1
Matrices
Matrix: A system of m n numbers arranged in rectangular array of m rows and n columns is called a
matrix of order m n and denoted by
a11 a12 a13 a1n
a 21 a 22 a 23 a 2 n
a a32 a33 a3n
31
A
a m1 a m 2 a m3 a m n
Or, Simply A (aij ) , where i represents the number of rows and j represents the number of columns.
Here a11, a12 , a13 , , amn are called the elements of the matrix. Matrices are generally
denoted by capital letters A, B, C etc. Brackets [ ] or ( ) or double bars are used to enclose the
elements of a matrix.
Example 1: For a company with several different outlets selling several different products, a matrix
provides a concise way of keeping track of stock.
Outlet Shirts Suits Jackets
1 120 10 50
S= 2 200 15 70
3 150 80
20
By reading across a row of the matrix S, the firm can determine the level of stock in any of its outlets.
By reading down a column of the matrix S, the firm can determine the stock of any line of its products.
Various types of Matrices
Row matrix: A matrix having only one row is called row matrix. A matrix which has 1 row and n
columns is called an 1 n order row matrix. Such a matrix is also called a row vector.
Example: A 1 1 3 0 4 3
Column matrix: A matrix having only one column is called column matrix. A matrix which has m
rows and 1 column is called an m 1 order column matrix. Such a matrix is also called a column
vector.
0
1
Example: A
3
7
Square matrix: A matrix having equal number of rows and columns is called square matrix. A square
matrix, which has n rows and n columns, is called an nth order square matrix.
2
1 2 1
Example: A 0 2 1 is a 3rd order square matrix.
1 3 2
Rectangular matrix: A matrix having unequal number of rows and columns is called rectangular
matrix. A rectangular matrix, which has m rows and n columns, is called an m n order matrix.
1 1 3 2
Example: B 2 0 2 1 is a 3 4 order rectangular matrix.
0 2 3 3
Null or Zero matrix: A matrix whose every element is zero is called null matrix or zero matrix. It is
usually denoted by O.
0 0 0
Example: O 0 0 0
0 0 0
Upper triangular matrix: A square matrix A (aij ) of order n whose all the elements above the
leading diagonal are zero (aij 0 with i j ) is called upper triangular matrix.
a11 a12 a13
a1n
0 a 22 a 23
a2n
0 0 a33 a3 n
Example: A
0 0 0
a nn
Lower triangular matrix: A square matrix A (aij ) of order n whose all the elements below the
leading diagonal are zero (aij 0 with i j ) is called lower triangular matrix.
a11 0 0
0
a 21 a 22 0
0
a a32 a33 0
31
Example: A
a m1 am 2 am3
am n
Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A (aij ) of order n whose all the non-diagonal elements are zero
(aij 0 with i j ) is called diagonal matrix.
3
a11 0 0
0
0 a 22 0
0
0 0
0 a33
a11 0 0
Example: A
, S 0 a 22 0
0
0 a33
0 0 0 a n n
Scalar matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all the diagonal elements are equal is called scalar matrix.
a 0 0
Example: A 0 a 0
0 0 a
Unit matrix or Identity matrix: A diagonal matrix whose all the diagonal elements are 1(one) is
called unit or Identity matrix. It is usually denoted by I.
1 0 0
Example: I 0 1 0
0 0 1
Singular and non-singular matrices: A square matrix A is called a Singular matrix if its determinant
A 0 and a non-singular matrix if A 0 .
1 1 0 2 1 3
Example: A 0 2 2 is a singular matrix but B 4 0 1 is a non-singular matrix.
2 3 1 3 3 2
Equality of two matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if both are of the same order and
each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B.
a11 a12 a13 b b b13
Consider two matrices A and B 11 12 , then A B if and only if
a 21 a 22 a 23 b21 b22 b23
a11 b11 , a12 b12 , a13 b13 , a 21 b21 , a 22 b22 , a 23 b23
1 2 1 2
The matrices 2 3 and 2 3 are equal. The two matrices are equal if and only if one is a
2 1 2 1
duplicate of the other.
Transpose of a matrix: A matrix is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of a given matrix
A aij is called a transpose of a matrix A and is denoted by AT or A .
a11 a12 a13
a11 a 21 a31 a 41
Consider A aij
a 21 a 23
, then transpose of A A a ji a12
a 22 T
a 22 a32 a 42 .
a a32 a33 a
31
a
13 a 23 a33 a 43
41 a 42 a 43
4
Symmetric matrix: A square matrix A aij is called a symmetric matrix if AT A ( aij a ji ). If
matrix A is symmetric, then elements of A are symmetric with respect to main diagonal of A.
a h g
Example: A h b f
g f c
Skew-symmetric matrix or Anti-symmetric matrix: A square matrix A aij is called a Skew-
symmetric matrix or Anti-symmetric matrix if AT A (aij a ji )
0 h g
Example: A h 0 f
g f 0
Addition and subtraction of matrices: Addition and subtraction of matrices is defined only for the
matrices having same number of rows and the same number of columns.
a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13
a 21 a 22 a 23 b21 b22 b23
Consider two matrices A and B , the addition of two matrices A
a31 a32 a33 b31 b32 b33
a b
41 a 42 a 43 41 b42 b43
a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13 a11 b11 a12 b12 a13 b13
a 21 a 22 a 23 b21 b22 b23 a 21 b21 a 22 b22 a 23 b23
and B is defined as A B
a31 a32 a33 b31 b32 b33 a31 b31 a32 b32 a33 b33
a b a b
41 a 42 a 43 41 42 b b43 41 41 a 42 b 42 a 43 b43
and the subtraction of two matrices A and B is defined as
a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13 a11 b11 a12 b12 a13 b13
a 21 a 22 a 23 b21 b22 b23 a 21 b21 a 22 b22 a 23 b23
A B
a31 a32 a33 b31 b32 b33 a31 b31 a32 b32 a33 b33
a b a b
41 a 42 a 43 41 42
b b43 41 41 a 42 b 42 a 43 b 43
Example 2: Suppose that delivers D are made to the outlets of the firm in Example 1. What is the new
level of stock?
50 10 20
D 60 15 25
55 20 30
Solution: To find the new level of stock, we have to solve S D .
120 10 50 50 10 20
S D 200 15 70 60 15 25
150 20 80 55 20 30
Adding the corresponding elements of each matrix,
5
170 20 70
S D 260 30 95
205 40 110
1 0 2 3 1 0
Example 3: If A 5 3 1 and B 3 1 4 find A B and A B .
1 2 1 2 0 3
1 0 2 3 1 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 4 1 2
Solution: A B 5 3 1 3 1 4 5 3 3 1 1 4 8 4 5
1 2 1 2 0 3 1 2 2 0 1 3 3 2 4
1 0 2 3 1 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 2 1 2
A B 5 3 1 3 1 4 5 3 3 1 1 4 2 2 3
1 2 1 2 0 3 1 2 2 0 1 3 1 2 2
Scalar multiplication of matrices: The multiplication of matrix A by a number (scalar) k is matrix,
which is obtained by multiplying every element of matrix A by k, that is
a11 a12 a13 ka11 ka12 ka13
a 21 a 22 a 23 ka 21 ka 22 ka 23
kA k
a31 a32 a33 ka31 ka 32 ka 33
a
41 a 42 a 43 ka 41 ka 42 ka 43
Example 4: A clothing store discounts all its shirts, jackets and suits by 20 percent at the end of the
year. If A is the value of stock in its three branches prior to the discount, find the value B after the
discount, when
500 450 600
A 1000 1200 750
800 900 1100
Solution: A 20 percent reduction means that the clothing is selling for 80 percent of its original value.
80
Hence, B 80 % of A A 0.8 A , and
100
500 450 600 400 360 480
B 0.81000 1200 750 800 960 600
800 900 1100 640 720 880
Example 5: Find the value of x, y, z and t where
x z 1 - 1 3 5
2 3 3 [N.U. 2005]
y t 0 2 4 6
6
Solution: We have,
x z 1 -1 3 5
2 3 3
6
y t 0 2 4
x z 3 - 3 9 15
or, 2
y t 0 6 12 18
x z 9 15 3 - 3
or, 2
y t 12 18 0 6
x z 9 - 3 15 - (-3)
or, 2
y t 12 - 0 18 - 6
x z 6 18
or, 2
y t 12 12
x z 1 6 18
or,
y t 2 12 12
6 18
x z 2 2
or,
y t 12 12
2 2
x z 3 9
or,
y t 6 6
x 3, y 6, z 9 and t 6 .
3 4 7 8
Example 6: If A ,B , then find A B
T
[N.U. 2005]
6 2 4 3
3 4 7 8
Solution: Given that A and B
3
.
6 2 4
3 4 7 8
Now A B
6 2 4 3
3 7 4 8
or, A B
6 4 2 3
10 12
or, A B
10 5
T
10 12
or, A B
T
10 5
10 10
or, A B
T
12 5
7
Multiplication of matrices or Product of matrices: Two matrices A and B are conformable for the
product AB if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. If a matrix A of order
m n and another matrix B of order n p then the product AB will be a matrix of order m p . Here
the product BA is not defined.
Example 7: Referring to Example 1, suppose that the price of shirts is Tk. 200, suits Tk. 3000 and
jackets Tk. 1000. To find the value V of the stock in the different outlets, express the prices as a
column vector P, and multiply S by P.
V SP
120 10 50 200
= 200 15 70 3000
150 80 1000
20
120 200 10 3000 50 1000
= 200 200 15 3000 70 1000
150 200 20 3000 80 1000
104000
= 155000
170000
1 2 1 3
1 2 3
Example 8: If A and B 1 3 2 5 , Calculate the product AB and BA.
2 3 5 2 1 1 3
Solution:
1 2 1 3
1 2 3
AB 1 3 2 5
2 3 5 2 1 1 3
1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 (1) 2 2 3 (1) 1 3 2 5 3 3
2 1 3 1 5 2 2 2 3 3 5 1 2 (1) 3 2 5 (1) 2 3 3 5 5 3
1 2 6 2 6 3 1 4 3 3 10 9 9 11 0 22
2 3 10 4 9 5 2 6 5 6 15 15 15 18 1 36
Here the product BA is not defined.
1 1 2 2
Example 9: If A and B show that the product AB is null matrix.
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0
Solution: AB
1 1 2 2 1 2 ()1 2 1 2 (1) 2 2 2 2 2 0 0
Idempotent matrix: A square matrix A is called an Idempotent matrix if A 2 A .
8
2 2 4
Example 10: Show that the matrix A 1 3 4 is an Idempotent matrix
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4
Solution: A AA 1 3
2
4 1 3 4
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 (2) (1) (4) 1 2 (2) (2) 3 (4) (2) 2 (4) (2) 4 (4) (3)
1 2 3 (1) 4 1 1 (2) 3 3 4 (2) 1 (4) 3 4 4 (3)
1 2 (2) (1) (3) 1 1 (2) (2) 3 (3) (2) 1 (4) (2) 4 (3) (3)
4 2 4 4 6 8 8 8 12 2 2 4
2 3 4 2 9 8 4 12 12 1 3 4 A
2 2 3 2 6 6 4 8 9 1 2 3
Since A A hence the matrix A is an idempotent matrix.
2
1 2
1 0 2
Example 11: Show that AB BA where A 2 3 and B .
3 1 0 1 3
Solution:
1 2 1 1 (2) 0 1 0 (2) 1 1 2 (2) 3 1 2 4
1 0 2
AB 2 3 2 1 3 0 2 0 3 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 13
3 1 0 1 3 3 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3
1 2
1 0 2 1 1 0 2 2 (3) 1 (2) 0 3 2 1 5 0
BA 2 3
0 1 3 3 1 0 1 1 2 3 (3) 0 (2) 1 3 3 1 7 6
Hence, AB BA
Example 12: A company produces three products A, B, C which sells in two markets of Dhaka and
Khulna. Annual sales volumes are indicated as follows:
Market A B C
Dhaka 7,000 5,000 10,000
Khulna 3,000 2,000 8,000
If the selling prices of the products A, B, C are Tk.5, Tk.10, and Tk.3 respectively. Find the total prices
collected from the markets of Dhaka and Khulna. If unit cost of the above three products are Tk. 4, Tk.
8, and Tk. 2.5 respectively, find the total profit.
Solution: The selling price is denoted by a row matrix L 5 10 3 . Let three products are
7000 3000
expressed by a matrix P 5000 2000
10000 8000
The prices collected from the markets of Dhaka and Khulna is
9
7000 3000
LP 5 10 3 5000 2000 5 7000 10 5000 3 10000 5 3000 10 2000 3 8000
10000 8000
35000 50000 30000 15000 20000 24000 115000 59000
The prices collected from the markets of Dhaka and Khulna are Tk.115000 and Tk.59000 respectively.
Profit = Selling price - Cost price. Let profit is expressed by the row matrix
P1 5 4 10 8 3 2 5 1 2 0 5
So the profit is
7000 3000
P1 P 1 2 5 5000 2000 1 7000 2 5000 5 10000 1 3000 2 2000 5 8000
10000 8000
7000 10000 5000 3000 4000 4000 22000 11000
Hence the profit from the markets of Dhaka and Khulna are Tk.22000 and Tk.11000 respectively
The total profit from two markets is (Tk.22000+Tk.11000) =Tk.33000
Exercises
1 1
0
1 1 1 2 2
1. If A 1 1 1 and B
1 1
0 find AB and BA.
1 1 1 2 2
1 1
0
2 2
1 0 0 0
1 2 0 0
2. If A find A 2 .
1 1 1 0
1 3 3 1
1 1 1 1 2 1
3. If A 1 1 1 and B 1 2 1 show that AB is null matrix.
1 1 1 2 4 2
4. Show that the following matrix is idempotent
2 2 4
1 3 4
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 2 1
5 Show that the matrices A 1 1 1 and B 1 2 1 are commute .
1 1 1 2 4 2
6. Find the adjoint and the inverse of the following matrices
10
1 0 1 1 3 3 1 3 2
(i) 1 1 1 , (ii) 1 4 3 , (iii) 3 0 5
0 1 0 1 3 4 2 5 0
3 3 1
7. Express the matrix 0 3 2 as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
1 2 2
8. Karim buys 10 dozens of mangoes, 14 dozens of bananas, 5 dozens of apples and 6 dozens of
oranges. Mangoes cost Tk. 80 per dozen, bananas cost Tk.20 per dozen, apples cost Tk.85 per
dozen and oranges cost Tk.90 per dozen. Find the total cost by matrix.
9. A manufacturing company produces four television sets A, B,C, D The following matrix shows
200 100 75 50
the number of televisions which are sold in two different cities. .
150 100 60 40
If the sales prices of the televisions A,B,C D are Tk.25,000, Tk.20,000, 18000 andTk.15,500
respectively and unit cost of the above television sets are Tk.22,500, Tk.17,500,Tk.15,000
and Tk.12,500 respectively, find the total profit.
10. Solve the following system of linear equations
2x 5 y 7z 6 x y 5z 4 x 2 y 3z 4
(i) 2 x 3 y 4 z 3 (ii) 3 x y 2 z 2 (iii) 2 x y 3 z 5
3 x 8 y 11z 11 2 x 4 z 2 x y 2z 2
Md. Rashidul Hasan
Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health
Leading University, Sylhet
