIES OF R ANK OF A MATRIX

1 r (A) = 0 ⇔ A = 0.
2 0 É r (A m×n ) É min{m, n}.

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P ROPERTIES OF R ANK OF A MATRIX

1 r (A) = 0 ⇔ A = 0.
2 0 É r (A m×n ) É min{m, n}.

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E XAMPLE 2.3
 
0 0 2 −4
Given the matrix A =  0 −1 −4 5  . Determine the rank of A.
0 3 1 7

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T RANSPOSE OF A M ATRIX

D EFINITION 3.1
If A = (a i j )m×n is any m × n matrix, then the transpose of A, denoted
by A T = (a j i )n×m is defined to be the n × m matrix that results by
interchanging the rows and columns of A; that is,
   
a 11 a 12 . . . a 1n a 11 a 21 . . . a m1
 a 21 a 22 . . . a 2n 
 T  a 12 a 22 . . . a m2 
 
A= . , A =

.. .. .. . .. .. .. 
 ..  ..
 
. . .  . . . 
a m1 a m2 . . . a mn a 1n a 2n . . . a mn

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E XAMPLE 3.1
If µ ¶
1 3 5
A=
2 4 6
then 
1 2
⇒ AT =  3 4  .
5 6

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E QUALITY OF M ATRICES

D EFINITION 3.2
Two matrices A and B are defined to be equal if they have the same
size and their corresponding entries are equal, i.e.

A = (a i j )m×n = B = (b i j )m×n ⇔ a i j = b i j , ∀i , j (1)

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E QUALITY OF M ATRICES

D EFINITION 3.2
Two matrices A and B are defined to be equal if they have the same
size and their corresponding entries are equal, i.e.

A = (a i j )m×n = B = (b i j )m×n ⇔ a i j = b i j , ∀i , j (1)

E XAMPLE 3.2
Find real numbers x, y, z, t such that the following 2 matrices are
equal µ ¶ µ ¶
x + y 2z + t 3 7
= .
x −y z −t 1 5

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S OLUTION OF E XAMPLE (3.2)

 

 x+y = 3 
 x = 2
x−y = 1 y = 1
 
⇔ .

 2z +t = 7 
 z = 4
z −t = 5 t = −1
 

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S CALAR M ULTIPLES

D EFINITION 3.3
If A = (a i j )m×n is any matrix and α is any scalar, then the product αA
obtained by the multiplying each entry of the matrix A by α. The
matrix αA is said to be a scalar multiple of A, i.e.

αA = (α.a i j )m×n (2)

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A DDITION OF M ATRICES

D EFINITION 3.4
If A and B are matrices of the same size, then the sum A + B is the
matrix obtained by adding the entries of B to the corresponding
entries of A.

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)
2 A + (B +C ) = (A + B ) +C (distributive)

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)
2 A + (B +C ) = (A + B ) +C (distributive)
3 α.(A + B ) = α.A + α.B, ∀α ∈ R.

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)
2 A + (B +C ) = (A + B ) +C (distributive)
3 α.(A + B ) = α.A + α.B, ∀α ∈ R.
4 (α + β).A = α.A + β.A, ∀α, β ∈ R.

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)
2 A + (B +C ) = (A + B ) +C (distributive)
3 α.(A + B ) = α.A + α.B, ∀α ∈ R.
4 (α + β).A = α.A + β.A, ∀α, β ∈ R.
5 A + 0 = 0 + A = A.

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P ROPERTIES

I F A, B,C ARE MATRICES WITH THE SAME SIZE , THEN

1 A + B = B + A (commutative)
2 A + (B +C ) = (A + B ) +C (distributive)
3 α.(A + B ) = α.A + α.B, ∀α ∈ R.
4 (α + β).A = α.A + β.A, ∀α, β ∈ R.
5 A + 0 = 0 + A = A.

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E XAMPLE 3.3
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 4 3 3 1 1
+ =
8 −3 2 4 −1 0

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E XAMPLE 3.3
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 4 3 3 1 1
+ =
8 −3 2 4 −1 0
µ ¶
4 5 4
=
12 −4 2

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E XAMPLE 3.4
A corporation has three factories, each of which manufactures
acoustic guitars and electric guitars. The number of guitars of type i
produced at factory j in one day is represented by a i j in the matrix
µ ¶
70 50 25
A=
35 100 70

Find the production levels if production increased by 20%.

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E XAMPLE 3.4
A corporation has three factories, each of which manufactures
acoustic guitars and electric guitars. The number of guitars of type i
produced at factory j in one day is represented by a i j in the matrix
µ ¶
70 50 25
A=
35 100 70

Find the production levels if production increased by 20%.

Solution.
The new production levels are: 1.2A.

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M ULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES

D EFINITION 3.5
If

A = (a i j )m×n ∈ M m×n

(K ), B = (b i j )n×p ∈ M n×p (K ).
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
 . .. .. ..   
 . b 11 b 12 ... b1 j ... b 1p
.

 . . . 
   . .. .. .. .. .. 
 ai 1
 ai 2 ... ai n 
 .  ..

. . . .

.  =
 . .. .. .. 
 . b n1 b n2 ... bn j ... b np n×p
 . . . .


a a m2 ... a mn
 m1 m×n 
c 11 c 12 ... c1 j ... c 1p
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
.

 . . . . . 
 
 ci 1 ci 2 ... ci j ... ci p 
 
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
 . . . . . .


c m1 c m2 ... cm j ... c mp m×p

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M ULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES

D EFINITION 3.5
If

A = (a i j )m×n ∈ M m×n

(K ), B = (b i j )n×p ∈ M n×p (K ).
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
 . .. .. ..   
 . b 11 b 12 ... b1 j ... b 1p
.

 . . . 
   . .. .. .. .. .. 
 ai 1
 ai 2 ... ai n 
 .  ..

. . . .

.  =
 . .. .. .. 
 . b n1 b n2 ... bn j ... b np n×p
 . . . .


a a m2 ... a mn
 m1 m×n 
c 11 c 12 ... c1 j ... c 1p
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
.

 . . . . . 
 
 ci 1 ci 2 ... ci j ... ci p  then the product AB is the matrix
 
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
 . . . . . .


c m1 c m2 ... cm j ... c mp m×p
n
P
C = A.B = (c i j )m×p whose entries are defined by c i j = a i k .b k j , i = 1..m; j = 1..p
k=1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 30 / 66

M ULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES

D EFINITION 3.5
If

A = (a i j )m×n ∈ M m×n

(K ), B = (b i j )n×p ∈ M n×p (K ).
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
 . .. .. ..   
 . b 11 b 12 ... b1 j ... b 1p
.

 . . . 
   . .. .. .. .. .. 
 ai 1
 ai 2 ... ai n 
 .  ..

. . . .

.  =
 . .. .. .. 
 . b n1 b n2 ... bn j ... b np n×p
 . . . .


a a m2 ... a mn
 m1 m×n 
c 11 c 12 ... c1 j ... c 1p
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
.

 . . . . . 
 
 ci 1 ci 2 ... ci j ... ci p  then the product AB is the matrix
 
 . .. .. .. .. .. 
 .
 . . . . . .


c m1 c m2 ... cm j ... c mp m×p
n
P
C = A.B = (c i j )m×p whose entries are defined by c i j = a i k .b k j , i = 1..m; j = 1..p
k=1

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R EMARK

I N ORDER TO FORM THE PRODUCT AB

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E XAMPLE 3.5
Find product A.B where
 
1
¡ ¢  2 
A= 2 −1 4 5 1×4
, B =
 0 


−1 4×1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 32 / 66

E XAMPLE 3.5
Find product A.B where
 
1
¡ ¢  2 
A= 2 −1 4 5 1×4
, B =
 0 


−1 4×1

 
1
¡ ¢  2 
A.B = 2 −1 4 5 . 
 0 =


−1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 32 / 66

E XAMPLE 3.5
Find product A.B where
 
1
¡ ¢  2 
A= 2 −1 4 5 1×4
, B =
 0 


−1 4×1



1
¡ ¢  2 
A.B = 2 −1 4 5 .   0 =


−1
³ ´ ³ ´
2 × 1 + (−1) × 2 + 4 × 0 + 5 × (−1) = − 5
1×1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 32 / 66

E XAMPLE 3.6
Find product C = A.B where 
µ ¶ 2 1 −1
2 3 1
A= , B =  1 3 −2  .
−1 0 1 2×3
0 2 1 3×3

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E XAMPLE 3.6
Find product C = A.B where 
µ ¶ 2 1 −1
2 3 1
A= , B =  1 3 −2  .
−1 0 1 2×3
0 2 1 3×3

 
µ ¶ 2 1 −1
2 3 1
.  1 3 −2  =
−1 0 1
0 2 1
 
¡ 2¢
c 11 = 2 3 1 . 1  = 2×2+3×1+1×0 = 7
0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 33 / 66

 

¡ ¢1
c 12 = 2 3 1 .  3  = 2 × 1 + 3 × 3 + 1 × 2 = 13
2
 
¡ ¢ −1
c 13 = 2 3 1 .  −2  = 2 × (−1) + 3 × (−2) + 1 × 1 = −7
1
 
¡ ¢ 2
c 21 = −1 0 1 .  1  = (−1) × 2 + 0 × 1 + 1 × 0 = −2
0
 
¡ ¢ 1
c 22 = −1 0 1 . 3  = (−1) × 1 + 0 × 3 + 1 × 2 = 1

2
 
¡ ¢ −1
c 23 = −1 0 1 .  −2  = (−1) × (−1) + 0 × (−2) + 1 × 1 = 2.
1

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  
¡ 1 ¢
c 12 = 2 3 1 .  3  = 2 × 1 + 3 × 3 + 1 × 2 = 13
2
 
¡ ¢ −1
c 13 = 2 3 1 .  −2  = 2 × (−1) + 3 × (−2) + 1 × 1 = −7
1
 
¡ ¢ 2
c 21 = −1 0 1 .  1  = (−1) × 2 + 0 × 1 + 1 × 0 = −2
0
 
¡ ¢ 1
c 22 = −1 0 1 . 3  = (−1) × 1 + 0 × 3 + 1 × 2 = 1

2
 
¡ ¢ −1
c 23 = −1 0 1 .  −2  = (−1) × (−1) + 0 × (−2) + 1 × 1 = 2.
1
Therefore, µ ¶
7 13 −7
C = A.B = .
−2 1 2
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 34 / 66
E XAMPLE 3.7
µ ¶ µ ¶
2 −1 1
A= , B= . Find matrix X , such that AX = B .
4 1 3

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E XAMPLE 3.7
µ ¶ µ ¶
2 −1 1
A= , B= . Find matrix X , such that AX = B .
4 1 3
µ ¶
x
Solution Let X = 1 . Then we have the system
x2
(
2x 1 − x 2 =1
.
4x 1 + x 2 =3

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 35 / 66

P ROPERTIES
1 (A.B ).C = A.(B.C )

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 36 / 66

P ROPERTIES
1 (A.B ).C = A.(B.C )
2 A.(B +C ) = A.B + A.C .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 36 / 66

P ROPERTIES
1 (A.B ).C = A.(B.C )
2 A.(B +C ) = A.B + A.C .
3 (B +C ).A = B.A +C .A

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P ROPERTIES
1 (A.B ).C = A.(B.C )
2 A.(B +C ) = A.B + A.C .
3 (B +C ).A = B.A +C .A
4 λ(AB ) = (λA).B = A.(λB ), λ ∈ R.
5 AI = A, ∀A.
6 (AB )T = B T A T .

Remark

AB #B A .

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P ROVE (AB )T = B T A T

Let A m×n , B n×p and C p×n = (AB )T = {c i j }.

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P ROVE (AB )T = B T A T

Let A m×n , B n×p and C p×n = (AB )T = {c i j }.

n
P
ci j = a j k b ki ,( the entry at position ( j , i ) of AB )
k=1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 37 / 66

P ROVE (AB )T = B T A T

Let A m×n , B n×p and C p×n = (AB )T = {c i j }.

n
P
ci j = a j k b ki ,( the entry at position ( j , i ) of AB )
k=1
Let D p×n = B T A T = {d i j }

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 37 / 66

P ROVE (AB )T = B T A T

Let A m×n , B n×p and C p×n = (AB )T = {c i j }.

n
P
ci j = a j k b ki ,( the entry at position ( j , i ) of AB )
k=1
Let D p×n = B T A T = {d i j }
n
P
di j = b ki a j k .
k=1

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 37 / 66

M ATRIX P OLYNOMIALS

D EFINITION 3.6
If A is a square matrix and

p(x) = a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x 2 + . . . + a m x m

is any polynomial, then we define the matrix p(A) to be

p(A) = a 0 I + a 1 A + a 2 A 2 + . . . + a m A m . (3)

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E XAMPLE 3.8
· ¸
2 −1 2
Find p(A) for p(x) = x − 2x − 3 and A = .
0 3

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E XAMPLE 3.8
· ¸
2 −1 2
Find p(A) for p(x) = x − 2x − 3 and A = .
0 3

p(A) = A 2 − 2A − 3I =
· ¸2 · ¸ · ¸ · ¸
−1 2 −1 2 1 0 0 0
= −2 −3 = .
0 3 0 3 0 1 0 0

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 39 / 66

E LEMENTARY M ATRIX

D EFINITION 3.7
A matrix E is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained from
an identity matrix I by performing a single elementary row operation.

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E LEMENTARY M ATRIX

D EFINITION 3.7
A matrix E is called an elementary matrix if it can be obtained from
an identity matrix I by performing a single elementary row operation.

E XAMPLE 3.9
   
1 0 0 1 0 3
r 1 →r 1 +r 3 ×3
 0 1 0 − −−−−−−−→  0 1 0  .
0 0 1 0 0 1
| {z }
elementary matrix

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 40 / 66

T HEOREM 3.1 (R OW O PERATIONS BY M ATRIX M ULTIPLICATION )
If the elementary matrix E results from performing a certain row
operation on I m and if A is an m × n matrix, then the product E A is
the matrix that results when this same row operation is performed on
A.

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T HEOREM 3.1 (R OW O PERATIONS BY M ATRIX M ULTIPLICATION )
If the elementary matrix E results from performing a certain row
operation on I m and if A is an m × n matrix, then the product E A is
the matrix that results when this same row operation is performed on
A.
Similarly, we have
T HEOREM 3.2
If we perform on I a certain column operation to get the elementary
matrix E , then the matrix results from applying this operation on A is
AE .

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I NVERSE OF A M ATRIX

D EFINITION 4.1
If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found
such that
B A = AB = I , (4)

then A is said to be invertible (or non-singular) and B is called an

inverse of A and is denoted by A −1 .

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I NVERSE OF A M ATRIX

D EFINITION 4.1
If A is a square matrix, and if a matrix B of the same size can be found
such that
B A = AB = I , (4)

then A is said to be invertible (or non-singular) and B is called an

inverse of A and is denoted by A −1 . If no such matrix B can be found,
then A is said to be singular.

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E QUIVALENT S TATEMENTS

T HEOREM 4.1
If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements are equivalent
1 A is invertible;

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E QUIVALENT S TATEMENTS

T HEOREM 4.1
If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements are equivalent
1 A is invertible;
Elementary Row Operations
2 A −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ I n ;

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 43 / 66

E QUIVALENT S TATEMENTS

T HEOREM 4.1
If A is an n × n matrix, then the following statements are equivalent
1 A is invertible;
Elementary Row Operations
2 A −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ I n ;
3 r (A) = n.

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U SING E LEMENTARY R OW O PERATIONS TO FIND INVERSE
OF AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX

I NVERSION A LGORITHM
Elementary Row Operations ¡
(A|I ) −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ I |A −1 .
¢

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U SING E LEMENTARY R OW O PERATIONS TO FIND INVERSE
OF AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX

I NVERSION A LGORITHM
Elementary Row Operations ¡
(A|I ) −−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−→ I |A −1 .
¢

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 44 / 66

E XAMPLE 4.1
 
1 2 3
Find the inverse A −1 of A =  2 5 4 .
3 7 8

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E XAMPLE 4.1

1 2 3
Find the inverse A −1 of A =  2 5 4 .
3 7 8

Solution  ¯ 
1 2 3 ¯¯ 1 0 0 r 2 →r 2 −2r 1
r 3 →r 3 −3r 1
(A|I 3 ) = 2
 5 4 ¯¯ 0 1 0  −−−−−−−→
3 7 8 ¯ 0 0 1
 ¯   ¯ 
1 2 3 ¯ 1 0 0 1 2 3 ¯¯ 1 0 0
¯ r 3 →r 3 −r 2
 0 1 −2 ¯ −2 1 0  −−−−−−→  0 1 −2 ¯ −2 1 0 
¯ ¯
0 1 −1 ¯ −3 0 1 0 0 1 ¯ −1 −1 1
 ¯ 
r 1 →r 1 −3r 3 1 2 0 ¯¯ 4 3 −3
r 2 →r 2 +2r 3 r 1 →r 1 −2r 2
−−−−−−−→  0 1 0 ¯¯ −4 −1 2  −− −−−−−→
0 0 1 −1 −1 1
¯
 ¯   
1 0 0 ¯¯ 12 5 −7 12 5 −7
 0 1 0 ¯
¯ −4 −1 2  . Thus, A −1 =  −4 −1 2 .
0 0 1 ¯ −1 −1 1 −1 −1 1
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 45 / 66
M ARKOV MODEL

D EFINITION 5.1
Markov Model is the model or problem in which there is a transition
from one state to another state.

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M ARKOV MODEL

D EFINITION 5.1
Markov Model is the model or problem in which there is a transition
from one state to another state.

E XAMPLE 5.1
The market research department at a manufacturing plant
determines that 20% of the people who purchase the plant’s product
during any month will not purchase it the next month. On the other
hand, 30% of the people who do not purchase the product during any
month will purchase it the next month. In a population of 1000
people, 100 people purchased the product this month. How many will
purchase the product next month? In 2 months?

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 46 / 66

S OLUTION

Let x 1 be the number of people in State 1 while x 2 be the number of

people in State 2, where State 1: people who purchase the product
this month, State 2: people who do not purchase the product this
month.
The number of people in State 1 next month : 0.8x 1 + 0.3x 2 .
The µnumber ¶of people in State 2 next month: 0.2x 1 + 0.7x 2 .
0.8 0.3
P= is called the transition matrix.
0.2 0.7
µ ¶
(0) 100
The vector state at present is X = , so the vector state next
900
month is X (1) = P X (0) .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 47 / 66

S OLUTION

Let x 1 be the number of people in State 1 while x 2 be the number of

people in State 2, where State 1: people who purchase the product
this month, State 2: people who do not purchase the product this
month.
The number of people in State 1 next month : 0.8x 1 + 0.3x 2 .
The µnumber ¶of people in State 2 next month: 0.2x 1 + 0.7x 2 .
0.8 0.3
P= is called the transition matrix.
0.2 0.7
µ ¶
(0) 100
The vector state at present is X = , so the vector state next
900
month is X (1) = P X (0) .
The vector state after 2 months : X (2) = P X (1) = P 2 X (0) .

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 47 / 66

T HE TRANSITION MATRIX OF A M ARKOV MODEL
Let a Markov model have vector state X = (S 1 , S 2 , ..., S n ), then the
matrix transition is

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 48 / 66

P ROPERTIES OF TRANSITION MATRIX P

1 Sum all entries in each column of P is 1.

2 Vector state after k (period of time) is defined by X (k) = P k X (0) ,
where X (0) is the vector state at present.

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E XAMPLE 5.2 (A C ONSUMER P REFERENCE M ODEL )
Two competing companies offer cable television service to a city of
100,000 households. The changes in cable subscriptions each year
shown in Figure. Company A now has 15,000 subscribers and
Company B has 20,000 subscribers. How many subscribers will each
company have after 1 year? 3 years?

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C RYPTOGRAPHY

D EFINITION 5.2
Cryptogram is a message written according to a secret code. We can
use matrix multiplication to encode and decode messages.

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Let assign a number to each letter in the alphabet

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 52 / 66

E NCODING

To encode a message, we have following steps:

1 Convert all letters in message to numbers(including space,
ignoring punctuation) to get uncoded row matrices.
2 Choose an n × n invertible matrix A.
3 Multiply the uncoded row matrices by A( A is on the right) to
obtain secret message.

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E XAMPLE 5.3

1 −2 2
Use the matrix A = −1 1 3  to encode the message MEET ME
1 −1 −4
MONDAY.
SOLUTION:
1 Convert the message to number:
13 5 5 20 0 13 15 14 4 1 25 0 → uncoded row matrices
2 We arrange uncoded row in matrix with 3 columns and multiply
with A
   
13 5 5   13 −26 21
20 0 13 1 −2 2
 =  33 −53 −12
 
  −1 1 3
15 14 4   5 −20 56 
1 −1 −4
1 25 0 | {z } −24 23 77
| {z } A | {z }
uncod ed r ow cod ed r ow

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 54 / 66

H OW TO ENCODE ?

E XAMPLE 5.4
 
1 −2 2
Use the matrix A = −1 1 3  to decode the message
1 −1 −4

13 − 26 21 33 − 53 − 12 18 − 23 − 42 5 − 20

56 − 24 23 77

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 55 / 66

H OW TO ENCODE ?

E XAMPLE 5.4
 
1 −2 2
Use the matrix A = −1 1 3  to decode the message
1 −1 −4

13 − 26 21 33 − 53 − 12 18 − 23 − 42 5 − 20

56 − 24 23 77
Solution. To crack the code, we write numbers in the message in a
matrix with 3 columns, that is

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 55 / 66

H OW TO ENCODE ?

E XAMPLE 5.4
 
1 −2 2
Use the matrix A = −1 1 3  to decode the message
1 −1 −4

13 − 26 21 33 − 53 − 12 18 − 23 − 42 5 − 20

56 − 24 23 77
Solution. To crack the code, we write numbers in the message in a
matrix with 3 columns, that is
13 −26 21
 
 33 −53 −12
−1
 
B = 18 −23 −42 , then find the uncoded row by evaluating B A .

 5 −20 56 
−24 23 77
Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 55 / 66
O PEN L EONTIEF MODEL
An economic system has n different industries I 1 , I 2 , ...I n each of
which has input needs(raw materials, utilities,...) and an
output(finished output).

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O PEN L EONTIEF MODEL
An economic system has n different industries I 1 , I 2 , ...I n each of
which has input needs(raw materials, utilities,...) and an
output(finished output).
In producing each unit of output, an industry may use the
outputs from other industries, including itself.
For instance, an electricity utility uses outputs from the other
industries such as coal and water and even uses its own
electricity.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 56 / 66

E XAMPLE 5.5
An industrial system has two industries, coal and steel with the
following input requirements. To produce $1 worth of output, the coal
industry requires 0.1$ of its own product and 0.8$ of steel.
To produce 1$ worth of output, the steel industry requires 0.1$ of its
own product and 0.2$ of coal.
Each month, the external demand for coal industry and steel industry
are 10, 000$ and 20, 000$ respectively. Find the total value of the
output required from each industry of coal and steel to meet all the
demands.

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 57 / 66

E XAMPLE 5.5
An industrial system has two industries, coal and steel with the
following input requirements. To produce $1 worth of output, the coal
industry requires 0.1$ of its own product and 0.8$ of steel.
To produce 1$ worth of output, the steel industry requires 0.1$ of its
own product and 0.2$ of coal.
Each month, the external demand for coal industry and steel industry
are 10, 000$ and 20, 000$ respectively. Find the total value of the
output required from each industry of coal and steel to meet all the
demands.
Solution
Let x 1 , x 2 be the output values of coal and steel, respectively
To produce x 1 $ of coal, we need 0.8x 1 $ of steel and 0.1x 1 $ of
coal.
To produce x 2 $ of steel, we need 0.1x 2 $ of steel and 0.2x 2 $ of
coal.
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S OLUTION OF EXAMPLE (5.5)
The demand for coal is 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000, the demand for
steel is 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000.

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S OLUTION OF EXAMPLE (5.5)
The demand for coal is 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000, the demand for
steel is 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000.
(
x 1 = 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000
System is balance when:
x 2 = 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000

Hoang Hai Ha (HCMUT) Matrices January 16, 2024 58 / 66

S OLUTION OF EXAMPLE (5.5)
The demand for coal is 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000, the demand for
steel is 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000.
(
x 1 = 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000
System is balance when:
x 2 = 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000
Rewrite in matrix form, we have

X = PX +D
¶¾ µ µ ¶
x 0.1 0.2
Where X = 1 -output value vector, P = and
x2 0.8 0.1
| {z }
Input-Output matrix
µ ¶
10000
D= - external demand vector.
20000

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S OLUTION OF EXAMPLE (5.5)
The demand for coal is 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000, the demand for
steel is 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000.
(
x 1 = 0.1x 1 + 0.2x 2 + 10000
System is balance when:
x 2 = 0.8x 1 + 0.1x 2 + 20000
Rewrite in matrix form, we have

X = PX +D
¶¾ µ µ ¶
x 0.1 0.2
Where X = 1 -output value vector, P = and
x2 0.8 0.1
| {z }
Input-Output matrix
µ ¶
10000
D= - external demand vector.
20000
X is found by the formula

X = (I − P )−1 D.
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I NPUT-O UTPUT MATRIX

Matrix P is constructed by
Users(Output)

 z }|

 {



 p 11 p 12 · · · p 1n
 p 21 p 22 ... p 2n 

Supplier(Input)  ..
 
.. .. 

  . . ··· . 

 p n1 p n2 · · · p nn






Following the order: I 1 , I 2 , . . . , I n , then p i j means to produce 1

unit of output, the industry I j requires/needs p i j units from I i .

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E XAMPLE 5.6
Consider a simple economic system consisting of three industries:
electricity, water, and coal. Production, or output, of one unit of
electricity requires 0.5 unit of itself, 0.25 unit of water, and 0.25 unit of
coal. Production, or output, of one unit of water requires 0.1 unit of
electricity, 0.6 unit of itself, and 0 units of coal. Production, or output,
of one unit of coal requires 0.2 unit of electricity, 0.15 unit of water,
and 0.5 unit of itself. External demand vector is 20000$ for electricity,
25000$ for water and 30000$ for coal. Determine output value in $ for
each industry to meet inside and outside demands.

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L ESLEI MODEL

Consider a population of some species.

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L ESLEI MODEL

Consider a population of some species.

Group the population into age classes of equal duration, if the
maximum life span of a member is· L years,
¶ · the age
¶ classes are
L L 2L
represented by the n intervals are 0, , , ....
n n n
The number of population members in each age class  in year k
x1
 x2 
is presented by the age distribution vector X (k) =  .. , where x i
 
 . 
xn
is the number of individuals in i t h age class.

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 Let p i (i = 1, 2, ..n − 1): the probability that a member of the i t h
age class will survive to become a member of the (i + 1)t h age
class
b i (i = 1, 2, .., n) the average number of offspring produced by a
member of the i t h age class
These numbers can be written in matrix form ( which called age
transition
 matrix ) 
b 1 b 2 b 3 . . . b n−1 b n
p 1 0 0 . . . 0 0
 
 0 p2 0 . . . 0 0
A=


 . .. .. .. .. 
 .. . . . . 
0 0 0 . . . p n−1 0
The age distribution vector in year (k + 1)t h :

X (k+1) = AX (k) .

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E XAMPLE 5.7
A population of rabbits raised in a research laboratory has the
characteristics listed below.
(A) Half of the rabbits survive their first year. Of those, half survive
their second year. The maximum life span is 3 years.
(B) During the first year, the rabbits produce no offspring. The
average number of offspring is 6 during the second year and 8
during the third year.
The laboratory population now consists of 24 rabbits in the first age
class, 24 in the second, and 20 in the third. How many rabbits whose
age from 1 to 2 after 3 years.

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S OLUTION

 
24
The current age distribution vector is: X (0) = 24.
20
 
0 6 8
The age transition matrix is : A = 0.5 0 0.
0 0.5 0
The age distribution vector after k years is : X (k) = A k X (0) .

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E XAMPLE 5.8
A population of species is divided into 3 age classes: "age < 1",
"1 ≤ age ≤ 2", "age > 2". Given that
The average numbers of offspring produced by each class are:
0, 6, 4, respectively;
The probabilities of survival for each class are: 70%, 50%, 60%.
1 Write the age distribution matrix.
 
100
2 Given that the current age vector is  50 , find the sum of all
70
individuals after 3 years.

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E XAMPLE 5.8
A population of species is divided into 3 age classes: "age < 1",
"1 ≤ age ≤ 2", "age > 2". Given that
The average numbers of offspring produced by each class are:
0, 6, 4, respectively;
The probabilities of survival for each class are: 70%, 50%, 60%.
1 Write the age distribution matrix.
 
100
2 Given that the current age vector is  50 , find the sum of all
70
individuals after 3 years.

Solution.
 
0 6 4
The age distribution matrix: P = 0.7 0 0.
0.5 0.6 0

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 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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